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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Tese - Kely Lopes Caiado - 2014.pdf: 6065517 bytes, checksum: 86f21d77b45b3a7bc702442dcec30c1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-20 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos- Finep / In this work, we synthesized core/shell magnetic composite type consisting of maghemite nanoparticles covered with a coating layer of amino-functionalized silica. The experimental procedure was based on four steps: i) synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles and subsequent oxidation to maghemite, ii) preparation of aqueous colloidal dispersions (ferrofluids), from maghemite nanoparticles with modal diameter of 8.4 nm or 7.2 nm functionalized with citrate ion, iii) preparation of silica magnetic nanospheres (NMS) by the modified Stöber method using different amounts of ferrofluids and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and iv) functionalization of silica nanospheres with amino groups using aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS). Sample characteristics of NMS were determined from the iron content measurements, from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and from vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and they were evaluated on the basis of the synthetic parameters employed, these being the content of magnetic material (nFe/nTEOS = 0.05, nFe/nTEOS = 0.01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0.002) and the type of used ferrofluid; a freshly prepared ferrofluid or an aged ferrofluid. The study of ferrofluids by static magnetic birefringence (SMB) showed that both had aggregates of magnetic nanoparticles, although higher for the aged ferrofluid. Samples of NMS were heterogeneous, showing fractions with different amounts of magnetic material embedded. Samples obtained from the aged ferrofluid, especially those prepared from smaller ferrofluid volumes (nFe/nTEOS = 0.01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0.002), showed the presence of magnetic silica particles and "empty" silica particles, that is, free from magnetic nanoparticles. This fact was attributed to xxvii the greater degree of maghemite nanoparticles aggregation in aged ferrofluid and therefore to fewer available magnetic cores in the reaction environment for the deposition of silica by heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. The NMS particles sizes ranged from 140 to 700 nm, and most particles were larger than the expected average size (150 nm), according to the molar ratio of reagents used in the Stöber synthesis. The presence of silica particles with spherical morphology was also observed, as well as coalesced silica particles. These morphological characteristics were attributed to the size and to the arrangement of magnetic nanoparticles in the cores (compact or dispersed), which were present in the reaction mixtures. After coating with silica, nanoparticles of maghemite remained superparamagnetic at room temperature, although there was a reduction in the value of saturation magnetization. The saturation magnetization value of maghemite within the ferrofluids was 62.1 or 68.7 emug-1, whereas saturation magnetization values of maghemite within the NMS ranged between 9.5 and 37 emug-1. Nanostructured magnetic materials obtained in this work, especially the NMS prepared from the higher ratio Fe/TEOS, have greater potential of use as magnetic beads due to higher values of saturation magnetization and the possibility of being quickly attracted by the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. / Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados compósitos magnéticos do tipo caroço/casca, constituídos por nanopartículas de maghemita recobertas com uma cobertura de sílica aminofuncionalizada. O procedimento experimental baseou-se em quatro etapas: i) síntese de nanopartículas de magnetita e, posterior oxidação para maghemita, ii) preparação de dispersões coloidais aquosas (ferrofluidos), a partir de nanopartículas de maghemita com diâmetro modal de 8,4 nm ou 7,2 nm e funcionalizadas com íons citrato, iii) preparação de nanoesferas magnéticas de sílica (NMS) pelo método de Stöber modificado, utilizando diferentes volumes dos ferrofluidos e tetraetoxissilano (TEOS), e iv) funcionalização das nanoesferas de sílica com grupos amino empregando-se aminopropiltrimetoxissilano (APTS). As características das amostras de NMS foram determinadas a partir de medidas do teor de ferro, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução (HRTEM) e magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM), e foram avaliadas em função dos parâmetros variados nas sínteses, sendo esses o teor de material magnético (nFe/nTEOS = 0,05, nFe/nTEOS = 0,01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0,002) e o tipo de ferrofluido empregado; um ferrofluido recém-preparado ou um ferrofluido envelhecido. O estudo dos ferrofluidos por birrefringência