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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Efeitos da hipóxia-isquemia perinatal sobre o comportamento motor, distribuição da Tirosina Hidroxilase na substância negra e da NADPH diaforase no hipocampo durante o desenvolvimento em ratos / Effects of hypoxia-ischemia under motor behavior, tyrosine hydroxylase distribution in the nigra substantia and the diaphorase NADPH in hippocampus in rats

Marcia Martins Dias Ferraz 05 March 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A hipóxia isquemia (HI) pré-natal é uma das principais causas de mortalidade e doenças neurológicas crônicas em neonatos, que podem apresentar déficits remanentes como: retardamento, paralisia cerebral, dificuldade de aprendizado ou epilepsia. Estes prejuízos, provavelmente, estão relacionados com o atraso no desenvolvimento neural, astrogliose e com a perda de neurônios e oligodendrócitos. Déficits funcionais e cognitivos estão associados à degeneração de vias dopaminérgicas e de estruturas hipocampais. A enzima tirosina hidroxilase (TH) é a enzima limitante na síntese de dopamina e seus níveis são alterados em eventos de HI. O óxido nítrico (NO) é um gás difusível que atua modulando diferentes sistemas, participando de eventos como plasticidade sináptica e neuromodulação no sistema nervoso central e é produzido em grandes quantidades em eventos de injúria e inflamação, como é o caso da HI. O presente estudo teve por objetivos avaliar, utilizando o modelo criado por Robinson e colaboradores em 2005, os efeitos da HI sobre o comportamento motor e avaliar o desenvolvimento de estruturas encefálicas relacionadas a este comportamento como a substância negra (SN) e o complexo hipocampal. A HI foi induzida a partir do clampeamento das artérias uterinas da rata grávida, por 45 minutos no décimo oitavo dia de gestação (grupo HI). Em um grupo de fêmeas a cirurgia foi realizada, mas não houve clampeamento das artérias (grupo SHAM). A avaliação do comportamento motor foi realizada com os testes ROTAROD e de campo aberto em animais de 45 dias. Os encéfalos foram processados histologicamente nas idades de P9, P16, P23 e P90, sendo então realizada imunohistoquímica para TH e histoquímica para NADPH diaforase (NADPH-d), para avaliação do NO. Nossos resultados demonstraram redução da imunorreatividade para a TH em corpos celulares na SN aos 16 dias no grupo HI e aumento na imunorreatividade das fibras na parte reticulada aos 23 dias, com a presença de corpos celulares imunorreativos nesta região no grupo HI. Demonstramos também aumento do número de células marcadas para NADPH-d no giro dentado nos animais HI, nas idades analisadas, assim como aumento na intensidade de reação no corno de Ammon (CA1 e CA3) aos 9 dias no grupo HI, e posterior redução nesta marcação aos 23 e 90dias neste mesmo grupo. Nos testes comportamentais, observamos diminuição da atividade motora no grupo HI com uma melhora do desempenho ao longo dos testes no ROTAROD, sem entretanto atingir o mesmo nível do grupo SHAM. Os animais HI não apresentaram maior nível de ansiedade em relação ao grupo SHAM, descartando a hipótese das alterações observadas nos testes de motricidade estarem relacionadas a fatores ansiogênicos. O modelo de clampeamento das artérias uterinas da fêmea se mostrou uma ferramenta importante no estudo das alterações decorrentes do evento de HI pré-natal, por produzir diversos resultados que são similares aos ocorridos em neonatos que passam por este evento. / Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the major causes of mortality and chronic neurological diseases in newborns that can show permanent effects such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, learning difficulty and epilepsy. It is probable that these impairs may be related to a delay in the neural development, astrogliosis and to the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Cognitive and functional deficits are related to degeneration of dopaminergic pathways and hippocampus. The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a limiting step in the dopamine synthesis and its levels are impaired in HI insults. Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible gas that acts by modulating different systems and participates in several phenomena such as synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation in the central nervous system and is produced in higher levels in events of injury and inflamation as in the case of HI. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HI on the motor behavior and to evaluate the development of brain structures related to this behavior as the substantia nigra (SN) and the hippocampal complex, using the model developed by Robinson and colleagues in 2005. HI was induced by clamping the uterine arteries of pregnant rats, for 45 minutes, on the eighteenth day of gestation (group HI). In a group of females, the surgery was performed, but no clamping of the arteries (group SHAM) was made. Assessment of motor behavior was performed with the ROTAROD test and open field test in animals of 45 days (P45) of age. The brains were processed histologically at ages P9, P16, P23 and P90, and then submitted to immunohistochemistry for TH and NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry for evaluation of NOS. Our results demonstrated an apparent decrease in TH immunoreactivity in cell bodies in the SN at P16 in the HI group and an increase in immunoreactivity of the fibers in the SN pars reticulata at P23 with the presence of TH immunoreactive cell bodies at this same region in the HI group. We also showed an increase in the number of NADPH-d stained cells in the dentate gyrus in the HI group, at all ages, as also an increase in the intensity of staining in the Ammons horn (CA1 and CA3) at P9 in the HI group and, after that, a decrease in this staining at P23 and P90 in this same group. In the behavioral tests we observed a decrease in the motor activity in the HI group with a partial recovery all over the several sessions in the ROTAROD test, however this group did not reach the same performance as the SHAM group. HI animals did not show a higher level of anxiety when compared to SHAM animals, ruling out the hypothesis that anxiogenic factors may be impairing the results in the motor behavior tests. Our results showed that the model of uterine arteries clamping could be an important tool in the study of the effects of perinatal HI, by producing several consequences that are very similar to the effects observed in newborn children who suffered an HI event.
122

Synthèse de nano-déclencheurs photo-activables pour le contrôle spatio-temporel de la formation de NO / Synthesis of photo-activable nanotriggers for controlling spatio-temporal NO formation

