Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o efeito gerado pelo uso de diferentes normas sociais descritivas e pelo uso do selo de orgânico em produtos alimentícios sobre as preferências do consumidor por produtos orgânicos durante uma simulação de compras online. Tendo como marco teórico as novas ferramentas da economia comportamental, como nudges e arquitetura da escolha, num contexto de Paternalismo Libertário, a análise contou com a realização de um experimento através de um site de compras no qual os participantes foram expostos a diferentes mensagens normativas descritivas durante o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de alimentos. Participaram do experimento 1.965 estudantes de graduação da UFRGS e as análises dos resultados foram realizadas utilizando regressões por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para cálculo do Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Para ambas estratégias os resultados mostraram um efeito positivo e significativo no uso das normas descritivas para o consumo de orgânicos e no percentual consumido de produtos orgânicos. No entanto, no caso do uso do selo de produto orgânico esses resultados não foram significativos. A análise sugere que o uso de normas descritivas pode promover o consumo de produtos orgânicos por estudantes e estas podem ser incorporadas na formulação de políticas públicas que visem a incentivar o consumo desse tipo de produto. / This work aims to analyze the effect caused by the use of different descriptive social norms and by the use of the organic label in food products about consumer preferences for organic products during an online shopping simulation. Within the theoretical framework of the new tools of behavioral economics, as nudges and architecture of choice in a context of Paternalism Libertarian. The analysis included the realization of an experiment through a shopping site where participants were exposed to different descriptive normative messages during the decision-making process when buying food. Experiment participants were 1.965 graduate students from UFRGS and the analysis of the results were performed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) for calculation of the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). For both strategies the results showed a positive and significant effect on the use of descriptive social norms for the consumption of organics and for the percentage of organic products consumed. However, in the case of the use of the product’s organic label these results were not significant. The analysis suggests that the use of descriptive social norms can promote the consumption of organic products by students and these can be incorporated into the formulation of public policies to encourage consumption of this type of product.

The main goal of this study is to investigate stimulus that can be used to increase consumers purchase intentions toward suboptimal food products. Consumers seem to have low preferences to buy fruits and vegetables with unusual appearance, products with damaged package and close to the expiration date, usually called suboptimal food products. However, rejection of suboptimal food is an important contributor to food waste levels. Interventions aimed at encouraging the purchase of suboptimal food are scarce, however needed. This study used the theory of normative influence to test the effect of both descriptive and injunctive norms on a product with an unusual appearance, a product with a reduced expiration date and a product with a damaged package. The first study tested different messages appeals to create a realistic norm in study 2. From this study, it was selected the social message appeal and the frequencies of purchase toward each product, using them in the messages as the prevalent norm The second study analysed the effect of injunctive and descriptive norms of purchase intentions toward suboptimal food and also tested the effect of environmental concern and food waste problem awareness. Results show that both environmental concern and food waste problem awareness impact purchase intentions toward suboptimal food. Additionally, appeals employing social norms proved to affect purchases intentions toward these products. However, this effect only occurred for the vegetable with an unusual appearance and the product with a package damaged. For the product with a reduced expiration date the norms had no effect. Moreover, for the product with an unusual appearance, food waste problem awareness mediated the effect of injunctive norm on purchase intentions. Based on the results, this study contributes to the theory of normative influences by showing that, in a general way, this theory is applied to food waste reduction issues, more specifically, with suboptimal food consumption. However, it is necessary to consider the type of sub-optimally and the context where the influence is applied. Additionally, was discussed how social norms can be used to tackle food waste and the implications for marketing and policy actions.