magnética estática (SMB) mostrou que ambos apresentavam agregados de nanopartículas magnéticas, embora maiores para o ferrofluido envelhecido. As amostras de NMS foram heterogêneas, apresentando frações com quantidades distintas de material magnético incorporado. Nas amostras obtidas a partir do ferrofluido envelhecido, principalmente naquelas preparadas a partir de volumes menores de ferrofluido (nFe/nTEOS = 0,01 e nFe/nTEOS = 0,002), foram observadas tanto a presença de partículas de sílica xxv magnética, quanto partículas de sílica “vazias”, ou seja, isentas de nanopartículas magnéticas. Esse fato foi atribuído ao maior grau de agregação das nanopartículas de maghemita no ferrofluido envelhecido e, portanto, ao menor número de núcleos magnéticos disponíveis no meio reacional para a deposição de sílica pelo mecanismo de nucleação heterogênea. O tamanho das partículas de sílica magnética variou entre 140 e 700 nm, sendo a maioria das partículas maiores do que o tamanho médio previsto (150 nm), conforme a proporção molar de reagentes utilizada nas sínteses de Stöber. Também foi observada a presença de partículas de sílica com morfologia esférica, bem como de partículas de sílica coalescidas. Essas características morfológicas foram atribuídas ao tamanho e ao modo de organização das nanopartículas magnéticas nos núcleos (arranjo compacto ou disperso), os quais estavam presentes nas misturas reacionais. Após o recobrimento com sílica, as nanopartículas de maghemita permaneceram superparamagnéticas na temperatura ambiente, embora tenha ocorrido redução no valor da magnetização de saturação. O valor da magnetização de saturação estimado para a maghemita nos ferrofluidos foi de 62,1 ou 68,7 emug-1, de acordo com o diâmetro modal, enquanto que para as amostras de NMS, os valores variaram entre 9,5 e 37 emug-1. Os materiais magnéticos nanoestruturados obtidos nesse trabalho, principalmente as NMS preparadas a partir da maior razão Fe/TEOS, apresentam potencialidades de uso como grãos magnéticos, devido aos maiores valores de magnetização de saturação e à possibilidade de serem atraídas rapidamente pelo campo magnético de um imã permanente.

Diabetes is a disease that causes many complications in human normal function. This disease represents the sixth-leading cause of death in USA. Prevention of diabetes-related complications can be accomplished through tight control of glucose levels in blood. In the last decades many different glucose sensors have been developed, however, none of them are really non invasive. Herein, we present the study of the application of gold and silver nanoparticles with different shapes and aspect ratios to detect glucose traces in human fluids such as tears and sweat. This is to our knowledge the first truly non invasive glucose optical sensor, with extraordinary limit of detection and selectivity. The best proven nanoparticles for this application were gold nanospheres. Gold nanospheres were synthesized using chloroauric acid tri-hydrated (HAuCl4.3H2O) in solution, in the presence of glucose and ammonia hydroxide. The higher the glucose concentration, the higher the number of nanoparticles generated, thus the higher the extinction efficiency of the solution. The linear dependence of the extinction efficiency of the gold nanoparticles solution with glucose concentration makes of this new sensor suitable for direct applications in biomedical sensing. Our approach is based on the well known Tollens test.

During recent decades metallic nanoparticles have been found very interesting due to their unique characteristics which make them suitable for different applications. In this research, for the very first time, we tried to perform selective surface photo activation chemistry on the targeted facets of nanoparticles while they are in suspension. This technique enabled us to form desired assemblies of nanoparticles. We focused on elongated shaped gold nanorod due to its unique surface plasmon resonance and probable biomedical applications. In this research we formed a dumbbell shape assembly of nanoparticles in suspension. A probable application for these assemblies can be in vivo imaging. Initially, we reproduced gold nanorods using existing techniques in prior papers and optimized them according to our research needs. A low rpm centrifugal separation technique was developed to efficiently separate synthesized gold nanorods from other shapes. Several characterization techniques were utilized to characterize nanoparticles at each step including UV-absorbance, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Different generations of oligomers were synthesized to be used as gold nanorods coating, and each coating was tested and characterized using appropriate techniques. Our two-step coating replacement method using one of these photocleavable oligomers enabled us to achieve, for the very first time, selective UV photo activation of gold nanorod tips. The photo activated tips were then exposed to oppositely charged gold nanospheres to form dumbbell shape assemblies of gold nanorods and nanospheres. Furthermore, dumbbell shape assembly of nanoparticles was investigated and characterized. / Master of Science

