Bakgrund: Unga som varken arbetar eller studerar (UVAS) inkluderar 145 000 individer och utgör en stor utmaning för det svenska samhället. Syftet med denna studie var att närmare kartlägga gruppens karakteristika, att undersöka samvariationen mellan kommuner med hög andel UVAS och deras geografiska beskaffenhet samt förskrivning av psykofarmaka. Metod: Studien utformades som en retrospektiv tvärsnittsstudie baserad på registerdata hämtad från Myndigheten för ungdoms- och civilsamhällesfrågor (MUCF). Resultat: Datan påvisade en jämn könsfördelning i UVAS-gruppen men en högre andel äldre (25–29) och utlandsfödda individer sågs jämfört med åldersgruppen som helhet. Bivariata analyser med Chi2-test påvisade statistiskt signifikanta samvariationer mellan hög andel UVAS i kommunen och kön, högre ålder (25–29) samt utländsk härkomst. Inga statistiskt signifikanta samvariationer återfanns mellan andel UVAS och kommunens storlek men däremot med geografisk lokalisation (nordlig/sydlig). Inget samband påvisades med förskrivningen av psykofarmaka. Slutsats: Att UVAS-gruppen i högre grad inkluderar äldre individer och utlandsfödda stämmer väl överens med internationell forskning. Frånvaron av samvariation mellan andelen UVAS i kommunen och dess geografiska beskaffenhet var något förvånande och skiljer sig från tidigare forskning men skulle kunna förklaras av ett gott samhällsstöd i Sverige. Vikten av ett signifikant bortfall i studien kan ej förringas. Att förskrivningen av psykofarmaka saknar samvariation med hög andel UVAS kan delvis förklaras av brister i statistiken men det kan ej uteslutas att ett sådant samband saknas. Framöver behövs ytterligare studier för att undersöka hur de med sämst förutsättning för att lämna UVAS-gruppen kan bli hjälpta. / <p>Betyg i Ladok 220601.</p>

En 2019, 31 % et 14 % des jeunes femmes et hommes mondialement ont déclaré de n’être pas engagé en emploi, en études ou en formation (NEET). Cette étude a examiné les voies de développement menant au statut NEET chez les jeunes adultes en étudiant l'association entre les adversités périnatales et le statut NEET et le rôle médiateur de comportements extériorisés. Les données proviennent de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfant du Québec (ÉLDEQ, n = 974). L'analyse des classes latentes a identifié quatre profils d'exposition: faible adversité; adversité de la croissance fœtale, qui incluent les participants rencontrant des problèmes de croissance in utero et après la naissance ; les complications d’accouchement, qui incluent les participantes qui connaissent des complications pendant l'accouchement; l’adversité familiale, qui se compose de participants qui ont vécu l'adversité dans leur vie familiale. Les associations entre les profils périnatals, le statut NEET et le rôle médiateur présumé de comportements extériorisés ont été étudiées à l'aide de la modélisation par équation structurelle. Le risque de devenir NEET était plus élevé pour les enfants ayant subi une adversité familiale (OR = 3,19 [IC 95 % : 2,31-4,40], p < 0,001) et de croissance fœtale (2,03 [1,11-3,71], p = 0,022). Les problèmes d’extériorisation ont médié l'association entre l'adversité familiale et le statut de NEET (1,03 [1,01-1,06], p=0,003). La prévention du statut NEET devrait englober les facteurs de risque lié à la croissance fœtale et l’adversité familiale, qui peuvent aider les efforts de prévention pendant la période périnatale. / In 2019, 31% and 14% of young women and men worldwide – respectively – reported being Not engaged in Employment, Education, or Training (NEET), an important indicator of long-term socioeconomic vulnerability. This study examined the developmental pathways leading to NEET status in young adulthood by investigating the association between perinatal adversities and NEET status and the mediating role of externalizing behaviours. Data were from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD, n = 974). Latent Class Analysis identified four profiles of exposures to 32 perinatal adversities: Low adversity, the reference profile; Fetal growth adversity, which includes participants experiencing adversity related to growth problems in utero and after birth; Delivery complications, which includes participants – or their mothers – who experience complications during birth; Familial adversity, consists of participants who experienced adversity related to their family life. The associations between the perinatal profiles, NEET status which was self-reported at age 21 years old and the putative mediating role of externalizing symptoms that were self-reported at age 15 and 17 were investigated using structural equation modeling. The risk of becoming NEET was higher for children who experienced perinatal familial (OR = 3.19 [95% CI: 2.31-4.40], p < 0.001) and fetal growth (2.03 [1.11-3.71], p = 0.022) adversity. Externalizing problems mediated the association between familial adversity and NEET status (1.03 [1.01-1.06], p=0.003). Prevention of NEET status in young adulthood should encompass familial and fetal growth- related risk factors, which can help inform early prevention efforts in the perinatal period.