Nguyen, Nhi Ha 10 June 2015 (has links)
Le monoxyde d’azote (NO), dont le rôle biologique a été découvert à la fin du 20ème siècle, est impliqué dans la régulation de nombreux processus à l’échelle de la cellule et de l’organisme. Sa biosynthèse est réalisée par les enzymes NO synthases (NOS), et met en jeu la liaison de NADPH à leur domaine réductase suivie d’une série de transfert d’électrons vers leur domaine oxygénase, où la formation de NO se produit par oxydation de la L-arginine. En s’inspirant de mimes photo-activables de NADPH précédemment décrits dans la littérature, appelés nano-déclencheurs (NT, de l’anglais nanotriggers), induisant la production de NO par illumination, nous avons conçu et synthétisé de nouvelles générations de composés potentiellement capables d’initier l’activité catalytique de NOS sous irradiation. Ils comportent une unité de reconnaissance de NOS dérivée de l’adénosine et une unité chromophorique de type diaminophényl butadiène, liées entre elles par un groupement triazole. Ces structures modulables, facilement assemblées par chimie « click » ont permis la préparation d’une librairie de nano-déclencheurs, dont les propriétés photophysiques et la stabilité dans des conditions physiologiques ont été évaluées. Ces nouvelles générations de composés offrent des perspectives intéressantes pour le contrôle de processus biologiques par la lumière. / Nitric oxide (NO), whose biological role has been discovered in the late 20th century, is involved in the regulation of many processes in cell and organism. Its biosynthesis is carried out by enzymes named nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and involves NADPH binding to their reductase domain followed by a series of electron transfers to their oxygenase domain, where the formation of NO takes place by oxidation of L-arginine. Inspired by photoactivatable NADPH mimics called nano-triggers (NT), previously described in the literature, able to produce NO upon illumination, we designed and synthesized new generations of compounds potentially capable of initiating the catalytic activity of NOS under irradiation. They contain a recognition unit for NOS derived from adenosine and a diaminophenyl butadiene chromophoric moiety, linked together by a triazole group. These modular structures, easily assembled by "click" chemistry allowed the preparation of a library of nano-triggers, whose photophysical properties and stability under physiological conditions were evaluated. These new generations of compounds offer interesting perspectives for the control of biological processes by light.
123

Estudo do processo de S-glutationação protéica no \"BURST\" respiratório de leucócitos: modulação pela lactona sesquiterpênica licnofolido / Study process S-glutationação protein in \"Burst\" respiratory leukocyte: modulation by sesquiterpene lactone licnofolido

Maísa Ribeiro Pereira Lima Brigagão 30 September 2004 (has links)
Foi estudado o efeito da lactona sesquiterpênica licnofolido sobre o \"burst\" respiratório de leucócitos polimorfonucleares inflamatórios (PMN) estimulados por forbol (PMA), pelo peptídeo quimiotático fMLP ou zimozan opsonizado (OZ). O licnofolido inibiu de forma dose-dependente a liberação de O2•- pelos PMN, sem alteração do período \"Iag\" do complexo NADPH. oxidase. O efeito foi mais acentuado quando os PMN foram estimulados diretamente pela via de proteína quinase C. A adição de ditiotreitol ou glutationa reduzida (GSH) às suspensões celulares antes da incubação com licnofolido preveniu parcialmente o efeito inibitório. O tratamento dos PMN com a lactona determinou uma queda drástica dos níveis celulares de GSH livre, sem incremento de glutationa oxidada (GSSG). A reação direta entre GSH e licnofolido foi confirmada com a detecção de um aduto glutationil-licnofolido através de identificação por espectrometria de massa (ESI-MS/MS). A S-tiolação protéica induzida pelo PMA foi reduzida em PMN tratados com Iicnofo/ido, como detectado através de determinação de incorporação de [35S], sendo que 80% desses tióis foram identificados como GSH. Uma série de proteínas S-glutationadas foi detectada através de autoradiografias, sendo que aquelas correspondentes a 38 e 24 kDa tiveram essa modificação póstraducional suprimida pelo tratamento com dose de licnofolido capaz de suprimir o \"burst\" respiratório dos PMN. Estes resultados indicam que a depleção celular de GSH causada pelo licnofolido impede a sustentação do \"burst\" respiratório pelos PMN, em correlação direta com a diminuição de S-glutationação protéica. / An investigation was made into the action of the sesquiterpene lactone lychnopholide on the respiratory burst of inflammatory polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lychnopholide determined concentration-related inhibition of the generation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-, chemotatic peptide-, and opsonized zymozan-induced superoxide anion with no effect on the lag time of the assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex, such action was greater on the protein kinase C pathway that on both membrane receptor dependent stimuli via. Subsequent additions of D-glucose, Ca2+, Mg2+, dithiothreitol ar reduced glutathione (GSH) did not reverse the inhibitory action. The addition of both thiols prior to the lychnopholide treatment partially hindered the inhibition rate. The endogenous level of GSH in leukocytes was drastically depleted under the lychnopholide treatment, without corresponding increases occurring in the oxidized form (GSSG). A direct reaction between glutathione and lychnopholide was confirmed from a glutathionyl-lychnopholide adduct detected by electrospray mass spectrometry analysis and identified by tandem mass analysis in cellular extracts. Protein S-thiolation induced by PMA stimulation was decreased in lactone-treated PMN as detected by [35S] scintillation count, which indicated that about 80% of the thiols were glutathione. A subset of S-glutathionylated proteins was identified through gel electrophoresis, which revealed that the modification of the phorbol-triggered protein sulfhydryl in the protein bands corresponding to 38 and 24 kDa was precluded by the lychnopholide treatment correlated with respiratory burst inhibition. These results show that GSH depletion determined by lychnopholide treatment renders PMN to sustain respiratory burst, whose action is proportional to protein S-glutahionylation decrease.
124