O fluxo de injeção e o solvente orgânico, utilizado no preparo de nanoesferas poliméricas, são parâmetros experimentais que controlam o diâmetro e a distribuição de diâmetro das nanopartículas, formadas pelo processo conhecido como nucleação. Considerando as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico, formadas pelo processo de auto-organização, estes parâmetros experimentais ainda não foram explorados. Assim, esse trabalho propõe avaliar o fluxo de injeção e o solvente orgânico na preparação destas suspensões aquosas, caracterizando físicoquimicamente estes sistemas. Para variação de fluxo de injeção, utilizou-se uma bomba peristáltica, sendo possível a avaliação dos seguintes fluxos: 5, 8, 12, 15, 21 e 38 mL min¯¹. O diâmetro das nanocápsulas diminuiu de 256±9 nm a 127 ±8 nm pela técnica de difração de laser e 220±9 nm a 124±13 nm, segundo a técnica de espectroscopia de correlação de fótons. Os solventes orgânicos avaliados foram a acetona, acetonitrila e 1,4-Dioxano. Observou-se que a acetonitrila se mostrou adequada para a condição previamente otimizada com acetona, ao passo que o 1,4-Dioxano apresentou um pico micrométrico em sua distribuição. Assim, foi possível modelar este estudo através de um fatorial de design 2², onde têm-se dois fatores, fluxo de injeção e solvente orgânico, em dois níveis, nos fluxos de 5 e 38 mL min¯¹ e considerando os solventes acetona e acetonitrila. Como resultado, viu-se que o fluxo de injeção é o parâmetro de maior influência na preparação destas suspensões aquosas, se comparado ao solvente orgânico selecionado. Para elucidar o papel do solvente orgânico na preparação destes sistemas, calculouse os parâmetros de solubilidade e os coeficientes de difusão solvente orgânico\água e água\solvente orgânico para os três pares avaliados neste trabalho. Viu-se que os parâmetros de solubilidade e os coeficientes de difusão solvente orgânico\água explicam a não variação do diâmetro de partícula em função do solvente orgânico. Ainda, realizou-se um estudo de viscosidade, em função do log [PCL], para fases orgânicas preparadas com acetonitrila e 1,4- dioxano. Obteve-se o valor de 2,30 mg mL¯¹ para a concentração de agregação crítica quando utilizado o 1,4-Dioxano e 10,47 mg mL¯¹ para a fase orgânica preparada com acetonitrila. Então, pode-se dizer que este valor elevado encontrado para a acetonitrila é uma vantagem de sua utilização, uma vez que as características nanoscópicas são mantidas e um maior número de partículas pode ser formado. / Flow rate and organic solvent, used to prepare polimeric nanospheres, are experimental parameters that control the size and the size distribution curves of these nanoparticles, formed by particle nucleation. Considering the lipid core nanocapsules, formed by self-assembled process, these experimental parameters are not evaluated yet. Considering those, this work proposes to evaluate the flow rate and the organic solvent in the preparation of these aqueous suspensions, characterizing them physicochemically. To change the flow rate, it was used a peristaltic pump, it being possible to evaluate the following flows: 5, 12, 15, 21 and 38 mL min‾¹. The nanocapsules diameters decreased from 256±9 nm to 127 ±8 nm, by laser difratometry and 220±9 nm to 124±13 nm, by the photon correlation spectroscopy technique. The organic solvents evaluated were acetone, acetonitrle and 1,4-dioxane. It was observed that the acetonitrile was adequate for the condition previously optimized with acetone, whereas in the 1,4-dioxane distribution apears a micrometric peak. So, it was possible to modelate this study by a 2² factorial design, two factors, flow rate and organic solvent, in two levels, 5 and 38 mL min‾¹, considering acetone and acetonitrile. As a result, it was seen that the flow rate is the most influential parameter in the preparation of aqueous suspensions, compared to organic solvent selected. To elucidate the role of organic solvent in these systems, it was calculated the solubility parameter and the diffusion coefficients organic solvent/water and water/organic solvent to the three pairs evaluated in this work. It was seen that the solubility parameter and diffusion coefficient organic solvent/water explain the same diameter of the nanocapsules, even the change on the organic solvent. Even so, it was done a viscosity study, as a function of log [PCL], to organic phases prepared with acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane. It was obtained a value of 2,30 mg mL‾¹ to the critical aggregation concentration to the 1,4-dioxane solvent, and the value of 10,47 mg mL‾¹ to the acetonitrile solvent. So, it can be said that this high value found for acetonitrile is an advantage in its use, since the nanoscopic characteristics are maintained and a larger number of nanoparticles can be formed.