For this work a firm called ČSAD JIHOTRANS a. s., which provides transport services and holds certified norms ČSN EN ISO 9001, ČSN EN ISO 14001 a ČSN EN ISO 22000, was chosen. The goal of this thesis was to analyse the quality management system in the company with specialisation on ?regular and irregular transport of passengers?, to compare constituent conceptions of quality management and to suggest potential changes. In the main part a research in the chosen company is described. This research is aimed on an analysis of costs related to quality, the development of reclamations, a questionnaire examination for an evaluation of customer satisfaction, the efficiency of the process ?regular and irregular transport of passengers? and a comparison of constituent conceptions of quality management.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

As profundas mudanças ocorridas no mundo dos negócios aguçaram a curiosidade e as necessidades dos empresários na área de Governança Corporativa. Muitas são as técnicas e as ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas visando melhorias de processos, segurança e integridade das informações, mitigação de riscos de negócio e divulgação de normas de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas pela Alta Administração das empresas. Neste rol, surge a necessidade de implantação de Compliance e da Auditoria Interna. Segundo Muzzili, a organização cresce e torna as suas operações volumosas e complexas no que ele chama de “efeito capilarização”, ou seja, o dia a dia é conduzido por dezenas e até milhares de pessoas, em locais diferentes, que recebem delegação implícita da Alta Administração. Ao mesmo tempo, verificamos uma grande diversificação de normas e órgão reguladores que geram diversas obrigações para as empresas e seus gestores de negócios. Como exemplos citamos as empresas seguradoras que são regulamentadas pela Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) e as instituições financeiras (Bancos) que são regulamentados pelo Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN). No entanto, cabe salientar que qualquer quebra de paradigmas e regras em relação à SUSEP e ao BACEN pode acarretar em falhas e exposição de processos com grande propensão à incidência de crimes fraudulentos ou cometimento de lavagem de dinheiro, além de aumentarem os riscos das operações que possam impactar na continuidade dos negócios. Vimos no decorrer da primeira década dos anos 2000 uma explosão de escândalos fraudulentos que devido a sua relevância levaram à quebra de grandes Companhias. Tudo isto devido a diversos fatores entre os quais as fraquezas constatadas nos controles internos dessas corporações. A criação de processos, normas e regulamentos consistentes, amparados por auditorias internas com eficazes sistemas monitoramento contínuo das operações, minimizam significativamente os riscos nos negócios das grandes corporações. / Profound changes in the business world have increased businessmen's curiosity and needs in the area of Corporate Governance. There are many techniques and tools that can be used for the improvement of processes, security and integrity of information, business risk mitigation, and publication of norms according to the guidelines established by the companies' Top Management, giving rise to the need for implementing Compliance and Internal Audits. When the organization grows and its operations become large and complex, we have what Muzzili calls "the capillarization effect", that is, daily activities are conducted by dozens or even thousands of people, in different locations, who receive implicit delegation from the Top Management. At the same time, we notice great diversity of norms and regulatory agencies, which generate various obligations for the companies and their business managers. As examples, we mention insurance companies, which are regulated by Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) and financial institutions (Banks), which are regulated by Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN). However, it is important to highlight that any breach of paradigms and rules regarding SUSEP and BACEN may result in failures and in the exposure of processes with high possibility of fraud crimes or money laundering, besides the increased risk of operations that can have an impact on the continuity of business. We witnessed, between 2000 and 2010, an outburst of fraud scandals, which due to their relevance led to the ruin of very large Companies. All this is due to numerous factors, among which is the weakness observed in the internal controls of these corporations. The creation of processes, norms and consistent regulations, supported by internal audits with effective systems for continuous monitoring of operations, minimize significantly the business risks of very large corporations.

abstract: This study examined the influence of the traditional values held by Mexican heritage parents on the intention of their adolescent children to use drugs. Specifically, the study tested a mediation model in which the traditional cultural values of parents were hypothesized to influence adolescent drug use intentions indirectly by influencing ethnic identify and adolescent perceptions of parental injunctive norms against drug use. Parents reported on traditional cultural values and expectations for their child. Adolescents reported perceived reaction from parents if they used drugs (parental injunctive norms), ethnic identity, and their intention to use drugs in the future. Two direct effects were observed: parental values on expectations and parental injunctive norms on adolescent drug use intentions. Two paths were also moderated by the sex of the adolescent. The path from parent values to parent expectations was significantly stronger for adolescent girls than boys; the path from ethnic identity affirmation to drug intentions was protective for boys but not for girls. The negative relationship between perceived parental reaction and adolescent drug use intentions suggests that anti-drug norms communicated by parents had a protective influence and can deter youth from using drugs. The results of the current study did not support the hypothesized mediational model, but did provide additional support for the importance of parental influence on adolescents' plans and ideas about using alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. More research is necessary to examine the influence of culture and the mechanisms by which cultural values impact Mexican heritage adolescents' intentions to use drugs and subsequent use. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2012