Associação dos polimorfismos nos genes CYBA e NOX4 da NADPH oxidase e sua relação com síndrome metabólica na doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) / Association of polymorphisms in CYBA and NOX4 genes of NADPH oxidase and its relation with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Fabíola Rabelo 02 February 2018 (has links)
Introdução e Objetivos: A Doença hepática gordurosa não alcóolica (DHGNA) é claramente marcada por influência ambiental, no entanto, fatores genéticos têm sido associados a progressão para formas mais graves de DHGNA. O estresse oxidativo tem sido cada vez mais enfatizado nesta evolução e o sistema NADPH parece ser uma importante fonte de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. O papel dos polimorfismos do sistema NADPH nessa população e sua possível relação com progressão de doença e síndrome metabólica são desconhecidos. Desta maneira, investigamos dois polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) na região reguladora dos genes que codificam a NADPH oxidase 4 subunidade catalítica (NOX4) e sua subunidade regulatória p22phox (CYBA) e sua relação com variáveis histológicas e bioquímicas em pacientes com DHGNA. Métodos: 207 pacientes com DHGNA com biópsia hepática (esteatose=27; esteato-hepatite=180), sendo (70% do sexo feminino), foram genotipados para SNPs da Nox4 (rs3017887) e CYBA -675 T/A. O DNA genômico foi extraído a partir de células do sangue periférico e a genotipagem foi realizada utilizando primers específicos e sondas fluorescentes marcadas por sequenciamento. A análise histológica foi baseada na classificação de Kleiner et al (2005). Todos os pacientes eram negativos para os marcadores de hepatites virais, doença de Wilson, hemocromatose, doenças auto-imunes e tinham ingestão diária de álcool < 100 g/semana. Resultados:Associação do CYBA -675 T/A com triglicerídeos foi observada: 176,87 ± 12,93 (TT) versus 228,70 ± 21,66 (XA), p = 0,007 . Quando a população é estratificada, a associação aparece apenas entre os pacientes que possuem esteatohepatite não alcoólica (EHNA). Foi observada uma associação do CYBA-675 T / A com HDL: 48,05 ± 1,71 (TT) vs 41,70 ± 2,91 (TA) vs 28,03 ± 9,47 mg / dL (AA), p = 0,001. Quando a população é estratificada, a associação aparece apenas entre os pacientes que possuem EHNA. Quando se estudou o SNP no gene da NOX4, observou-se associação com ALT (CA + AA: 60,10 ± 6,01 U/L vs CC: 44,23 ± 4,36 U/L; P = 0,02). Porém, quando a população foi estratificada em esteatose e EHNA não se verificou diferença estatisticamente significante na frequência dos genótipos. Não houve associação de SNPs de genes que codificam proteínas do sistema NADPH oxidase nos genes CYBA (não registrado) e Nox4 (rs 3017887) e a presença de EHNA, nos portadores de DHGNA. Quanto aos resultados clínicos, observou-se que os graus de fibrose mais avançados ocorreram em pacientes com diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (66,9% vs 37,5%; p= 0,007), além de serem mais obesos (32,2% vs 29%; p=0,003). Além disso, os níveis séricos de glicose e insulina aumentaram significantemente, de acordo com a presença de EHNA. A frequência da SM foi significativamente maior em pacientes com EHNA. Conclusões: 1) Houve associação entre a presença do genótipo CC na Nox4 SNP com uma maior concentração de ALT na população em geral 2) Houve associação entre a presença do genótipo AA no polimorfismo do gene -675 T/A CYBA com uma maior concentração de TGL e menor de HDL, nos pacientes com EHNA 3) Houve associação entre a presença de síndrome metabólica e graus avançados de fibrose hepática em portadores de DHGNA. No entanto, a amostra deve ser ampliada para confirmar estas associações, bem como, para melhor explorar possíveis relações com escores de fibrose e inflamação / Background/Aims: Oxidative stress has been implicated in progression to severe forms of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NADPH oxidase appears to be an important source of production of reactive oxygen species. We investigated by the first time two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the regulatory region of genes encoding the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and p22phox (CYBA) in NAFLD. Methods: 207 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients (27 = steatosis; 180= NASH) were evaluated. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells and on Nox4 and CYBA polymorphisms were determined by direct sequencing of PCR. All the patients were negative for markers of viral hepatitis, Metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases and had daily intake of alcohol < 100 g/week. Results: An association of CYBA -675 T / A with triglycerides was observed: 176.87 ± 12.93 (TT) versus 228.70 ± 21.66 (XA), mean ± SEM, p = 0.007. When the population is stratified, the association appears only among patients who have non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). An association of CYBA-675 T/A with HDL was observed: 48.05 ± 1.71 (TT) vs 41.70 ± 2.91 (TA) vs 28.03 ± 9.47 mg/dL (AA), mean ± SEM, p = 0.001. When the population is stratified, the association appears only among patients who have NASH. When the NOX4 (rs 3017887) gene was studied, there was association with ALT (CA + AA: 60.10 ± 6.01 U / L vs CC: 44.23 ± 4.36 U/L; P = 0, 02). However, when the population was stratified in steatosis and NASH, there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of genotypes. There was no association of SNPs from genes encoding NADPH oxidase system proteins in the CYBA (unregistered) and Nox4 (rs 3017887) genes and the presence of NASH in the DHGNA carriers. Regarding the clinical results, it was observed that the most advanced degrees of fibrosis occurred in patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (66.9% vs 37.5%, p = 0.007), in addition to being more obese (32.2% % vs 29%, p = 0.003). In addition, serum glucose and insulin levels increased significantly, according to the presence of NASH. The frequency of MS was significantly higher in patients with NASH. Conclusions: 1) There was an association between the presence of the CC genotype in the Nox4 SNP with a higher concentration of ALT in the general population. 2) There was an association between the presence of the AA genotype in the CYBA gene -675 T / A polymorphism with a higher concentration of TGL and lower HDL in patients with NASH. 3) There was an association between the presence of metabolic syndrome and advanced degrees of hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. However, the sample should be expanded to confirm these associations, as well as to better explore possible relationships with fibrosis and inflammation scores
125

Influência dos polimorfismos de genes da NADPH oxidase na fibrose hepática e sua correlação com a síndrome metabólica nos portadores de vírus da hepatite C / Influence of polymorphisms of the NADPH oxidase 4 gene in liver fibrosis and metabolic syndrome correlation in patients with hepatitis C