This thesis covers an experiment which explores how effectively skills that are gained in a digital serious game can be transferred to a real situation. The context of the experiment is the casual restaurant industry, with focus on the task of a food runner. The results showed to be unreliable when ruling out the chance element with the use of t-tests, which points to that the data produced were coincidental, however the limited deviation in the groups’ performances indicate that there is potential in the addition of a digital game to the traditional training material. This is learned from the reports of the experiments and the analysis of the questionnaires filled out by all the participators.

The thesis examines youth unemployment in European Union, specifically in Germany, Spain, and the Czech Republic. The main goal of the study is to coherently evaluate a development of youth unemployment rate since 2005, and to find out its fundamental causes. The thesis is split into two parts. The first part covers a theoretical background of the chosen topic. The following part, firstly, investigates individual countries in terms of labour market development, impacts of the world crises, and educational systems. Subsequently, the rate of young unemployed people in the selected countries is analysed. The work investigates the development of youth unemployment rate, the long-term youth unemployment rate, the NEET, and the European Union actions.

The research examines the discourses surrounding disengaged young people, particularly those under the age of 16, and the role of Scotland’s Colleges in making provision for them. Consideration is given to the voices of the young people themselves: how their college experiences compare to school and how they view themselves over this transition period. Consideration is also given to the policy in this area and how it has developed since the Beattie watershed of 1999. The debate surrounding the involvement of colleges in the provision of education for this group of young people touches on issues of social justice and the construction of children and young people, as well as throwing up questions about the roles and identity of Scotland’s schools and colleges. Among the questions it raises about colleges, it raises issues of pedagogy and of the professional status of its teaching staff and offers recommendations about the lessons each sector might learn from the other . Ultimately, it proposes that Scotland’s Colleges are uniquely placed to seek ascendancy in the post-school sector, welcoming and developing the role that they now play in the transition of young people to adulthood.

Unga Vuxna utanför arbete eller studier är ett fenomen som växer både nationellt- och internationellt vilket gör att det därmed krävs mer forskning för att skapa bättre åtgärder för dessa grupper. Denna studie har visat att konsekvenser som psykisk ohälsa i form av depression och svårigheter med att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden är förekommande konsekvenser för Unga vuxna utanför arbete eller studier. För denna studie har semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts där tematisering av ämnet har skett. Med hjälp av den metoden har studien kunnat fokusera på ett delområde, konsekvenser i och med att intervjufrågorna förblev de samma för alla tre intervjuerna har en jämförelse i analysen bland svaren kunnat ske i studien. Studiens tre teorier differential association, anomiteorin och stigma har möjliggjort en koppling till lett resultat och diskussion. Denna studie har även påvisat att ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att få en ökad förståelse över detta fenomen samt för att möjliggöra individuella kartläggningar av barns behov för att sedan kunna tillsätta rätt åtgärd.

yes / Associations between socio-demographic and psychological factors and food choice patterns were explored in unemployed young people who constitute a vulnerable group at risk of poor dietary health. Volunteers (N = 168), male (n = 97) and female (n = 71), aged 15–25 years were recruited through United Kingdom (UK) community-based organisations serving young people not in education training or employment (NEET). Survey questionnaire enquired on food poverty, physical activity and measured responses to the Food Involvement Scale (FIS), Food Self-Efficacy Scale (FSS) and a 19-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). A path analysis was undertaken to explore associations between age, gender, food poverty, age at leaving school, food self-efficacy (FS-E), food involvement (FI) (kitchen; uninvolved; enjoyment), physical activity and the four food choice patterns (junk food; healthy; fast food; high fat). FS-E was strong in the model and increased with age. FS-E was positively associated with more frequent choice of healthy food and less frequent junk or high fat food (having controlled for age, gender and age at leaving school). FI (kitchen and enjoyment) increased with age. Higher FI (kitchen) was associated with less frequent junk food and fast food choice. Being uninvolved with food was associated with more frequent fast food choice. Those who left school after the age of 16 years reported more frequent physical activity. Of the indirect effects, younger individuals had lower FI (kitchen) which led to frequent junk and fast food choice. Females who were older had higher FI (enjoyment) which led to less frequent fast food choice. Those who had left school before the age of 16 had low food involvement (uninvolved) which led to frequent junk food choice. Multiple indices implied that data were a good fit to the model which indicated a need to enhance food self-efficacy and encourage food involvement in order to improve dietary health among these disadvantaged young people.