Πολλοί από τους τομείς της επιστημονικής έρευνας, όπως χημεία, ενέργεια, βιομηχανία και ιατρική χρησιμοποιούν τη νανοτεχνολογία, με στόχο την παρασκευή υλικών, με καλύτερες και πιο εξειδικευμένες ιδιότητες σε σχέση με τα συμβατικά υλικά του μακρόκοσμου. Οι νανοσφαίρες λόγω των ποικίλων ιδιοτήτων που παρουσιάζουν, όπως οπτικές, μηχανικές, ηλεκτρικές κ.α., μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε διάφορους τομείς της καθημερινής μας ζωής με μεγαλύτερο ενδιαφέρον στον τομέα της υγείας. Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε με στόχο τη σύνθεση και τη μελέτη νανοσφαιρών οξειδίων του σιδήρου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα παρασκευάσθηκαν νανοσφαίρες αιματίτη (α – Fe2O3) και μαγγεμίτη (γ – Fe2O3) και μελετήθηκαν οι μαγνητικές τους ιδιότητες. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται μία εισαγωγή – ιστορική αναδρομή στο χώρο της νανοτεχνολογίας και των νανοσφαιρών. Γίνεται επίσης αναφορά στους τρόπους σύνθεσης των νανοσφαιρών και αναφέρονται εν συντομία κάποιες ιδιότητες και εφαρμογές αυτών. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται κάποιες βασικές έννοιες οι οποίες είναι απαραίτητες για την κατανόηση των ταχνικών που θα χρησιμοποιηθούν. Παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά οι τρόποι με τους οποίους πραγματοποιείται η σύνθεση των νανοσφαιρών και περιγράφονται αναλυτικά, η μέθοδος λύματος – πηκτής (sol – gel) και η τεχνική του πολυμερισμού. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται τα αντιδραστήρια καθώς επίσης και οι πειραματικές μέθοδοι που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για το χαρακτηρισμό των νανοσφαιρών και τη μελέτη των ιδιοτήτων τους. Αναφέρονται επίσης τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν καθώς επίσης και οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας αυτών. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η πειραματική διαδικασία που πραγματοποιήθηκε και γίνεται συζήτηση των αποτελεσμάτων. Τέλος στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο ανγράφονται τα συμπεράσματα και αναφέρονται μελλοντικοί στόχοι. / Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and it’s main objective is the manufacture of new materials with better and more sophisticated properties. Nanotechnology is used in many different sciences like chemistry, physics and most of all in medicine. Nanospheres exhibit many diverse properties (electrical, optical etc) which render them the best solution for application such as drug delivery systems, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) agents, hyperthermia etc. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanospheres and more specifically in the study of magnetic properties of hematite (α – Fe2O3) and maghemite (γ – Fe2O3). The first chapter starts with a short introduction for nanospheres and nanotechnology . It reports also a quick historical review and some lines about new generation nanospheres, it’s properties and it’s applications. In the second chapter, polymerization and sol – gel techniques are described analytically. In the third chapter, reactants and experimental methods are described as well as some basic principles of the methods that were used to characterize the samples. The fourth chapter is the results and discussion session. Finally in the fifth chapter some conclusions and future targets are reported.

O fluxo de injeção e o solvente orgânico, utilizado no preparo de nanoesferas poliméricas, são parâmetros experimentais que controlam o diâmetro e a distribuição de diâmetro das nanopartículas, formadas pelo processo conhecido como nucleação. Considerando as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico, formadas pelo processo de auto-organização, estes parâmetros experimentais ainda não foram explorados. Assim, esse trabalho propõe avaliar o fluxo de injeção e o solvente orgânico na preparação destas suspensões aquosas, caracterizando físicoquimicamente estes sistemas. Para variação de fluxo de injeção, utilizou-se uma bomba peristáltica, sendo possível a avaliação dos seguintes fluxos: 5, 8, 12, 15, 21 e 38 mL min¯¹. O diâmetro das nanocápsulas diminuiu de 256±9 nm a 127 ±8 nm pela técnica de difração de laser e 220±9 nm a 124±13 nm, segundo a técnica de espectroscopia de correlação de fótons. Os solventes orgânicos avaliados foram a acetona, acetonitrila e 1,4-Dioxano. Observou-se que a acetonitrila se mostrou adequada para a condição previamente otimizada com acetona, ao passo que o 1,4-Dioxano apresentou um pico micrométrico em sua distribuição. Assim, foi possível modelar este estudo através de um fatorial de design 2², onde têm-se dois fatores, fluxo de injeção e solvente orgânico, em dois níveis, nos fluxos de 5 e 38 mL min¯¹ e considerando os solventes acetona e acetonitrila. Como resultado, viu-se que o fluxo de injeção é o parâmetro de maior influência na preparação destas suspensões aquosas, se comparado ao solvente orgânico selecionado. Para elucidar o papel do solvente orgânico na preparação destes sistemas, calculouse os parâmetros de solubilidade e os coeficientes de difusão solvente orgânico\água e água\solvente orgânico para os três pares avaliados neste trabalho. Viu-se que os parâmetros de solubilidade e os coeficientes de difusão solvente orgânico\água explicam a não variação do diâmetro de partícula em função do solvente orgânico. Ainda, realizou-se um estudo de viscosidade, em função do log [PCL], para fases orgânicas preparadas com acetonitrila e 1,4- dioxano. Obteve-se o valor de 2,30 mg mL¯¹ para a concentração de agregação crítica quando utilizado o 1,4-Dioxano e 10,47 mg mL¯¹ para a fase orgânica preparada com acetonitrila. Então, pode-se dizer que este valor elevado encontrado para a acetonitrila é uma vantagem de sua utilização, uma vez que as características nanoscópicas são mantidas e um maior número de partículas pode ser formado. / Flow rate and organic solvent, used