Language and treatment modality are important variables in conducting psychotherapy with students from non-Western countries. Both variables might also have significant impact on therapeutic outcome. Foreign students in America speak at least two languages, and utilizing either their native language or English during sessions might result in different kinds of emotional expressiveness. Indonesian and Malaysian students are from countries where it is uncommon to express emotions publicly. Since language is a part of culture, using English might facilitate a distancing from their cultural context, and might also facilitate more verbal expressions of emotion. On the other hand, using their native language might facilitate a warm and "at home" atmosphere. The purpose of this dissertation is to study the effect of native language and English during interactional group psychotherapy with Indonesian and Malaysian students, and to assess the efficacy of this modality with foreign students. Yalom's interactional group psychotherapy was used with a group of Indonesian, a group of Malaysian, and a group of international students. These three treatment groups were compared to a group of international students who served as a control group. English and the native language were used alternately during the sessions with the Indonesian and Malaysian groups. Only English was used during the sessions with the international student groups. Objective measurements used were the Profile of Mood States, the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Group Environment Scale, the Group Climate Questionnaire, and the Subjective Evaluation Ratings Scale. Subjective measurement was independent judges. Results indicated that Indonesians and Malaysians rated themselves as significantly more active during sessions in English than during sessions in their native language. Raters perceived the Indonesian and Malaysian groups as more cohesive when sessions were conducted in the native language than when conducted in English. This study also indicated that interactional group psychotherapy was effective for foreign students, with some limitations. This treatment method was effective in improving mood states and personality profiles. The method was most effective for the Malaysians. In addition, this study also supported the notion that insight awareness therapy is effective for YAVIS (young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful) clients.

The thesis covers the subject about challenges in the multilingual classroom. How the pupils' education works in regards to the teachers’ perspective is the focus for this thesis. The purpose of the thesis is to examine how four primary school teachers view the teaching in the multilingual classroom. The thesis has a qualitative research approach where the method choice is semi-structured interviews with the primary teachers. Four interviews where conducted with primary teachers with proper and relevant education for the selected grade.   The data were analysed by a qualitative content-analysis. The different title in the background section constitutes this thesis theme. The theoretical frame of the thesis is the sociocultural perspective with focus on Vygotskijs theory about teaching. This study builds upon the perspective that teaching is an interaction between people and that the language is seen as a tool to gain knowledge.  The result of the thesis shows that the multilingual classroom increases the awareness of the primary teachers concerning clear instructions and explaining the tasks in different ways. The primary teacher treats every individual in the classroom from his or her former experience, knowledge and language. Furthermore the thesis shows the importance of a good relation with the native language teacher. A good cooperation with the native language teacher increases the language development for the multilingual pupils. For example using the same books but in different languages showed better language development. The result of the thesis also shows that a cooperation between the home and the multilingual pupils' guardians do not differ from the cooperation with other guardians, but it shows in this thesis the importance of having a regularly and mutual cooperation. / Studien behandlar ämnet det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Hur elevernas undervisning fungerar utifrån lärarens perspektiv är fokus i denna studie. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fyra grundlärare i förskoleklass till årskurs tre ser på lärandet i det flerspråkiga klassrummet. Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsansats där metodvalet är semistrukturerade intervjuer av grundlärare i de aktuella årskurserna. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med grundlärare med behörighet i förskoleklassen till årskurs tre. Datamaterialet analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. De olika rubrikerna i bakgrunden utgör denna studies teman. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är det sociokulturella perspektivet med utgångspunkt i Vygotskijs teori om lärande. Denna studie bygger på perspektivet att lärandet sker i samspel med andra samt att språket betraktas som ett redskap för att tillägna sig kunskap.  Resultatet visar att grundlärare anser att flerspråkiga elever i klassrummet ökar deras medvetenhet om att vara tydliga med instruktioner och förklaringar på olika sätt. Grundlärarna bemöter varje individ i klassrummet utifrån dess tidigare erfarenheter, kunskapsnivå och språk. Vidare framkommer i resultatet betydelsen av en god kontakt med modersmålsläraren. Ett samarbete med modersmålslärare gynnar språkutvecklingen för de flerspråkiga eleverna, där arbete med samma texter sker både hos modersmålsläraren och i klassen. Resultatet av studien visar även att samverkan mellan hem och skolan med flerspråkiga elevers vårdnadshavare inte skiljer sig från samverkan med övriga föräldrar, men det framkommer i denna studie att det är betydelsefullt att ha ett regelbundet samarbete.