Luciano Beltrão Pereira 06 November 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C é a principal causa de doença hepática crônica que progride para cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. Diversos fatores relacionados ao vírus e ao hospedeiro determinam a progressão para formas mais graves de fibrose hepática. A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS) promovendo o estresse oxidativo contribui significativamente na fibrogênese hepática e pode ser gerada de múltiplas fontes, incluindo a cadeia respiratória mitocondrial, o citocromo p4502E1, peroxissomos e as NADPH oxidases (NOXs) no fígado. O sistema da NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phospate) oxidase tem uma participação muito importante na geração de EROS induzidas pelo vírus da hepatite C (VHC). Por isso, no presente estudo, investigamos dois polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo (SNPs) na região reguladora dos genes codificadores da subunidade catalisadora da NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) e sua subunidade regulatória p22phox (CYBA) e a associação deles com variáveis metabólicas e histológicas em pacientes com VHC. MÉTODOS: Cento e setenta e oito pacientes portadores do VHC e virgens de tratamento (49,3% sexo masculino; 65% VHC genótipo 1) foram analisados. Todos os pacientes tinham VHC RNA positivo e foram genotipados para os SNPs rs3017887 na NOX4 e -675 T -> A na CYBA usando-se primer e probes específicos. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma associação foi vista entre as frequências genotípicas dos SNPs da NOX4 e CYBA com marcadores de inflamação ou grau de fibrose hepática na população total estudada. A presença dos genótipos CA + AA do SNP da NOX4 SNP teve associação com menor concentração sérica da alanino aminotransferase (ALT) na população masculina (CA + AA = 72,23 ± 6,34 U/L versus CC = 100,22 ± 9,85; média ± SEM; P = 0,05). O genótipo TT do SNP da CYBA teve associação com menor concentração sérica da ALT na população masculina (TT = 84,01 ± 6,77 U/L versus TA + AA = 109,67 ± 18,37 U/L; média ± SEM; P = 0,047). Por outro lado, o alelo menor do SNP da NOX4 foi inversamente associado com a frequência de síndrome metabólica (SM) na população masculina (odds ratio (OR): 0,15; 95% intervalo de confiança (IC): 0,03 - 0,79; P = 0,025). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que os SNPs da NOX4 e CYBA avaliados no estudo não são marcadores genéticos diretos de fibrose hepática em pacientes portadores do VHC, entretanto o SNP rs3017887 da NOX4 poderia influir indiretamente na susceptibilidade da fibrose hepática devido a associação inversa com SM nos pacientes do sexo masculino. / BACKGROUND: The hepatitis C virus infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease that progresses into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several factors related to the virus and the host determine the progression to more severe forms of liver fibrosis. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoting oxidative stress contribute significantly in liver fibrogenesis and can be generated from multiple sources, including mitochondrial respiratory chain, cytochrome p4502E1, peroxisomes and NADPH oxidases (NOXS) in the liver. Given the important contribution of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system to the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV), we investigated in the present study, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the putative regulatory region of the genes encoding NADPH oxidase 4 catalytic subunit (NOX4) and its regulatory subunit p22phox (CYBA) and their relation with metabolic and histological variables in patients with HCV. METHODS: One hundred seventy eight naïve HCV patients (49.3% male; 65% HCV genotype 1) with positive HCV RNA were genotyped using specific primers and fluorescent-labeled probes for SNPs rs3017887 in NOX4 and -675 T -> A in CYBA. RESULTS: No association was found between the genotype frequencies of NOX4 and CYBA SNPs and inflammation scores or fibrosis stages in the overall population. The presence of the CA + AA genotypes of the NOX4 SNP was nominally associated with a lower alaninoamine transferase (ALT) concentration in the male population (CA + AA = 72.23 ± 6.34U/L versus CC = 100.22 ± 9.85; mean ± SEM; P = 0.05). The TT genotype of the CYBA SNP was also nominally associated with a lower ALT concentration in the male population (TT = 84.01 ± 6.77U/L versus TA + AA = 109.67 ± 18.37U/L; mean ± SEM; P = 0.047). The minor A-allele of the NOX4 SNP was inversely associated with the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the male population (odds ratio (OR): 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 0.79; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the evaluated NOX4 and CYBA SNPs are not direct genetic determinants of fibrosis in HCV patients, but nevertheless NOX4 rs3017887 SNP could indirectly influence fibrosis susceptibility due to its inverse association with MS in male patients
126

Contribuição do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase na atrofia muscular de ratos infartados: influência do treinamento físico aeróbico / Contribution of NADPH oxidase enzyme complex in muscle atrophy of infarcted rats: role of aerobic exercise training

Luiz Roberto Grassmann Bechara 04 December 2012 (has links)
Em quadros mais avançados da insuficiência cardíaca (IC), além do comprometimento do miocárdio, observa-se uma importante perda de massa muscular esquelética, a qual contribui para o mau prognóstico e orbimortalidade dos pacientes. As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) parecem estar diretamente envolvidas no desenvolvimento e progressão da atrofia muscular em doenças crônico-degenerativas. De fato, já é sabido que a IC está associada ao estresse oxidativo na musculatura esquelética, o qual parece contribuir para o catabolismo proteico culminando em atrofia muscular na síndrome, apesar desta relação de causa e efeito ainda ser pouco investigada. No entanto, as fontes envolvidas na produção exacerbada de ROS na musculatura esquelética em ratos com infarto do miocárdio ainda não foram caracterizadas. Como a NADPH oxidase é um complexo enzimático especializado em produzir ROS, e sabendo que esta família de enzimas pró-oxidantes é ativada for agentes pró-inflamatórios e alguns agonistas de receptores acoplados à proteína G que estão aumentados na IC, na primeira parte do projeto de pesquisa testou-se a hipótese de que as NADPH oxidases estariam hiperativadas nos músculos plantar e sóleo de ratos submetidos ao infarto do miocárdio, contribuindo para um quadro de estresse oxidativo e consequente hiperativação do sistema proteolítico ubiquitina proteassoma (SUP), culminando assim na atrofia deste tecido. Para testar esta hipótese, ratos Wistar foram submetidos à cirurgia de infarto do miocárdio ou Sham e, quatro semanas pós-cirurgias, foram submetidos a oito semanas de tratamento com uma substância inibidora da NADPH oxidase (apocinina) ou placebo. Foram quantificados nos músculos plantar e sóleo: níveis de mRNA de componentes da família Nox da NADPH oxidase presentes no tecido muscular, bem como a atividade desse complexo enzimático; marcadores de estresse oxidativo; atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e concentração total de glutationa; níveis de mRNA de componentes do SUP e atividade do proteassoma; e o trofismo muscular (Subprojeto 1). A segunda parte deste projeto testou a hipótese de que o treinamento físico aeróbico (TFA) previniria a hiperativação das NADPH oxidases na musculatura esquelética de ratos submetidos ao infarto do miocárdio, contribuindo para uma diminuição do quadro de estresse oxidativo e menor ativação do SUP, prevenindo assim a atrofia deste tecido. Para testar esta hipótese, ratos Sham e infartados foram submetidos a oito semanas de TFA ou permaneceram sedentários (Subprojeto 2). As variáveis estudadas foram as mesmas relacionadas ao subprojeto 1. Os resultados do subprojeto 1 demonstraram que o infarto do miocárdio em ratos promove atrofia do músculo plantar desencadeada em parte pela ativação da NADPH oxidase, promovendo uma maior produção de ROS e consequente hiperativação do SUP. Além disso, o infarto do miocárdio promove atrofia do músculo sóleo, a qual também está associada a um aumento dos níveis de ROS e da atividade do proteassoma, porém independente da ativação da NADPH oxidase. Em relação ao subprojeto 2, nossos dados também demonstram que o TFA previne parcialmente a atrofia do músculo plantar de ratos infartados, prevenindo a hiperativação da NADPH oxidase e a hiperativação do SUP induzida pelo infarto do miocárdio. Essa intervenção não farmacológica também previne a atrofia do músculo sóleo dos ratos infartados associada à redução das ROS e à redução da hiperativação do SUP induzida pelo infarto do miocárdio, porém de forma independente da atividade do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase. Dessa forma, concluímos que a NADPH oxidase está envolvida de maneira músculo-específica com a produção de ROS levando a ativação do SUP e à atrofia muscular associada ao infarto crônico do miocárdio. O TFA é capaz de prevenir a atrofia muscular esquelética induzida pelo infarto do miocárdio associada a redução das ROS em ambos os músculos estudados. No musculo plantar, esta resposta esta relacionada a uma redução na hiperativação do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase, ressaltando a contribuição desse complexo para a geração de ROS em músculos glicolíticos de ratos infartados. O TFA consiste em importante ferramenta não farmacológica agindo na homeostase redox e proteica no musculo esquelético de ratos infartados / Although heart failure (HF) is a syndrome of cardiac origin, it promotes significant skeletal muscle atrophy in more advanced stages, which contributes to poor prognosis and increased mortality rate. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) seem to be directly involved in the development and progression of muscle atrophy in chronic degenerative diseases. In fact, HF is associated with skeletal muscle oxidative stress, which seems to contribute to protein catabolism and muscle atrophy. However, it is important to highlight that the sources involved in the exacerbated skeletal muscle ROS production in HF have not been characterized yet. NADPH oxidase enzyme complex is an important source of ROS production activated by proinflammatory cytokines and some G-protein-coupled receptors, which are increased in HF. Therefore, in the first part of the thesis, we tested whether NADPH oxidases would be overactivated in plantaris and soleus muscles of rats submitted to myocardial infarction, thus contributing to oxidative stress and consequent ubiquitin proteasome proteolytic system (UPS) hyperactivation, ultimately leading to muscle atrophy. To test this hypothesis, Wistar rats underwent myocardial infarction or Sham surgery and, four weeks post-surgery, rats underwent eight weeks of treatment with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) or placebo. It was quantified in plantaris and soleus muscles: mRNA levels of skeletal muscle-NOX family, as well as NADPH oxidase activity; oxidative stress markers; antioxidant enzymes activity and total glutathione concentration; mRNA levels of UPS components and proteasome activity; and muscle trophicity (Subproject 1). In the second part of the thesis we tested whether aerobic exercise training (AET) would prevent NADPH oxidases overactivity in plantaris and soleus muscles of rats submitted to myocardial infarction, thus decreasing oxidative stress and UPS hyperactivation, preventing skeletal muscle atrophy. To test this hypothesis, Sham and infarcted rats underwent eight weeks of AET or remained sedentary (Subproject 2). The variables studied were the same as in Subproject 1. The results of the subproject 1 demonstrated that myocardial infarction in rats induces plantaris muscle atrophy triggered in part by overactivation of NADPH oxidase promoting increased ROS production paralleled by UPS hyperactivation. Moreover, myocardial infarction induced soleus muscle atrophy, which was also associated with increased ROS levels and proteasome overactivity, but independently of NADPH oxidase activation. Regarding the subproject 2, our data showed that AET partially prevented plantaris muscle atrophy in infarcted rats, preventing myocardial infarction-induced NADPH oxidase hyperactivation and UPS hyperactivation. AET also prevented soleus muscle atrophy in infarcted rats, which was associated with a ROS levels reduction and prevention of myocardial infarction-induced UPS hyperactivation, but independently of NADPH oxidase activity. Collectively, our data give support for the involvement of NADPH oxidase as a source of ROS production leading to UPS activation and skeletal muscle atrophy associated with chronic myocardial infarction, however this occurs in a muscle specific pattern. AET prevents myocardial infarction-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and exacerbated ROS levels in both plantaris and soleus muscles. In plantaris muscle, this response is related to a prevention of NADPH oxidase hyperactivation, highlighting the contribution of this enzyme complex to ROS production in glycolytic muscles of infarcted rats. Finally, AET is an important nonpharmacologic tool acting in skeletal muscle redox and protein homeostasis of infarcted rats
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Influência da lesão mitocondrial na atividade e expressão de NAD(P)H oxidase da membrana celular em células musculares lisas vasculares / Influence of mitochondrial DNA damage on NAD(P)H oxidase activity and expression in vascular smooth muscle cells