to prepare polimeric nanospheres, are experimental parameters that control the size and the size distribution curves of these nanoparticles, formed by particle nucleation. Considering the lipid core nanocapsules, formed by self-assembled process, these experimental parameters are not evaluated yet. Considering those, this work proposes to evaluate the flow rate and the organic solvent in the preparation of these aqueous suspensions, characterizing them physicochemically. To change the flow rate, it was used a peristaltic pump, it being possible to evaluate the following flows: 5, 12, 15, 21 and 38 mL min‾¹. The nanocapsules diameters decreased from 256±9 nm to 127 ±8 nm, by laser difratometry and 220±9 nm to 124±13 nm, by the photon correlation spectroscopy technique. The organic solvents evaluated were acetone, acetonitrle and 1,4-dioxane. It was observed that the acetonitrile was adequate for the condition previously optimized with acetone, whereas in the 1,4-dioxane distribution apears a micrometric peak. So, it was possible to modelate this study by a 2² factorial design, two factors, flow rate and organic solvent, in two levels, 5 and 38 mL min‾¹, considering acetone and acetonitrile. As a result, it was seen that the flow rate is the most influential parameter in the preparation of aqueous suspensions, compared to organic solvent selected. To elucidate the role of organic solvent in these systems, it was calculated the solubility parameter and the diffusion coefficients organic solvent/water and water/organic solvent to the three pairs evaluated in this work. It was seen that the solubility parameter and diffusion coefficient organic solvent/water explain the same diameter of the nanocapsules, even the change on the organic solvent. Even so, it was done a viscosity study, as a function of log [PCL], to organic phases prepared with acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane. It was obtained a value of 2,30 mg mL‾¹ to the critical aggregation concentration to the 1,4-dioxane solvent, and the value of 10,47 mg mL‾¹ to the acetonitrile solvent. So, it can be said that this high value found for acetonitrile is an advantage in its use, since the nanoscopic characteristics are maintained and a larger number of nanoparticles can be formed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In last years, selenium organic compounds of selenium have been targets of interest in organic synthesis because of their synthetic application and their pharmacological properties. Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 is an organic compound of selenium that has several pharmacological effects; however the poor water-solubility and low oral bioavailability can be a limit for its clinical utility. Polymeric nanoparticles has been an impotant model to carry drugs with advantages such as increase bioavailability, targeting to specific sites and the possibility of encapsulation of lipophilic compounds quite efficiently. In view of the quest for developing a system to control drug release and improve its oral bioavailability, this study aims to prepare nanospheres and nanocapsules of (PhSe)2 by the interfacial deposition method of preformed polymer cores using different oils (miglyol, canola oil and omega-3) as the oil core. The nanocapsules will be characterized by measuring the pH, mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, rate of association and determination of (PhSe)2. By adjusting the process parameters, the results of the optimized formulation showed a size distribution with a polydispersity index of up to 0.2, an average diameter of less than 330 nm, zeta potential was greater at -16 mV, and encapsulation rate efficiency of 99.9 % found for all formulations developed. The biological tests performed in mice with the nanocapsules of (PhSe)2 containing canola oil as the oil core, showed increased bioavailability of the (PhSe)2 compared with the (PhSe)2 free, showing a proeminent influence of nanoparticle systems for biological properties of organochalcogenium compounds. / Nos últimos anos, os compostos orgânicos de selênio têm sido alvos de interesse em síntese orgânica em virtude da descoberta de suas aplicações sintéticas e de suas propriedades farmacológicas. O disseleneto de difenila (PhSe)2 é um composto orgânico de selênio que apresenta diversos efeitos farmacológicos descritos, porém a pouca solubilidade em água e baixa biodisponibilidade oral podem ser um limite para seu uso clínico. Nanopartículas poliméricas vem sendo um importante modelo para o carreamento de fármacos, apresentando vantagens como maior biodisponibilidade, direcionamento a sítios específicos e possibilidade de encapsulamento de compostos lipofílicos de maneira bastante eficiente. Tendo em vista a busca pelo desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle da liberação de fármacos, este trabalho teve como objetivo preparar nanoesferas e nanocápsulas de (PhSe)2 através do método de deposição interfacial do polímero pré-formado utilizando diferentes óleos (miglyol, óleo de canola e ômega-3) como como núcleo oleoso. As nanocápsulas foram caracterizadas através da medida do pH, tamanho médio de partícula, índice de polidispersão, potencial zeta, taxa de associação e doseamento do (PhSe)2. Os resultados das formulações desenvolvidas apresentaram uma distribuição do tamanho de partícula com um índice de polidispersão de até 0,2; diâmetro médio inferior a 330 nm; o potencial zeta foi superior a -16 mV, onde a taxa de encapsulamento encontrada foi de 99,9% para todas as formulações desenvolvidas. Os ensaios biológicos feitos em camundongos com as nanocápsulas de (PhSe)2 contendo óleo de canola como núcleo oleoso mostraram maior biodisponibilidade das nanocápsulas de (PhSe)2 em comparação com o (PhSe)2 livre, mostrando uma proeminente influencia dos sistemas nanoparticulados nas propriedades biológicas de compostos organocalcogênio.