The thesis is concerned with the role of the target language in foreign language teaching. The objective of the thesis is to discuss the influence of teaching English by means of the target language on communicative competence of young learners. The theoretical part elaborates the theoretical principles that concern employment of the target language in teaching. Futhermore, it analyses the factors influencing foreign language learning, discusses the possibility of language acquisition in the classroom and studies the influence of using the target language as the language of communication and instruction. Subsequently, it provides synchronic and diachronic analysis of L2 and L1 use in English language teaching methodology. In conclusion, the theoretical part evaluates the benefits of teaching by means of the target language, anticipates some risks and problems concerned with teaching exclusively by means of the target language and proposes techniques for maximization of the target language use. The semi-quantitative research studies the issue of the role of the target language in the classroom on the basis of monitoring a sample of teachers of Czech primary schools. Primarily, it investigates the amount of comprehensible input that young learners are provided with and means that teachers employ in...

Orientador(a): Letícia Marcondes Rezende / Resumo: Nossa hipótese de pesquisa é a de que o ensino, por meio das atividades epilinguísticas, proporciona ao aluno a apropriação da língua e a autonomia diante do seu uso. Desse modo, contrapõe-se ao método pautado na memorização das regras gramaticais e na separação da gramática e da produção textual. Sustentamo-nos teoricamente na Teoria das Operações Predicativas e Enunciativas, formulada pelo linguista francês Antoine Culioli e que prevê a materialidade da língua - o texto oral ou escrito - como unidade de trabalho do linguista, assim, entendemos que é também a unidade de trabalho do ensino de língua. Com essa concepção, não é possível a dissociação entre texto, léxico e gramática, logo o trabalho do professor é propiciar ao aluno a apropriação da linguagem e essa não pode ser confundida com descrição de língua no ensino. Assim, propõe-se a linguagem para a sala de aula por meio das atividades epilinguísticas. São também objetivos da pesquisa: determinar as operações e processos linguísticos desencadeados pela marca como; identificar a ausência do trabalho reflexivo nas atividades tradicionais do ensino das conjunções e do período composto, especificamente no que se refere à marca como; elaborar um modelo de aula que possa servir de parâmetro para o ensino por meio das atividades epilinguísticas. Para o alcance dos objetivos, dividimos nossa pesquisa em duas partes: uma de análise de enunciados sob os pressupostos da TOPE e outra de um trabalho de prática de ensino por meio de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research is based on the hypothesis that teaching mother tongue language through epilinguistic activities provides the students with appropriation and autonomy regarding their uses of language. Thus, this method differs from the one based on the memorization of grammar rules and on the separation of grammar and textual production. Theoretically, the study is based on the Theory of Predicative and Enunciative Operations, created by Antoine Culioli. This theory considers the materiality of language, which means oral or written texts, as the unit of work for linguists, so we also understand that it should be the unit of work for teaching the language. From this conception, the dissociation between text, lexical, and grammar is not possible. The teacher's job is to propitiate intimacy with language to the students. Thereby language is brought into the classroom by epilinguistic activities. The aims of this research are: to determine the language operations and linguistics processes unleashed by the mark como ; to identify the absence of reflexive work in traditional activities of teaching of conjunction and subordinate clauses, specifically regarding the mark como; to elaborate a model of class that serve as parameter for teaching by epilinguistic activities. To reach out these aims, our research was divided into two parts: one of analysis of statements according to the theoretical and methodological assumptions of TOPE and another of a practical work of teaching by epilingu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Lin Ming Sum. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves i-xi). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements / Abstract / 摘要 / Table of Content / List of tables / List of figures / Units of measurement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What are formulaic sequences? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of researching on formulaic sequences --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wray's works --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Distinction between native and normative speakers --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Building blocks of language --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Processing Unit --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- A pragmatic phenomenon in social interactions --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Rationale --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Defining formulaic sequences --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- The development of research on formulaic sequences --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Context of formulaic sequences research --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Milestone works on formulaic language --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- The first phase --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- The second phase --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- The third phase --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Questions and problems surrounding the field --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Relationship between fluency and the use of formulaic sequences --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods of identification of formulaic sequences --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The criteria listed by other researchers --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Intuition --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Case studies --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Corpus tools --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Phonological features --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Other methodologies --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research questions --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- The tasks --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2 --- The subjects --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Data analysis --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Findings --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1 --- Use of formulaic sequences by native and normative speakers --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2 --- Interaction between NS/NNS factor and task type --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3 --- Analysis of individual performance --- p.82 / Chapter 5.4 --- Fluency and the use of formulaic language --- p.85 / Chapter 5.5 --- Time on task and the use of formulaic language --- p.87 / Chapter 5.6 --- Use of formulaic language and mean length of each turn --- p.89 / Chapter 5.7 --- Articulation rate of formulaic sequences --- p.90 / Chapter 5.8 --- Summary of findings --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 6.1 --- Use of formulaic language by native and normative speakers --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2 --- Interaction between NS/NNS factor and task type --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3 --- The use of formulaic language and fluency --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Time on task and the use of formulaic language --- p.99 / Chapter 6.5 --- Length of each turn and the use of formulaic language --- p.103 / Chapter 6.6 --- Rate analysis --- p.105 / Chapter 6.7 --- Summary of the discussion --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Limitations --- p.107 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Implications of this study --- p.110 / Chapter 8.1 --- Implications for research --- p.110 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implications for pedagogy --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Directions for future research --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Conclusion --- p.119 / Bibliography --- p.i / Appendices --- p.xii / Instructions for the Picture Story Telling --- p.xii / Picture series 1: Picnic --- p.xiii / Picture series 2: Football --- p.xiv / Instructions for the Problem-solving task --- p.xv / Problem-solving task: The Problem Page --- p.xvi

Orientadora: Giovanna Longo / Banca: Fabiana Bigaton Tonin / Banca: Odilon Helou Fleury Curado / Resumo: A docência em língua materna nos permitiu perceber a centralidade do ensino na modalidade escrita da língua e, em contrapartida, a relativa negligência no que se refere ao estudo da modalidade oral, a despeito de sua relevância no cotidiano social. Junto dessa problemática, verificamos também que o ensino da leitura literária no ensino fundamental II é relegado a segundo plano. Assim, tanto o ensino da oralidade quanto da leitura literária são efetuados de forma assistemática. A posterior constatação referente à carência de trabalhos que abordem o ensino e aprendizagem da leitura literária e da modalidade oral da língua materna nos levou ao seguinte questionamento: Como proceder, na prática docente, para tentar minimizar o problema? Pressupomos que há a possibilidade de propor o ensino da oralidade partindo de situações comunicativas emergidas da leitura do texto literário. Dessa forma, partindo da problemática e da hipótese acima descritas, passamos a buscar fundamentos teóricos para a proposição de uma sequência didática que se mostre adequada ao ensino conjunto da modalidade oral da língua portuguesa e da leitura de um texto literário, visando à ampliação da capacidade comunicativa oral dos estudantes. O recorte necessário nos fez pensar em um trabalho voltado para turmas de nono ano do ensino fundamental e com o gênero discursivo debate de opinião, uma vez que este faz parte do conteúdo curricular do referido ano/série. Para a leitura literária selecionamos uma adaptação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Teaching in the mother tongue allowed us to perceive the centrality of teaching in the written form of the language and, on the other hand, the relative negligence regarding the study of the oral modality, despite its relevance in everyday social life. Alongside this problem, we also find that the teaching of literary reading in elementary school II is relegated to the background. Thus, both the teaching of orality and literary reading are carried out in an unsystematic way. The subsequent verification regarding the lack of studies that address the teaching and learning of literary reading and the oral modality of the mother tongue led us to the following question: How to proceed, in the teaching practice, to try to minimize the problem? We assume that there is the possibility of proposing the teaching of orality starting from communicative situations emerged from reading the literary text. Thus, starting from the problematic and the hypothesis described above, we start to seek theoretical foundations for the proposition of a didactic sequence that is adequate to the joint teaching of the oral modality of the Portuguese language and the reading of a literary text, aiming at the expansion of the capacity communication. The necessary cut made us think of a work aimed at ninth grade elementary school classes and with the discursive genre opinion debate, since this is part of the curricular content of the referred year / series. For the literary reading we selected an adaptation of the novel "The Miserables" of Victor Hugo. Since we aim to raise knowledge for practical application, we opted for the qualitative methodology of applied nature. We are interested in studies on