João Wosniak Junior 17 April 2008 (has links)
Lesão do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) promove disfunção desta organela, contribuindo para a gênese do envelhecimento e fisiopatologia de doenças como aterosclerose e diabetes. A mitocôndria é a principal fonte quantitativa de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) em células, e o complexo NAD(P)H oxidase a principal fonte de ROS envolvidas na sinalização celular. A possível inter-relação entre estas duas importantes vias produtoras de ROS não está definida. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o perfil de alterações na expressão e atividade da NAD(P)H oxidase de células musculares lisas vasculares (VSMC) em resposta a perturbações mínimas da função mitocondrial análogas às esperadas em doenças crônico-degenerativas vasculares. Inicialmente, validamos modelo in vitro de disfunção mitocondrial induzida por incubação de VSMC com brometo de etídio (24 - 72 h). Lesões mínimas do mtDNA foram documentadas por alterações nos produtos de amplificação (PCR) da região repetitiva da D-loop e redução da taxa de consumo de oxigênio total em ~15% vs. basal (p<0,05). Este grau de lesão não foi suficiente para induzir alterações morfológicas evidentes ou apoptose, e foi associado ao retardo de 25 - 30% no aumento de população celular induzido por soro fetal bovino. Nestas condições, não se detectou aumento da produção basal de superóxido ou mudanças nos níveis de glutationa, óxidos de nitrogênio, ou da atividade superóxido dismutase. A produção basal de peróxido de hidrogênio aumentou ~15%. Após disfunção mitocondrial, houve significativo aumento (30 - 45%) na atividade basal do complexo NAD(P)H oxidase em fração de membrana de VSMC. Entretanto, a ativação da oxidase pela AII, conhecido agonista da oxidase vascular, foi essencialmente abolida, indicando dependência funcional da ativação da oxidase com a integridade da mitocôndria. Em sintonia com esses dados, na condição basal, ocorreu aumento de expressão da isoforma Nox4 da oxidase, enquanto o aumento do mRNA da Nox1 normalmente visto após AII foi minimizado. Por outro lado, o aumento da atividade da NADPH oxidase causado pelo estressor do RE tunicamicina (indutor de Nox4) foi também abolido pela disfunção mitocondrial, entretanto, ocorreu aumento do mRNA da Nox4, indicando que as alterações funcionais da oxidase nesta situação não decorrem apenas de mudanças da expressão. Dissociação semelhante entre expressão e atividade ocorreu após exposição de 72 horas ao EtBr (i.e., durante adaptação). Nesta, ocorreu maior expressão do mRNA de Nox1 e Nox4 com AII, sem aumento da atividade da oxidase em membranas. Incubação do EtBr por 24 horas não induziu per se aumento consistente nos índices de estresse do RE e induziu inversão do padrão do tráfego subcelular da dissulfeto isomerase protéica (PDI), uma chaperona redox descrita recentemente como reguladora da NADPH oxidase. Após 72 horas de incubação com EtBr, a expressão de chaperonas marcadoras de estresse do RE foi bastante diminuída e o tráfego da PDI teve o padrão restaurado. Demonstramos por microscopia confocal evidências preliminares de possível co-localização entre Nox1 e mitocôndria. Estes dados sugerem uma relevante inter-relação funcional entre mitocôndria e complexo NAD(P)H oxidase, associada pelo menos a alterações de expressão e/ou tráfego subcelular de subunidades catalíticas e reguladoras desse complexo. / Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage induces dysfunction of this organelle, contributing to the genesis of aging and to the pathophysiology of diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. Mitochondria are the main quantitative source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, while NAD(P)H oxidase complex is a major source of cell signaling-associated ROS. The possible crosstalk between these two relevant sources of ROS is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in activity and/or expression of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) NAD(P)H oxidase in response to minor perturbations of mitochondrial function similar to those expected to occur in chronic degenerative vascular diseases. Initially, we validated an in vitro model of mitochondrial dysfunction in VSMC, through incubation with ethidium bromide (24 - 72 h). Minimal mtDNA damage after EtBr was shown by distinct amplification patterns (at PCR) of D-loop repetitive region and by ~ 15% oxygen consumption decrease vs. basal (p<0.05). Such mtDNA damage was not sufficient to induce morphologic changes or apoptosis, whereas serum-stimulated increase in cell number was prevented by 25-30%. Under those conditions, baseline superoxide production, as well as levels of glutathione or nitrogen oxides or superoxide dismutase activity were unchanged. Baseline hydrogen peroxide production increased ~15%. VSMC membrane fraction NADPH oxidase activity was increased by 30-45% after mitochondrial dysfunction. However, oxidase activation due to AII (100 nM, 4h) was markedly abrogated, indicating that A-II-driven oxidase activation requires integrity of mitochondrial function. Accordingly, there were increases in baseline mRNA expression of Nox4 oxidase isoform, while the expected increase in Nox1 by AII was minimized. On the other hand, the NADPH oxidase activity induced by the endoplasmic reticulum stressor tunicamycin (Nox4 inducer) after mitochondrial dysfunction was abrogated, however simultaneously with increased Nox4 mRNA, thus indicating that the observed functional alterations in the oxidase complex in these conditions cannot be associated only to mRNA expression changes. After VSMC EtBr incubation for 72 h, similar dissociation between expression and activity was observed, with increase in Nox 1 and Nox4 mRNA by AII, without parallel increase in membrane fraction oxidase activity. Although there was little change in ER stress markers after 24h EtBr, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a redox chaperone recently described by us as a novel NAD(P)H oxidase regulator, exhibited a reversal of its subcellular traffic pattern. After 72 h EtBr, the expression of ER markers was strongly decreased and normal PDI traffic was restored. Confocal microscopy suggested possible co-localization between Nox1 and mitochondria. These results suggest a functionally relevant crosstalk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase complex associated at least to changes in expression and/or subcellular traffic of catalytic or regulatory subunits of this complex.
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Mecanismo da interação entre a proteína dissulfeto isomerase e a NADPH oxidase: papel regulatório sobre a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio em fagócitos profissionais / Mechanisms involved in the interaction of protein disulfide isomerase with NADPH oxidase: regulatory role on the reactive oxygen species generation by professional phagocytes

Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes 08 May 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A ativação da NADPH oxidase de neutrófilos requer o acoplamento das subunidades citosólicas p47phox, p67phox, p40phox e Rac2 ao componente de membrana citocromo b558. Em trabalhos anteriores, nós mostramos que as isoformas vasculares da oxidase são reguladas pela proteína dissulfeto isomerase (PDI), uma chaperona redox. Neste trabalho, nós utilizamos um sistema cellfree semirecombinante como ferramenta para investigar o papel da PDI na ativação da NADPH oxidase do neutrófilo. RESULTADOS: Inibidores da PDI, scrambled RNAse (100g/mL) ou bacitracina (1mM), praticamente suprimiram a geração de superóxido. Para avaliação dos efeitos do estado redox da PDI sobre a atividade da oxidase, amostras de PDI foram previamente oxidadas (H2O2; 0,5 mM) ou reduzidas (DTT; 0,5 mM). A PDI oxidada (100 nM) aumentou a produção de superóxido em aproximadamente 30%, enquanto a mesma concentração de PDI reduzida promoveu efeito inverso, inibindo a atividade do complexo. A adição de um peptídeo contendo a seqüência peptídica do sítio ativo da PDI inibiu a produção de superóxido em 70%. Dados de imunolocalização e colocalização demonstraram que a interação da PDI com a subunidade p47phox parece ser intensificada pelo estímulo com PMA e envolvem modificações do estado redox de ambas as proteínas. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos dados confirmam a associação física e funcional entre a PDI e o complexo NADPH oxidase. Além disso, sugerem que a PDI exerça um importante papel como fator de regulação redox da ativação da oxidase. / Activation of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase requires the assembly of the cytosolic subunits p47phox, p67phox and p40phox and Rac2 with the membranebound cytochrome b558. We have previously shown that the vascular oxidase is regulated by the redox chaperone protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Taking advantage of the semirecombinant cellfree system, we sought to investigate the role of PDI in the activation of neutrophil NADPH oxidase. The PDI thiol inhibitors scrambled RNase (100g/mL) or bacitracin (1mM), almost suppressed superoxide generation. In order to investigate if the redox status of PDI thiols could modulate superoxide generation, PDI was oxidized or reduced by treatment with H2O2 (0.5mM) or DTT (1mM), respectively. Oxidized PDI increased by 30% superoxide production, while reduced PDI diminished superoxide generation also in 30%. The addition of a peptide (1M) containing PDI´s exact active site sequence inhibited superoxide production by 70 %. Immuno and colocalization data demonstrated the interaction of PDI with the subunit p47phox to be intensified by PMA stimulation and to involve redox status exchange of both proteins. Our data confirm the physical and functional association between PDI and the oxidase complex. Moreover, we show a relevant role for PDI as a redoxdependent supportive factor for NADPH oxidase activation.
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Imagerie quantitative de l'assemblage de la NADPH oxydase des phagocytes en cellules vivantes par des approches FRET-FLIM / Imaging the assembly of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase in live cells - a quantitative FRET-FLIM approach