O fluxo de injeção e o solvente orgânico, utilizado no preparo de nanoesferas poliméricas, são parâmetros experimentais que controlam o diâmetro e a distribuição de diâmetro das nanopartículas, formadas pelo processo conhecido como nucleação. Considerando as nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico, formadas pelo processo de auto-organização, estes parâmetros experimentais ainda não foram explorados. Assim, esse trabalho propõe avaliar o fluxo de injeção e o solvente orgânico na preparação destas suspensões aquosas, caracterizando físicoquimicamente estes sistemas. Para variação de fluxo de injeção, utilizou-se uma bomba peristáltica, sendo possível a avaliação dos seguintes fluxos: 5, 8, 12, 15, 21 e 38 mL min¯¹. O diâmetro das nanocápsulas diminuiu de 256±9 nm a 127 ±8 nm pela técnica de difração de laser e 220±9 nm a 124±13 nm, segundo a técnica de espectroscopia de correlação de fótons. Os solventes orgânicos avaliados foram a acetona, acetonitrila e 1,4-Dioxano. Observou-se que a acetonitrila se mostrou adequada para a condição previamente otimizada com acetona, ao passo que o 1,4-Dioxano apresentou um pico micrométrico em sua distribuição. Assim, foi possível modelar este estudo através de um fatorial de design 2², onde têm-se dois fatores, fluxo de injeção e solvente orgânico, em dois níveis, nos fluxos de 5 e 38 mL min¯¹ e considerando os solventes acetona e acetonitrila. Como resultado, viu-se que o fluxo de injeção é o parâmetro de maior influência na preparação destas suspensões aquosas, se comparado ao solvente orgânico selecionado. Para elucidar o papel do solvente orgânico na preparação destes sistemas, calculouse os parâmetros de solubilidade e os coeficientes de difusão solvente orgânico\água e água\solvente orgânico para os três pares avaliados neste trabalho. Viu-se que os parâmetros de solubilidade e os coeficientes de difusão solvente orgânico\água explicam a não variação do diâmetro de partícula em função do solvente orgânico. Ainda, realizou-se um estudo de viscosidade, em função do log [PCL], para fases orgânicas preparadas com acetonitrila e 1,4- dioxano. Obteve-se o valor de 2,30 mg mL¯¹ para a concentração de agregação crítica quando utilizado o 1,4-Dioxano e 10,47 mg mL¯¹ para a fase orgânica preparada com acetonitrila. Então, pode-se dizer que este valor elevado encontrado para a acetonitrila é uma vantagem de sua utilização, uma vez que as características nanoscópicas são mantidas e um maior número de partículas pode ser formado. / Flow rate and organic solvent, used to prepare polimeric nanospheres, are experimental parameters that control the size and the size distribution curves of these nanoparticles, formed by particle nucleation. Considering the lipid core nanocapsules, formed by self-assembled process, these experimental parameters are not evaluated yet. Considering those, this work proposes to evaluate the flow rate and the organic solvent in the preparation of these aqueous suspensions, characterizing them physicochemically. To change the flow rate, it was used a peristaltic pump, it being possible to evaluate the following flows: 5, 12, 15, 21 and 38 mL min‾¹. The nanocapsules diameters decreased from 256±9 nm to 127 ±8 nm, by laser difratometry and 220±9 nm to 124±13 nm, by the photon correlation spectroscopy technique. The organic solvents evaluated were acetone, acetonitrle and 1,4-dioxane. It was observed that the acetonitrile was adequate for the condition previously optimized with acetone, whereas in the 1,4-dioxane distribution apears a micrometric peak. So, it was possible to modelate this study by a 2² factorial design, two factors, flow rate and organic solvent, in two levels, 5 and 38 mL min‾¹, considering acetone and acetonitrile. As a result, it was seen that the flow rate is the most influential parameter in the preparation of aqueous suspensions, compared to organic solvent selected. To elucidate the role of organic solvent in these systems, it was calculated the solubility parameter and the diffusion coefficients organic solvent/water and water/organic solvent to the three pairs evaluated in this work. It was seen that the solubility parameter and diffusion coefficient organic solvent/water explain the same diameter of the nanocapsules, even the change on the organic solvent. Even so, it was done a viscosity study, as a function of log [PCL], to organic phases prepared with acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane. It was obtained a value of 2,30 mg mL‾¹ to the critical aggregation concentration to the 1,4-dioxane solvent, and the value of 10,47 mg mL‾¹ to the acetonitrile solvent. So, it can be said that this high value found for acetonitrile is an advantage in its use, since the nanoscopic characteristics are maintained and a larger number of nanoparticles can be formed.