mother-tongue and orallanguage teaching conducted by Antunes (2003), Bakhtin (2003), Marchuschi (2010), Neves (2015), Freire (2011), Travaglia (2008), Ramos (1997)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar de que forma o meio virtual, tendo em vista uma concepção de gêneros como práticas sociais, pode contribuir para um trabalho com produção de texto, em que se instalam outras possibilidades de interlocução entre professores e alunos, por meio dos textos que circulam nesse espaço. Assim, propôs-se uma retomada histórica das etapas de letramento até o contexto atual, evidenciando as novas configurações do chamado letramento digital. Duas vertentes teóricas, a sócio-interacionista e a sócio-retórica, auxiliaram na compreensão de como os gêneros tornam possível a participação letrada nesse ambiente, promovendo um contexto de escrita que leva os alunos a assumirem sua agência como leitores e produtores de textos. Fez-se uso de um corpus coletado a partir de uma experiência didática desenvolvida com alunos de nono ano do Ensino Fundamental, em que foi utilizada a uma ferramenta digital chamada Wiki. Optou-se, como eixo metodológico, uma abordagem de caráter etnográfico, que permitiu uma análise das relações tecidas nesse ambiente, seja quanto aos processos retextualização ou à perspectiva da audiência, suscitada pela intervenção via comentários que alunos fizeram em textos de colegas. Constatou-se que essas instâncias comunicativas levaram-nos a tomar mais consciência do seu processo de escrita e aprimorá-lo, ao mesmo tempo que eles desenvolveram uma percepção maior em relação ao discurso do outro, provocando uma aproximação construtiva entre os sujeitos dessa interlocução e uma abertura quanto a possíveis contribuições à aprendizagem de seus pares. / The current research aims at verifying how virtual environment, regarding a concept of genres as social practices, can contribute to the teaching of writing where other possibilities of interaction between teachers and students are situated, mediated by texts which circulate in this environment. Thus, it proposes a historical overview of literacy steps up to nowadays, emphasizing digital literacy. Two perspectives, social interactionist and social rhetoric theories, helped understand how genres can make literate participation and learning possible in this environment, promoting a writing context which leads students to assume their agency as readers and writers. This research was carried out with a corpus collected from a pedagogical experience developed with ninth grade students, where a digital tool called Wiki was used. An ethnographic approach was chosen as research methodology in order to analyze the dialogical relations constructed in this environment, regarding retextualization processes and the audience perspective, evoked by intervention through comments made by students about their colleagues´ texts. It was possible to conclude that these communicative instances allowed the students to develop a more conscious writing process, as well as a deeper perception regarding the discourse of the other, provoking a constructive approximation among these interlocutors and openness to possible contributions to the learning of their peers.

Bibliography: leaves 145-159.

<p>I have chosen to write this essay on language development in a preparatory class due to the fact that I live in a city where diversity is big and newly arrived students from different countries are constantly increasing in schools. My study has been made in a preparatory class in Södertälje. The National Agency for Education highlights the deficiencies in preparatory classes and believes that education is not adapted to each student's knowledge and maturity and it is therefore difficult for students to reach the goals in school. According to studies by the National Agency for Education, it appears that many newly arrived students do not recieve study guide in their native language, a resource that they are entitled to. Teachers and principals do not take charge of  students knowledge from previous school attendance in their home countries such as mathematics, history and other subjects. The purpose of this essay is to find out how to work with language development in a preparatory class. The focus of interest is to investigate how much the Swedish and the native language are used in class. My theoretical starting points will consist of theories of second language learning, language development, language switching and native language.</p><p>In my studies I have used the qualitative method in which I have observed in a preparatory class for three school days and have interviewed three teachers and four students.</p><p>The conclusion which I have found from my empirical material is that the teachers in the preparatory class work with language development by first and foremost providing security to their students in the classroom. When this security is created, their main tool for language development is constantly support in the native language in all subjects.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to investigate how code-switching operates and what impact it has on the interaction in the EFL classroom. The study was conducted at a Swedish secondary school by means of observations, interviews, and a questionnaire. The participants of the study were 79 students and two teachers. Both teachers and students were observed and, in addition to this, the students answered the questionnaire and the teachers were interviewed.</p><p>The results showed that there were several factors that triggered the students' use of the native language and the ultimate reason for switching to the native language was often to facilitate the learning process. Typical situations in which the students switched to Swedish were when they communicated with their peers or when they encountered unfamiliar words. Moreover, the results suggest that the teacher plays an important role for the choice of code in the classroom through his/her own language use and attitude towards code-switching. Neither of the interviewed teachers nor the majority of the students thought that there were any positive aspects to code-switching.</p>