This study aims to deepen knowledge of young people with a migration background in Sweden, particularly those with non-European backgrounds, and their transitions from school to work. The focus is on young people with uncompleted upper secondary education (USE), drawing on their life stories, and exploring their perceptions and experiences around school failure, entering the labour market, and/or not being in education, employment or training (NEET). Theoretically the study analyses individuals’ career decisions from an agency-structure perspective, drawing on careership theory, in particular the notions of pragmatic-rational choices, routines, turning-points and horizons of action (Hodkinson &amp; Sparkes 1997), combined with theories on ‘otherness’ (Hall 1990; 1999, Anthias 2002, Balibar 2004, Trondman 2007), and the notion of socio-geographic space (Bourdieu 1986a; Bourdieu 1999, Bourdieu &amp; Wacquant, 1996). Methodologically, the thesis is based on narrative research, and the empirical material comprise life stories of twenty young people (men and women) about their lives, school experiences and time after leaving school. The careers of the young people were developed in fields where they had subordinate positions, based on their family’s mostly limited social, economic and cultural capital, their own short education and limited experience, and the otherness they encoun­tered. Against this background, their educational and labour market career choices are under­stood as pragmatic-rational, enabled and limited by the resulting horizons of action. However, the collected nar­ra­tives suggest that their horizons of action developed from the time they left school when they made different pragmatic-rational choices that changed their posi­tions. Nevertheless, career choices were often made within a bounded agency and reduced op­por­tunities as a consequence of school failure and their own scarce resources. The learning and interaction taking place within the routine periods are both crucial for understanding processes that result in school failure and the subsequent extend­ed period of establishment in working and adult life, and change of horizons of action and habitus. The narratives of the young people showed that school failures and dropout are com­plex and extended processes that are related to education and family, as well as access to power and capital. They also encountered difference-making through the predominant images and discourses of 'immigration' as a social problem and by being located in a specific socio-geo­graphic space that limited their possibilities for action. The family was highly significant and, in most cases, represented security and continuity. The family’s present situation and future was crucial to the young adults, which affected their choices. Hence, their own horizon of action also included the family’s opportunities and horizon of action. The study indicates that there is sometimes reason to speak of a collective horizon of action rather than just an individual one. Institutional and informal support together with young people’s agency may enable positive career development in spite of a lack of resources provided to the young, particularly if schools and other institu­tions would provide more professional and timely support. The overall conclusion is that it would not have taken much investment of resources and effort to have prevented school failure for a large proportion of the twenty young adults in this study. That is the good news. / Osäkra övergångar. Unga utan fullständig gymnasieutbildning: vägarna och åtgärderna i longitudinellt perspektiv