Orientador: Antonio Wilson Sallum / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:52:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moura_LucasAlves_D.pdf: 4231687 bytes, checksum: ec30a84348074c7f0f52d37535f57bbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da associação da administração local de nanoesferas contendo doxiciclina (DOX) com o debridamento periodontal no tratamento da periodontite crônica avançada. As nanoesferas foram preparadas pelo método da dupla emulsão (W/O/W), e caracterizadas quanto à morfologia através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e quanto à interação polímero (PLGA) e DOX através da espectroscopia infravermelha da transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A avaliação da liberação controlada de DOX foi feita através da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC), a partir do fluido gengival sulcular (GCF) coletado nos períodos: 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 e 20 dias após aplicação das nanoesferas. Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado duplo cego, incluindo 30 pacientes diagnosticados com periodontite crônica que apresentavam sete sítios com sangramento à sondagem e profundidade de sondagem (PS) ? 5 mm, sendo 2 dentes com PS ? 7 mm. Os pacientes foram aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos e receberam os seguintes tratamentos: debridamento periodontal por 45 minutos associado à administração local de nanoesferas contendo doxiciclina nos sítios com PS ? 5 mm (DB+DOX) ou debridamento periodontal por 45 minutos associado à aplicação de nanoesferas vazias (DB). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros clínicos: Índice de Placa (IP), Sangramento à Sondagem (SS), Profundidade de Sondagem (PS) e Nível de Inserção Clínica (NIC), no baseline, 3 e 6 meses após a terapia. A avaliação microbiológica foi feita por meio da reação de cadeia de polimerase ¿ tempo real ("real time" - PCR) para detecção das bactérias: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans e Prevotella intermedia, provenientes do biofilme subgengival coletado no baseline, 1, 3 e 6 meses após o tratamento. Os resultados foram comparados por meio do teste de análise de variância com medidas repetidas, com nível de significância de 5%. Foram obtidas nanoesferas variando de 700 nm a 4 um. Através do FTIR observou-se boa interação da DOX com o PLGA, sem alterações das propriedades químicas de nenhum dos compostos. Após a aplicação das nanoesferas observou-se uma liberação de DOX constante no GCF até o vigésimo dia pós-tratamento, acima da concentração inibitória mínima. No grupo DB+DOX houve redução significativa da PS e ganho de inserção clínica nas bolsas profundas e moderadas em relação ao baseline e entre grupos. Observou-se redução significativa dos níveis bacterianos pós-tratamento, sendo o grupo DB+DOX mais eficaz em manter os níveis mais baixos após 6 meses do tratamento. Dentro das limitações deste trabalho, os resultados sugerem que as nanoesferas de PLGA são efetivas como sistema de liberação controlada local de DOX e quando associadas ao debridamento periodontal podem promover resultados superiores em relação à terapia mecânica isoladamente / Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the association of local administration of nanospheres loading doxycycline (DOX) with the periodontal debridement treating advanced chronic periodontitis. Nanospheres were made by double-emulsion method (W/O/W) and characterized regarding morphology, by scaning eléctron microscopy (SEM); and drug/polymer interaction, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The DOX controlled release was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples collected 2, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatment. It was performed randomized double-blinded clinical trial, with thirty patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis presenting at least seven sites with bleeding on probing and probing depth (PD) ? 5 mm, and 2 sites with PD ? 