Ziegler, Cornelia 14 March 2016 (has links)
La NADPH oxydase des phagocytes (NOX2) est responsable de la production d’anions superoxydes qui sont les précurseurs des autres formes réactives de l’oxygène. NOX2 est une enzyme majeure de la réponse immunitaire. Les dysfonctionnements de NOX2 sont associés à de nombreuses pathologies et donc il convient d’en comprendre les détails de la régulation. Cette oxydase est composée de cinq sous-unités : deux protéines membranaires, gp91phox et p22phox et 3 protéines cytosoliques p47phox, p67phox et p40phox. D’après les études in vitro avec des protéines purifiées, les protéines cytosoliques sont supposées former un complexe ternaire qui se déplace à la membrane avec une petite protéine G, Rac, au moment l’activation.L’objectif de ce projet est de caractériser les interactions spécifiques entre les sous-unités cytosoliques de NOX2 en cellules vivantes en utilisant le phénomène de transfert résonant d’énergie de type Förster (FRET) entre deux fluorophores, un donneur et un accepteur. Ici les fluorophores seront des protéines fluorescentes de la famille de la GFP. Elles sont fusionnées à deux sous-unités. L’efficacité du FRET dépend de la distance entre les fluorophores et permet ainsi de caractériser les interactions entre les protéines d’intérêt. Une méthode rapide d’identification des situations où le FRET est positif a été mise au point par cytométrie en flux. Des études détaillées et quantitatives ont ensuite été réalisées en utilisant l’imagerie de durée de fluorescence (FLIM) du donneur. Le FLIM, combiné à l’utilisation de donneurs présentant une durée de vie mono-exponentielle, permet de déterminer directement des efficacités de FRET apparentes et moléculaires, qui contiennent, toutes les deux, des informations qualitatives et quantitatives sur l’interaction et la structure des protéines impliquées. De ces données, il est possible d’extraire la fraction des donneurs interagissant avec un accepteur. Les informations obtenues à partir des données de FRET-FLIM permettent une meilleure compréhension de l’organisation et de la régulation de NOX2 tout en permettant une estimation des constantes de dissociation (Kd). Afin de confirmer ces résultats, des expériences de spectroscopie de corrélation de fluorescence à deux couleurs (FCCS) ont été réalisées. Cette méthode complétement indépendante n’est pas basée sur la distance entre fluorophores comme le FRET mais sur leur co-diffusion à travers un petit volume d’observation dans le cytoplasme cellulaire.L’approche FRET-FLIM nous a tout d’abord permis d’observer les interactions entre hétéro-dimères formés de deux sous-unites différentes en cellules vivantes et d’exclure la formation d’homo-dimères entre deux sous-unités identiques. Etant donné la bonne précision des mesures de FLIM, nous avons pu comparer les informations structurales obtenues en cellules avec les données structurales issues d’études sur les protéines purifiées in vitro et nous avons constaté qu’elles sont en bon accord. Nous avons ensuite aligné les structures disponibles pour proposer un premier modèle 3D du complexe cytosolique de la NADPH oxydase au repos dans le cytosol cellulaire.Les fractions de protéines en interaction sont pour tous les hétéro-dimères autour de 20% ce qui n’est pas en accord avec l’hypothèse courante qui propose que toutes les sous-unités cytosoliques soient sous forme de complexe. Toutefois nos premiers résultats de FCCS confirment ce résultat extrait des données de FRET-FLIM. Nous proposons donc que la complexation des sous-unités cytosolique pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation de la NADPH oxydase. Des études complémentaires seront nécessaires pour valider cette nouvelle hypothèse. Les constantes de dissociation Kd estimées à partir de nos résultats sont micromolaires et donc un ordre de grandeur plus élevé que les valeurs nanomolaires déterminées in vitro. Des mesures plus détaillées de FCCS pourront compléter et valider ces résultats. / The phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is a key enzyme of the immune system generating superoxide anions, which are precursors for other reactive oxygen species. Any dysfunctions of NOX2 are associated with a plethora of diseases and thus detailed knowledge about its regulation is needed. This oxidase is composed of five subunits, the membrane-bound gp91phox and p22phox and the cytosolic p47phox, p67phox, and p40phox. The latter are assumed to be in a ternary complex that translocates together with the small GTPase Rac to the membranous subunits during activation.Our aim was to discover and to characterize specific interactions of the cytosolic subunits of NOX2 in live cells using a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based approach: Since FRET depends on the distance between two fluorophores, it can be used to reveal protein-protein interactions non-invasively by studying fluorescent protein tagged subunits. To have a rapid method on hand to reveal specific interactions, a flow cytometer based FRET approach was developed. For more detailed studies, FRET was measured by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), because it allows a direct determination of the apparent and molecular FRET efficiency, which contains both qualitative and quantitative information about the interaction and the structure of the interacting proteins. Furthermore, the FRET-FLIM approach enables an estimation of the fraction of bound donor. This information itself is important for a better understanding of the organisation and regulation of the NOX2, but it is also necessary for the calculation of the dissociation constant Kd from the FRET-FLIM data. To confirm the findings obtained by FRET-FLIM fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) experiments were performed. This completely independent method is not based on distances like FRET but on the observation of the co diffusion of the fluorescently labelled samples when they move across a small observation volume inside the cells.The FRET-FLIM approach allowed us in a first step to discover heterodimeric interactions between all cytosolic subunits in live cells. Due to the good precision of the results, we were able to extract structural information about the interactions and to compare them with available structural data obtained from in vitro studies. The information from FRET-FLIM was coherent with in vitro data. We then aligned the available structures leading to the first 3D model of the cytosolic complex of the NADPH oxidase in the resting state in live cells.Additionally, the bound fraction for all heterodimeric interactions derived by FRET-FLIM is around 20 %, which is in contrast to the general belief that all cytosolic subunits are bound in complex. The first FCCS results support our findings. Therefore, we believe that the complexation of the cytosolic subunits could be involved in the regulation of the NADPH oxidase and should be investigated further. The estimated Kd derived from the FRET-FLIM approach is in the low micomolar range, which is an order of a magnitude higher than the nanomolar range of in vitro studies.In conclusion, we showed that our quantitative FRET-FLIM approach is not only able to distinguish between specific and unspecific protein-protein interactions, but gives also information about the structural organisation of the interacting proteins. The high precision of the FRET-FLIM data allow the determination of the bound fraction and an estimation of the Kd in live cells. FCCS is a complementary method, which can verify these quantitative findings. However, it cannot replace FRET-FLIM completely as it does not give any structural information.With respect to the biological outcome of this project, we can propose for the first time a 3D-model of the cytosolic complex of the NADPH oxidase covering the in vitro as well as the live cell situation. Additionally, the small bound fraction found here may raise new ideas on the regulation of this vital enzyme.
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Mesures de l'activité de l'enzyme NADPH oxydase du neutrophile (NOX2) en système compartimenté et mise au point de protéoliposomes géants pour l'étude concertée de son assemblage et de sa fonction / Neutrophil NADPH oxidase enzyme (NOX2) activity measurements in compartmented system and development of giant proteoliposomes for the concerted study of its assembly and its function