Alors que l'application des règles du droit de la concurrence dans le secteur sanitaire est un phénomène croissant, il est pertinent de s'interroger sur son éventuelle remise en cause. L'étude de l'entrecroisement du droit de la concurrence et du droit de la santé, en effet, n'a pas encore fait l'objet d'une analyse d'ensemble. Celle-ci fait apparaître que l'entrelacement de principe des deux disciplines provient de ce qu'il est, à la fois, possible et favorisé. Le droit de la santé ne crée pas d'obstacles à l'emprise du droit de la concurrence, et participe même de s a mise en œuvre, en créant des mécanismes susceptibles de porter atteinte au processus concurrentiel. Le recours aux normes concurrentielles, par ailleurs, semble opportun. Bénéfique, l'application des règles de concurrence renforce les règles du droit de la santé. Bien qu'instrumentalisée par les normes sanitaires, la concurrence n'est pas suffisamment protégée. L'application des règles concurrentielles, alors, apparaît nécessaire. Mais les rapports qu'entretiennent les deux disciplines montrent également des aspects négatifs. Si le droit de la concurrence offre une protection indirecte aux «consommateurs de soins», ses mécanismes, exclusivement orientés vers l'intérêt général concurrentiel, ne permettent pas, en réalité, d'accueillir directement les finalités sanitaires. S'élèvent, en outre, des conflits entre les deux corps de règles, conduisant à leur neutralisation et à leur altération mutuelles. Aussi convient-il de rechercher un moyen d'améliorer leur articulation. C'est donc à un recours renouvelé au droit de la concurrence qu'il s'agit finalement de songer. / As the Judicial Enforcement of Competition Law in health services is increasing, it seems relevant to wonder whether this phenomenon could somehow be questioned. Indeed, Competition Law and Health Law have not yet been investigated together through an overall study – though the intertwining of these disciplines is not only possible, but also visibly encouraged. In fact, far from thwarting the influence of Competition, Health Law even participates in its enforcement, triggering mechanisms likely to provoke it. Besides, the application of Competition Rules is advisable whenever it strengthens Health Rules. Sanitary norms have nonetheless used Competition without it being satisfactorily protected. Consequently, the application of Competition Rules appears necessary. The relation between disciplines has also known negative effects : even though Competition Law offers indirect protection to “health consumers”, its mechanisms do not, in actuality, take sanitary objectives into account. Conflicts between the disciplines compel them to alter one another, leading to their mutual neutralization. Consequently, the interaction between Competition and Health norms needs to be improved. Limited or residual rights of appeal could be the key under Competition Law.

This essay demonstrates how Bilbo, the main protagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, is a feminine hero despite being male. The study builds on concepts of traditional gender norms which show men as strong, intelligent beings and overall superior to the weak and emotional women. Also included in the study is Carl Jung’s anima archetype (the hypothesized feminine side of the man) as well as conventional hero-types, comparing Bilbo to three other heroes of Tolkien’s creation (Aragorn, Frodo and Beorn) in order to categorize Bilbo and show what kind of a hero he is. The essay shows that Bilbo, based on his actions and personality, and in accordance with the traditional gender norms, classifies as a feminine hero. / Denna uppsats demonstrerar hur Bilbo, huvudkaraktären i J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit, är en feminin hjälte trots att han är manlig. Studien bygger på koncept av traditionella könsnormer som visar män som starka, intelligenta varelser och allmänt överlägsna de svaga och emotionella kvinnorna. Också inkluderat i studien är Carl Jungs anima-arketyp (den hypotetiserade feminina sidan av mannen) såväl som konventionella hjälte-typer och jämför Bilbo med tre andra hjältar som Tolkien skapat (Aragorn, Frodo och Beorn) för att kunna kategorisera Bilbo och visa vad för slags hjälte han är. Uppsatsen visar att Bilbo, baserat på hans handlingar och personlighet, och i överensstämmelse med de traditionella könsnormerna, klassificeras som en feminin hjälte.