7 mm. The patients were randomly allocated in two groups receiving interventions as followed: 45 minutes periodontal debridement + subgengival nanospheres loading DOX (DB+DOX); and 45 minutes periodontal debridement + subgengival void nanospheres (DB). Plaque index (IP), bleeding on probing (BP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated on baseline, 3, and 6 months after therapy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) was used to quantify Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia from subgingival biofilm samples collected on baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. The results were compared by variance analyses test for repeated measures, with significance of 5%. Nanospheres varying from 700 nm to 4 um were obtained. There was a good interaction between DOX and PLGA, with no chemical properties alterations. After local administration of the nanospheres, it was observed constant DOX release in the GCF until 20th day post-treatment, with concentration above the minimum inhibitory concentration. DB+DOX group showed significant PD reduction and CAL gain in deep and moderates pockets comparing to baseline and between groups. It was observed significant reduction of bacteria levels along follow up period, and DB+DOX group was more eficiente in keeping lower levels of bacteria after 6 months from treatment. Within limitations of this study, the results can suggest that PLGA nanospheres are effective carriers for controlled release of DOX and when used adjunctively to periodontal debridement, improved results can be achieved compared to mechanical therapy alone / Doutorado / Periodontia / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

The development of nanoscale heterostructure photocatalysts for the effective, direct utilization of visible light (400-750 nm, ~44% of solar spectrum) to drive important chemical conversions is a prime research area in the field of photocatalysis. Particles at nanoscale dimensions have a large surface area-to-volume ratio, expose a high number of active surface sites, and exhibit unique electronic properties (different from bulk) that are beneficial for improving the overall catalytic activity. However, the advantages of size reduction are often overshadowed by the low optical absorption (as absorption power  size3) and colloidal instability (extensive aggregation) of particles at the nanoscale. In this dissertation, we demonstrate a strategy to improve the colloidal stability and enhance the optical absorption of nano-sized semiconductor and metal nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit weak visible light absorption. The colloidal, free-standing NPs are placed on transparent, dielectric silica nanospheres (SiOx NSs) that act as optical antenna supports, forming SiOx/NP composite nanostructures. The spherical morphology of SiOx enables scattering resonances (Fabry Perot or Whispering Gallery Modes) which enhances the local electric field on or near the surface of the NS. The NPs placed on the surface of SiOx NS interact with the locally enhanced electric field and exhibit improved optical absorption. By varying the size of the SiOx NS, the resonance wavelengths and the intensity of the local electric field enhancement can be tuned, offering the ability of such structures to effectively utilize a wide range of energies in the visible region. Composite nanostructures comprised of various classes of nanomaterials such as metal-doped semiconductor, plasmonic, and non-plasmonic metal NPs were investigated to perform the desirable solar-to-chemical transformations. First, we employed SiOx-loaded silver-doped silver chloride (SiOx/AgCl(Ag)) photocatalyst to investigate the role of metal-induced gap states in AgCl, a wide bandgap semiconductor. SiOx/AgCl(Ag) exhibit high catalytic performance and photostability after 10 cycles of the probe reaction, methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible light irradiation. The results indicate that the visible light absorption due to metal-induced gap states can be further improved by employing the SiOx NSs as supports that act as optical nanoantenna. We then studied the influence of NP size on the catalytic activity to understand the effect of size in promoting the generation and transfer of hot electrons to surface adsorbates. Our findings indicate that upon employing Ag NPs of different particle size (<10 nm and >10 nm) and normalizing for the optical absorption and moles of surface Ag atoms, the efficient generation and transfer of photoexcited hot electrons is favored in the small-sized Ag NPs (size <10 nm) than bigger Ag NPs. Next, we investigated the selective partial hydrogenation of nitroarene to N-aryl hydroxylamine using SiOx-loaded platinum (SiOx/Pt) photocatalysts. We found that change in the surface electronic structure of the small Pt NPs (size <5 nm) due to light illumination and surface modification (by adding suitable organic ligands), minimize the adsorption of the electron-rich hydroxylamine molecules and minimize their complete conversion to aniline, resulting in high N-hydroxylamine selectivity. Overall, our work shows that well-controlled composite nanostructures comprising of active catalyst loaded on dielectric SiOx NS supports that act as optical nanoantenna are a promising class of photocatalysts for driving photon-to-chemical transformations with high activity and product selectivity. / Chemistry