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Esta Tese tem como objetivo analisar a pesquisa arqueológica e os artefatos coletados no Sitio Arqueológico Afonso Sardinha, localizado no morro de Araçoiaba, Iperó - São Paulo. O resultado da análise permitiu concluir que a área corresponde a um campo de mineração de ferro com a presença de evidências de uma Fábrica de Ferro, de um sistema de aproveitamento de energia hidráulica para movimentar os equipamentos e ferramentas destinadas a produção e de fornos de fundição. Além disso, a datação do material cerâmico (vasilhames e telhas) indica que as atividades de exploração do minério tiveram início no século XVI. / This Thesis has the goal to analyze archaeological research and artifacts found in Afonso Sardinha Archaeological, site located on Mount Araçoiaba, Iperó São Paulo. The analysis result leads to the conclusion that the area corresponds to iron mining field with the presence of Iron Factory evidence, a system that makes use of hydraulic power to move the equipment and tools used in the production and small ovens to melt iron. Besides, the ceramic date (pots and tiles) indicates that mineral digging activities began in the 16th century.

Research report on the reliability of results of Lithuanian forest inventories is given in the thesis. Aim of research – to estimate the reliability of the results of National forest inventory, Stand-wise forest inventory and forest inventory before cutting. Object of research – spruce and birch stands of Lithuanian forests. Methods of research – sampling, verification of statistical hypotheses and comparison of averages. Results of research – the reliability analysis of the results of National forest inventory shows, that calculated differences are statistically inconsequential. The reliability analysis of the results of Stand-wise forest inventory shows, that Stand-wise forest inventory results has allowed errors, except the height. The estimation of the reliability of results of forest inventory before cutting demonstrates that the errors are too high and the inequality of total volume of stands is -11,1 %.

Esta dissertação é resultado da pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida junto a os atores envolvidos na gestão ambiental da Unidade de Conservação da Natureza (UC) chamada Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo (Mato Castelhano/RS). Este universo compõe-se de cientistas, servidores públicos, agricultores e índios kaingang, em diálogo sobre o uso e a preservação da floresta. Nos encontros do Conselho Gestor da UC são expressas visões de mundo que se refletem em formas diferenciadas de apropriação dos elementos do ambiente próprias de cada grupo. Em um contexto de introdução de lavouras transgênicas nas propriedades próximas à área protegida, o estudo visa a apreender pontos de vista sobre a "natureza" e a "sociedade" e sobre o ambiente de Mato Castelhano entre os participantes do Conselho Gestor da UC, pesquisadores, especialistas da área ambiental e agricultores, abordando ainda a perspectiva de índios kaingang acampados na BR-285. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com índios e conselheiros e observação participante de suas atividades e reuniões, além da análise de documentos. Evidencia-se que o diálogo em relação aos elementos objetos de manejo e conservação é dificultado pela desconsideração da complexidade da maneira de conceber o ambiente entre os diferentes atores locais. / This dissertation results from an ethnographic field work among actors who are involved in a process of public management of an Environmental Protected Area, which is called National Forest of Passo Fundo (Mato Castelhano/RS). This universe is composed of scientists, public servants, farmers and a kaingang indigenous group, dialoging about the use of "nature" and its conservancy. In the gatherings of the Management Council of the National Forest are expressed different perspectives in what concerns the appropriation of the area and its elements, which are related to each one's ways to engage themselves in that environment. In a context of transgenic agriculture in the farms around the protected area, the study focus the apprehension of points of view related to "nature" and "society", as well as the environment of Mato Castelhano, among members of the Council, professional researchers, experts on environment issues, farmers, and includes the perspective of the kaingang indians. In a qualitative approach, were made analysis of documents, semi-directive interviews and participant observation during ordinary meetings and tasks of the councilors, and within the indigenous encampment on the highway BR-285. The research evidences that the dialog about use and conservancy of "natural" elements do not reach to consider the different ways of conceive environment among the local actors.