I samhället finns lagar och normer som är till för att reglera och styra människors beteende. Ibland står lagar i vägen för individens självbestämmande och egna värderingar. Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka motiven till att medborgare av det svenska samhället bryter mot lagar och typen av brott som begås. Deltagarna var 100 studenter och lärare varav 77 kvinnor och 23 män. Undersökningen var inspirerad av EPP-metoden där skriftliga berättelser samlades in för att söka efter mönster. Begreppet selektivt laglydiga medborgare växte fram. Begreppet innebär att individen ibland bryter lagen när det passar den att göra det. Resultatet visade två mönster för motiven, egenintresse och praktiska motiv. Två mönster identifierades för brottens karaktär som var att brotten inte drabbar enskild individ och har lågt straffvärde. Ämnet är relativt outforskat, därför är framtida forskning önskvärt kring den selektivt laglydiga medborgaren.

No presente estudo pretendeu-se analisar o surgimento do Sistema Ãnico de SaÃde (SUS) e o processo de sua regulamentaÃÃo com a publicaÃÃo da Lei OrgÃnica da SaÃde que à composta das Leis 8.080/90 e 8.142/90 e de sua operacionalizaÃÃo com as Normas Operacionais BÃsicas (NOBs), instrumentos de regulamentaÃÃo da situaÃÃo transicional do sistema de saÃde herdado pelo SUS do perÃodo anterior. A primeira NOB analisada foi a 01/91. Esta oficializou o SIA/SUS e SIH/SUS como mecanismos de transferÃncia de recursos, atravÃs de convÃnio, para os Estados e MunicÃpios. Utilizou como parÃmetros a Unidade de Cobertura Ambulatorial - UCA e internamento de 10% da populaÃÃo/ano. Os Estados e MunicÃpios eram considerados para o MinistÃrio da SaÃde como Prestadores de ServiÃos. A segunda NOB analisada foi a NOB-SUS 01/93 que manteve os SIA/SUS e SIH/SUS, porÃm criou trÃs alternativas de enquadramento de gestÃo para Estados e MunicÃpios: Incipiente e parcial (prestadores), e semi-plena (gestores). A terceira NOB analisada foi a NOB-SUS 01/96 que criou a gestÃo Plena da AtenÃÃo BÃsica e a Plena do Sistema Municipal. Esta NOB previu a municipalizaÃÃo das aÃÃes de Epidemiologia e VigilÃncia SanitÃria, criou o Piso Nacional de AÃÃo BÃsica garantindo um valor per capita nacional Ãnico para as aÃÃes bÃsicas de saÃde. Chama-se a atenÃÃo para o pouco cumprimento nestas NOBs dos critÃrios definidos pelo artigo 35 da Lei 8.080/90 para o financiamento das aÃÃes e serviÃos de saÃde. / In the present study aimed to analyze the emergence of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the process of its regulations with the publication of the Health Law which is composed of Laws 8.080/90 and 8.142/90 and its operation with the Operating Standards basic (NOBs), regulatory instruments of transitional situation of the health system inherited from the previous period by SUS. The first NOB analyzed was 01/91. This officially SIA / SUS and SIH / SUS as mechanisms to transfer resources through partnerships, to states and municipalities. Used as parameters to Ambulatory Unit Cover - UCA inpatient and 10% of the population / year. States and municipalities were considered for the Ministry of Health as Service Providers. The second was analyzed NOB NOB-SUS 01/93 that kept the SIA / SUS and SIH / SUS, but created three alternative management framework for States and Municipalities: Incipient and partial (providers), and semi-full (managers) . The third was analyzed NOB NOB-SUS 01/96 that created the management Basic Health Care Full and Complete Municipal System. This NOB predicted the municipalization of Epidemiology and Health Surveillance, created the National Floor Action Basic guaranteeing a single national per capita for basic health. Called attention to the little NOBs fulfilling these criteria defined by Article 35 of Law 8.080/90 to finance actions and health services.