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the advent of democracy in South Africa, the government has prioritized youth development in the country. The strides made by government include setting up institutional arrangements, developing policies and implementing programmes targeting young people in the country. However, despite the efforts made to develop young people, the youth transition to adulthood is still extremely difficult, more especially for unemployed black females who reside in rural areas. Youth unemployment is the biggest problem affecting the youth in South Africa and globally, and the majority of the unemployed youth have been categorised as ‘Not in Education, Employment or Training’ (NEET). Being unemployed and also not being in education or training to prepare for future employment, limits future employability of the NEETs. The Department of Social Development and Special Programmes in the Eastern Cape Province implemented the Masupa-Tsela Youth Pioneers Programme (MYPP) to intervene in the high rate of youth unemployment in the Province. The programme in the Province was never evaluated and as a result there is no evidence of the success or failure of this youth programme. This study evaluates the implementation of the MYPP with a particular focus in Mhlontlo Local Municipality within O.R. Tambo District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province. Mhlontlo Local Municipality is a rural municipality characterized by high youth unemployment, high youth poverty, low levels of education among youth and low literacy levels among adults. The purpose of the study was to explore and discover whether the intended outcomes of the MYPP were achieved and what the specific challenges of the youth were. Evaluation research is used in this study to explore the MYPP. Evaluation research assesses the conceptualization, implementation, and impact of development programmes and projects. The data collected during this study through focus groups, interviews, questionnaires, and document review, revealed that the programme mostly achieved its intended outcomes, although there are areas that need to be improved in the future implementation of the programme. However, the goals and outcomes of the MYPP were not adequate to address the size of the challenge. On the basis of the findings of this study the researcher recommends that youth development programmes should be implemented in the context of sustainable development and young people must be placed at the centre of that development as agents of change in their communities. The researcher also recommends outcomes based planning in the Department, up-scaling of the programme, regular evaluation of the design, implementation and results of a youth programme as well as improved participation of the youth in the programmes designed to improve their lives. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die regering het sedert die koms van demokrasie in Suid-Afrika jeugontwikkeling in die land geprioritiseer. Die vooruitgang wat gemaak is, sluit in die opstel van institusionele reëlings , die ontwikkeling van beleid en die implementering van programme wat gerig is tot jong mense in die land. Maar ten spyte van die pogings om jong mense te ontwikkel, vind die jeug die oorgang na volwassenheid nog steeds baie moeilik, veral vir werklose swart vroue wat in landelike gebiede woon . Werkloosheid onder jeug is die grootste probleem wat die jeug in Suid -Afrika en in die wêreld ondervind, en die meerderheid van die werklose jeug word gekategoriseer as "Nie in onderwys, beroep of opleiding nie' (NOBOe). Om werkloos te wees en ook nie in onderwys of opleiding om voor te berei vir toekomstige indiensneming nie, beperk toekomstige indiensneembaarheid van die NOBOe . Die Departement van Maatskaplike Ontwikkeling en Spesiale Programme in die Oos-Kaap het die Masupa Tsela - Jeug Pioneers Programme (MJPP) geïmplementeer om in te gryp in die hoë werkloosheidskoers onder die jeug in die Provinsie. Die programme in die provinsie is nooit geëvalueer en as gevolg is daar geen bewyse van die sukses of mislukking van hierdie jeug programme nie. Hierdie studie evalueer die implementering van die MJPP met 'n spesifieke fokus op Mhlontlo Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Tambo -distriksmunisipaliteit in die Oos-Kaap. Mhlontlo Plaaslike Munisipaliteit is 'n landelike munisipaliteit wat gekenmerk word deur hoë werkloosheid onder die jeug, hoë jeug armoede, lae vlakke van onderwys onder die jeug en lae vlakke van geletterdheid onder volwassenes . Die doel van die studie was om te ondersoek en vas te stel of die beoogde uitkomste van die MYPP bereik is en wat die spesifieke uitdagings van die jeug was. Evaluering navorsing is in hierdie studie gebruik om die MJPP te verken. Evalueringsnavorsing evalueer die konseptualisering, implementering en die impak van die ontwikkeling van programme en projekte . Die data wat ingesamel is tydens hierdie studie deur middel van fokusgroepe, onderhoude, vraelyste , en dokument hersiening, het aan die lig gebring dat die programme meestal sy doel bereik het, maar daar is gebiede van die implementering van die programme wat in die toekoms verbeter sal moet word. Maar die doelwitte en uitkomste van die MYPP was nie voldoende om die grootte van die uitdaging aan te spreek nie. Op grond van die bevindinge van hierdie studie beveel die navorser uitkomsgebaseerse beplanning in die Departement voor, vergroting van die programme , gereëlde evaluering van die ontwerp, implementering en resultate van 'n jeug programme sowel as die verbeterde deelname van die jeug in die programme wat ontwerp word om hul lewens te verbeter.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238- 250) / People who are Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) in the Gauteng province are faced with a number of challenges that have many detrimental effects. One major issue is the large number of NEET people who are information illiterate to operate information services that are largely web based. Previously, information services used to be more static in nature, but ICT advancement have enabled flexibility in terms of how people actively search for developmental and work opportunities information. Scholars and research institutions have conducted extensive studies on developing the capacity of NEET people. However, there was little evidence of studies that focus on services that serve information to this community of NEET people. Therefore, this thesis aims to propose an information services framework and provide an insightful discussion about information services and NEET people. Data were collected primarily through semi-structured interviews with NEET people and, in the process, observations transpired along, with document analysis. The study adopted qualitative research and the findings were analysed thematically in line with the objectives of the study. The study revealed that intervention programmes are important to support NEET people to gain confidence and prepare them for work by refining their skills. In addition, there are initiatives that offer support and training at no cost. The major findings of the study were that there are inequalities experienced by NEET people because of socio-economic issues. It was also discovered that there are NEET people who are self-taught to utilise information services on ICT platforms. The study concludes that information literacy is important for NEET people to proficiently make use of information services to search for information. Work experience topped the agenda in terms of challenges experienced by NEET people when seeking for work. Furthermore, seeking for work or developmental opportunities information is an emotionally draining exercise for most NEET people. Such that some of the NEET people have indicated that they feel discouraged, particularly when continuously being rejected by potential organisations. Good education remains important as it has the capacity to build the individual’s mind and better place the individual’s mind to demonstrate passion towards what the persons envisage to do. A further study is recommended to investigate the extent to which lack of ICT skills has an impact on increasing the risk of NEET people remaining NEET. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)