Esta dissertação é resultado da pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida junto a os atores envolvidos na gestão ambiental da Unidade de Conservação da Natureza (UC) chamada Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo (Mato Castelhano/RS). Este universo compõe-se de cientistas, servidores públicos, agricultores e índios kaingang, em diálogo sobre o uso e a preservação da floresta. Nos encontros do Conselho Gestor da UC são expressas visões de mundo que se refletem em formas diferenciadas de apropriação dos elementos do ambiente próprias de cada grupo. Em um contexto de introdução de lavouras transgênicas nas propriedades próximas à área protegida, o estudo visa a apreender pontos de vista sobre a "natureza" e a "sociedade" e sobre o ambiente de Mato Castelhano entre os participantes do Conselho Gestor da UC, pesquisadores, especialistas da área ambiental e agricultores, abordando ainda a perspectiva de índios kaingang acampados na BR-285. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com índios e conselheiros e observação participante de suas atividades e reuniões, além da análise de documentos. Evidencia-se que o diálogo em relação aos elementos objetos de manejo e conservação é dificultado pela desconsideração da complexidade da maneira de conceber o ambiente entre os diferentes atores locais. / This dissertation results from an ethnographic field work among actors who are involved in a process of public management of an Environmental Protected Area, which is called National Forest of Passo Fundo (Mato Castelhano/RS). This universe is composed of scientists, public servants, farmers and a kaingang indigenous group, dialoging about the use of "nature" and its conservancy. In the gatherings of the Management Council of the National Forest are expressed different perspectives in what concerns the appropriation of the area and its elements, which are related to each one's ways to engage themselves in that environment. In a context of transgenic agriculture in the farms around the protected area, the study focus the apprehension of points of view related to "nature" and "society", as well as the environment of Mato Castelhano, among members of the Council, professional researchers, experts on environment issues, farmers, and includes the perspective of the kaingang indians. In a qualitative approach, were made analysis of documents, semi-directive interviews and participant observation during ordinary meetings and tasks of the councilors, and within the indigenous encampment on the highway BR-285. The research evidences that the dialog about use and conservancy of "natural" elements do not reach to consider the different ways of conceive environment among the local actors.

Esta dissertação é resultado da pesquisa etnográfica desenvolvida junto a os atores envolvidos na gestão ambiental da Unidade de Conservação da Natureza (UC) chamada Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo (Mato Castelhano/RS). Este universo compõe-se de cientistas, servidores públicos, agricultores e índios kaingang, em diálogo sobre o uso e a preservação da floresta. Nos encontros do Conselho Gestor da UC são expressas visões de mundo que se refletem em formas diferenciadas de apropriação dos elementos do ambiente próprias de cada grupo. Em um contexto de introdução de lavouras transgênicas nas propriedades próximas à área protegida, o estudo visa a apreender pontos de vista sobre a "natureza" e a "sociedade" e sobre o ambiente de Mato Castelhano entre os participantes do Conselho Gestor da UC, pesquisadores, especialistas da área ambiental e agricultores, abordando ainda a perspectiva de índios kaingang acampados na BR-285. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com índios e conselheiros e observação participante de suas atividades e reuniões, além da análise de documentos. Evidencia-se que o diálogo em relação aos elementos objetos de manejo e conservação é dificultado pela desconsideração da complexidade da maneira de conceber o ambiente entre os diferentes atores locais. / This dissertation results from an ethnographic field work among actors who are involved in a process of public management of an Environmental Protected Area, which is called National Forest of Passo Fundo (Mato Castelhano/RS). This universe is composed of scientists, public servants, farmers and a kaingang indigenous group, dialoging about the use of "nature" and its conservancy. In the gatherings of the Management Council of the National Forest are expressed different perspectives in what concerns the appropriation of the area and its elements, which are related to each one's ways to engage themselves in that environment. In a context of transgenic agriculture in the farms around the protected area, the study focus the apprehension of points of view related to "nature" and "society", as well as the environment of Mato Castelhano, among members of the Council, professional researchers, experts on environment issues, farmers, and includes the perspective of the kaingang indians. In a qualitative approach, were made analysis of documents, semi-directive interviews and participant observation during ordinary meetings and tasks of the councilors, and within the indigenous encampment on the highway BR-285. The research evidences that the dialog about use and conservancy of "natural" elements do not reach to consider the different ways of conceive environment among the local actors.

Esta Tese tem como objetivo analisar a pesquisa arqueológica e os artefatos coletados no Sitio Arqueológico Afonso Sardinha, localizado no morro de Araçoiaba, Iperó - São Paulo. O resultado da análise permitiu concluir que a área corresponde a um campo de mineração de ferro com a presença de evidências de uma Fábrica de Ferro, de um sistema de aproveitamento de energia hidráulica para movimentar os equipamentos e ferramentas destinadas a produção e de fornos de fundição. Além disso, a datação do material cerâmico (vasilhames e telhas) indica que as atividades de exploração do minério tiveram início no século XVI. / This Thesis has the goal to analyze archaeological research and artifacts found in Afonso Sardinha Archaeological, site located on Mount Araçoiaba, Iperó São Paulo. The analysis result leads to the conclusion that the area corresponds to iron mining field with the presence of Iron Factory evidence, a system that makes use of hydraulic power to move the equipment and tools used in the production and small ovens to melt iron. Besides, the ceramic date (pots and tiles) indicates that mineral digging activities began in the 16th century.