Serfaty, Xavier 01 October 2018 (has links)
La métalloenzyme multimérique membranaire NADPH oxydase du neutrophile (NOX2), est impliquée dans plusieurs fonctions physiologiques vitales incluant la réponse immunitaire, en contribuant fortement à la destruction des pathogènes ou autres envahisseurs du corps humain. Les fonctions physiologiques de NOX2 sont assurées par sa fonction chimique de catalyseur de la production d’anions superoxyde via la réduction monoélectronique du dioxygène à une face de la membrane, simultanément à l’oxydation biélectronique du NADPH à l’autre face de la membrane. L’étude des caractéristiques biochimiques de l’enzyme entière, incluant ses mécanismes d’activation et de régulation, en lien avec l’assemblage macromoléculaire, est réalisée in vitro en utilisant des fractions membranaires de neutrophile (FM), petites vésicules contenant NOX2, ainsi que les protéines cytosoliques recombinantes (p67phox, p47phox et Rac1/2) indispensables à sa fonction, en présence d’une molécule activatrice comme l’acide arachidonique (AA), un acide gras. La technique historiquement privilégiée de mesure de l’activité enzymatique de NOX2 implique la détection des anions superoxyde par une sonde protéique, le Cytochrome c (Cytc). Dans ce système, les anions superoxyde, dont la production est catalysée par NOX2 vers l’intérieur des vésicules de FM, sont détectés à l’extérieur. En corrélation avec la littérature, ces recherches montrent que l’activité enzymatique déterminée via la détection des anions superoxyde par le Cytc est plus faible que lorsqu’elle est déterminée via la mesure de la consommation du NADPH. L’origine du problème inclut potentiellement des contraintes de perméabilité membranaire, de structure de la membrane et des protéines, d’interactions des protéines entre-elles et avec les lipides membranaires, de pertinence de la sonde utilisée et de réactions secondaires. Ces hypothèses ont été testées par différents moyens incluant notamment des mesures de cinétiques globales et de l’activité de NOX2 dans différentes conditions et avec différentes observables (NADPH, Cytc, dioxygène), en présence de détergent ou d’ionophore, en faisant varier la température de mesure, la concentration en Cytc, la concentration en substrat, la concentration en AA ou le temps de préincubation. La présence de réactions secondaires a également été testée par électrochimie. Cette étude montre que la mesure de la production des anions superoxyde est limitée par la perméabilité membranaire et par les réactions secondaires. Il a aussi été mis en exergue que la concentration en Cytc usuelle pour ces mesures n’est pas saturante et de façon inattendue que les FM catalysent intrinsèquement la dismutation du peroxyde d’hydrogène à l’aide d’un composant thermolabile. Il est aujourd’hui très compliqué de mesurer de façon concomitante l’activité de la NADPH oxydase et son assemblage. Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était donc la mise au point de vésicules géantes unilamellaires (GUV) intégrant NOX2 dans leur membrane, ce qui permettrait d’observer par microscopie de fluorescence l’assemblage du complexe NADPH oxydase et de simultanément mesurer la production des anions superoxyde par électrochimie sous microscope. La formation de GUV possédant des FM (FM-GUV) à leur membrane est un succès mais sans confirmation de l’intégration de NOX2 à la membrane des GUV. L’assemblage des protéines cytosoliques à la face externe de la membrane a été étudié sur GUV et sur FM-GUV, ce qui a permis de montrer que l’ancrage membranaire de ces protéines est possible seulement en présence d’AA et dû de façon prépondérante aux lipides et que NOX2 joue un rôle minoritaire. L’étude des interactions entre les protéines cytosoliques et la face interne de la membrane des GUV reste à optimiser. Il a été possible de détecter en GUV qualitativement une activité de NOX2 par électrochimie et par fluorescence (Amplex-Red), mais ce point reste aussi à optimiser. / The membrane multimeric metalloenzyme NADPH oxidase (NOX2) from neutrophil is implied in several essential physiological functions including the immune response, by strongly contributing to the destruction of pathogens or other invaders of the human body. Physiological functions of NOX2 are fulfilled by its chemical function of catalyst of superoxide anion production via the monoelectron dioxygen reduction on one face of the membrane, simultaneously to the NADPH bielectron oxidation on the other face of the membrane. Studies of biochemical features of the whole enzyme, including its activation and regulation mechanisms linked to the macromolecular assembly, is done in vitro by using neutrophil membrane fractions (MF), which are small vesicles containing NOX2, and by using the recombinant cytosolic proteins (p67phox, p47phox, p40phox and Rac1/2) essential for its function, in presence of an activator molecule such as arachidonic acid (AA), a fatty acid. The historical technics to measure the NOX2 enzyme activity is the superoxide anion detection by a protein probe, the Cytochrome c (Cytc). In this system, NOX2 catalyses the production of superoxyde anions towards the inside of MF vesicles and the superoxide anions are detected outside. In correlation with literature, the present research shows that the enzyme activity determined via the detection of superoxide anions by the Cytc is lower that the activity determined from NADPH consumption measurement. The source of the problem includes potentially constraints of membrane permeability, of membrane and protein structure, of protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions, of the relevance of the probe and of secondary reactions. These hypotheses have been tested by various means including notably global kinetics measurements and NOX2 activity measurements in various conditions with three different observables (NADPH, Cytc, dioxygen), in presence of detergent or ionophore, by varying temperature, Cytc concentration, substrate concentration, AA concentration or still preincubation time. Secondary reactions existence has also been probed by electrochemistry. This study shows that the measurement of the superoxide anion production is limited by membrane permeability and secondary reactions and that the usual Cytc concentration is non-saturating, and unexpectedly that the MF catalyses the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide by a thermolabile component. It is currently very hard to measure simultaneously the NADPH oxidase activity and the assembly of the whole complex. The second objective of my thesis was consequently to develop giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV) with NOX2 integrated into their membranes. This to be able to observe the complex assembly by fluorescence microscopy and simultaneously to measure the superoxide anion production by electrochemistry under microscope. The development of GUV with MF at the membrane (MF-GUV) has been successful, but without confirmation of NOX2 integration in the GUV membrane. The assembly of cytosolic proteins on the external face of the membrane was studied on GUV and on MF-GUV, leading to the discovery that membrane anchor of these proteins is possible only in presence of AA and is mostly due to lipids, NOX2 playing a minor role. Study of interactions between cytosolic proteins and internal face of the GUV membrane must be optimised. It was possible in GUV to detect qualitatively NOX2 activity by electrochemistry and by fluorescence, (Amplex-Red), but this point should still be optimised.

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