Les changements environnementaux à l’échelle globale peuvent se traduire par une modification des conditions abiotiques et de la diversité biologique. La fonction de production des écosystèmes forestiers a la particularité d'être à la fois soumise à, et régulatrice de ces changements environnementaux. Il apparaît alors primordial de comprendre la manière dont la diversité en essences et les facteurs abiotiques exercent le contrôle de cette fonction. Au cours de mes travaux j’ai étudié la variation de l'effet du mélange d’essences sur leur productivité dans un contexte climatique et édaphique changeant. Grâce à une double approche, basée sur des données locales et des données de l'Inventaire forestier national, je me suis concentrée sur cinq espèces forestières européennes majeures en peuplements purs et bispécifiques : Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba et Picea abies. En plaine je montre que l'effet du mélange d’essences varie peu avec les facteurs abiotiques. De plus cet effet est déterminé par la tolérance à l'ombrage de l'espèce accompagnatrice. En montagne l’effet du mélange d’essences sur leur productivité est plus fort et positif lorsque les facteurs abiotiques sont les plus limitants pour la croissance. Ces résultats illustrent l’intérêt d'intégrer les facteurs abiotiques et les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des espèces comme déterminants de l'effet de la diversité biologique sur les fonctions de l'écosystème. / Global environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions.

<p>Alpine glaciers around the world are in retreat and are unlikely to reverse course. This dissertation focuses on improving our understanding of the impact of glacial melt on mountainous alpine groundwater systems. Studies on glacial melt-groundwater interactions have become more prevalent, particularly in the past 5 years, because we are recognizing that the contribution of glacial melt to the hydrologic cycle is not limited to melt-season surficial streamflow. The importance of glacial melt to mountain groundwater systems has the potential to not only influence spring and streamflow generation, but also the longevity of alpine specific, and frequently endangered species, dependent on this source of recharge. This recharge may be vital for human water needs such as potable water, agriculture, and hydrothermal power.</p>The impact that a transition from glacial melt to snow- or rain-dominated streamflow and recharge will have on alpine ecosystems in a continually warming climate is far reaching. This dissertation: 1) tests whether glacial melt is an important source of recharge for mountain springs and their microbial communities, 2) investigates the spatial impact of glacial-melt recharge on residence times and flowpaths that support alpine springs, and 3) explores the impact of post-peak water on alpine baseflow using a statistical, timeseries approach. My results show that the groundwater systems in glaciated mountainous, alpine regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Springs in Mount Hood National Forest and Glacier National Park were sampled over a 4-year period, and in addition, publicly available long-term streamflow datasets were are also utilized. The chapters composing this work build upon each other, and compare and contrast the factors most important in glacial melt recharging the mountain-block. Information that is vital to the management of alpine water resources by landowners, watershed groups, scientists, and others interested in mountain groundwater systems in glaciated alpine regions is presented in the following pages.

Contexte. Après des siècles de diminution, la surface forestière de la plupart des pays développés augmente, un phénomène appelé « transition forestière ». Le stock de bois sur pied présente une augmentation plus rapide mais son évolution, associée à des problématiques actuelles majeures, reste négligée. Il est indispensable de caractériser et comprendre ces évolutions, d’en connaître les causes sous-jacentes, et de les reconstituer sur le long terme afin de pouvoir situer les ressources forestières dans une trajectoire d’ensemble et anticiper leur dynamique future. Cette thèse est consacrée aux forêts françaises métropolitaines et repose principalement sur les données de l’IFN. Objectifs. (1) Analyser les changements de surfaces, de stock et de densité de stock et leurs hétérogénéités spatiales et temporelles, sur 40 ans (1975 – 2015) en fonction de facteurs présumés structurer ces évolutions (géographie, propriété et composition). L’existence de changements de vitesse d’expansion a été recherchée. Le lien entre les changements de stock et des propriétés de la forêt (stock et densité de stock initiaux, augmentation récente de surface) ont été analysés. (2) Analyser les mécanismes des changements de stock et décomposer l’expansion selon des ensembles forestiers homogènes du point de vue de leur dynamique. L’analyse se fonde sur une estimation des flux de stock : croissance, recrutement, mortalité et prélèvement. (3) Situer l’expansion actuelle du stock dans une dynamique séculaire. Les stocks de 1892, 1908 et 1929 (associés aux surfaces de statistiques anciennes) ont été estimés par une approche d’imputation conditionnelle de la densité. Un modèle synthétique de densification du stock des forêts a été testé afin d’étudier à quelles conditions sur cette densification il est possible de retracer la chronologie présumée du stock. Résultats. (1) Sur 40 ans, l’expansion en stock a été trois fois plus rapide que celle des surfaces, soulignant l’intensité de la densification des forêts, et ne présente aucun signe de saturation. Les forêts privées, et principalement les forêts feuillues, présentent les expansions de stock et de densité de stock les plus marquées, suggérant le rôle important de l’expansion naturelle et de l’abandon de terres agricoles. Les modèles statistiques révèlent l’effet positif du stock initial et des variations passées de surface sur l’expansion. (2) L’analyse des mécanismes d’expansion a mis en évidence le moindre niveau des prélèvements relativement à la croissance des forêts, et la contribution des forêts jeunes au développement des ressources. Quatre ensembles forestiers synthétiques de dynamiques distinctes et principalement composés de stocks en forêt privée expliquant l’expansion du stock sont identifiés. (3) La reconstitution du stock depuis 1850 suggère une faible densité de stock au début de la période (25 m3/ha) et une augmentation de stock de presque +300% entre 1892 et 2010, soulignant l’importance de cette expansion. Un modèle convexe a été nécessaire pour représenter la densification des forêts, attestant d’une inertie importante à la reconstitution des ressources, interprétée relativement à la baisse progressive des prélèvements ou à une reconstitution progressive de fertilité. Les analyses suggèrent enfin une évolution différenciée dans le temps du modèle de densification pour les forêts provenant de plantations. Conclusion. Ces travaux ont permis de montrer l’importance de l’expansion en stock et la nécessité de contextualiser cette expansion. Cette expansion ancienne ne montre pour l’instant aucune saturation et constitue un stock de carbone croissant qui ne devrait pas diminuer dans les prochaines décennies à conditions contextuelles identiques. L’analyse causale révèle qu’une part importante de l’expansion du stock ne constitue pas une ressource immédiatement disponible. Les futures politiques d’intensification des prélèvements doivent donc être circonstanciées et échelonnées dans le temps / Context. After centuries of decrease, the forest area of most developed countries increase, a phenomenon termed “forest transition”. While current increase in growing stock (GS) is greater than that in area, it remains far less studied. These changes are linked to major current issues. It is essential to assess these changes, to decipher their underlying causes, and to quantify them over the longer term in order to locate current forest resources on a broad trajectory and to anticipate their future dynamics. This thesis is dedicated to French metropolitan forests, which exhibit the most intensive changes in the growing stock in Europe, and relies on data from the French NFI program. Objectives. (1) Analyse forest areal, GS and GS density (GSD) changes and their spatio-temporal variations over 40 years (1975-2015). They were related to factors hypothesized to feature forest changes (geographical contexts, ownership and species composition). We screened for changes in the rate of expansion. The relationships between GS changes and some forest attributes (initial GS and GSD, recent forest area increase) were investigated. (2) Uncover the processes of GS changes and to split the GS expansion magnitude across dynamically-homogeneous forest ensembles. The study was based on GS flux estimation (growth, ingrowth, mortality and harvest). (3) Locate the actual GS expansion in a secular perspective. This analysis consisted in reconstructing the GS chronology since 1850. Levels of GS in 1892, 1908 and 1929 (associated to area of ancient statistics) were estimated using a conditional imputation approach for GSD estimation. Then, a holistic growing stock densification model was implemented to inquire the conditions required on densification patterns and magnitude to simulate the reconstituted GS chronology. Results. (1) Over 40 years, GS increases were three times faster than the areal ones, underlining the intensity of forest densification. No sign of saturation was found. Private forests, and mainly broadleaved ones, presented the greatest GS and GSD increases, suggesting the essential role of natural expansion and agricultural land abandonment. Regression models revealed the positive effect of initial GS and of recent areal increases on GS expansion. (2) The analysis of GS expansion processes evidenced the low level of harvests in comparison to forest growth, and the contribution of recent forests to wood resource development. It led to identify 4 synthetic forest ensembles contributing to the expansion and of distinct dynamics, mainly composed of private forests. (3) GS suggested a very low mean GSD at the beginning of the period (25 m3/ha) and a GS increase by almost +300% between 1892 and 2010, underlying the importance of this expansion. A convex growth model was required to simulate historical forest densification, attesting of a significant inertia in wood resource reconstitution after the forest transition, interpreted based on a gradual decrease in harvest rates for which indices were collected, or to a gradual recovery of site fertility. The analysis also suggested a distinct kinetics for GS densification in plantation forests. Conclusions. These researches reveal the magnitude of GS expansion and the importance of its analysis across forest contexts. This ancient expansion does not present any current sign of saturation and constitute a persistent carbon sink which should not decrease in the next decades assuming similar contextual conditions. According to the process analysis of GS expansion, a significant fraction of the GS increases does not constitute readily available additional wood resources. Thus, future harvest intensification policies must be contextualized and evolving in time