Emma Hamilton (1765-1815) eut un impact considérable à un moment charnière de l’histoire et de l’art européens. Faisant preuve d’une énorme résilience, elle trouva un moyen efficace d’affirmer son agentivité et fut une source d’inspiration puissante pour des générations de femmes et d’artistes dans leur propre quête d’expression et de réalisation de soi. Cette thèse démontre qu’Emma tira sa puissance particulière de sa capacité à négocier des identités différentes et parfois même contradictoires – objet et sujet ; modèle et portraiturée ; artiste, muse et œuvre d’art ; épouse, maîtresse et prostituée ; roturière et aristocrate ; mondaine et ambassadrice : et interprète d’une myriade de caractères historiques, bibliques, littéraires et mythologiques, tant masculins que féminins. Épouse de l’ambassadeur anglais à Naples, favorite de la reine de Naples et amante de l’amiral Horatio Nelson, elle fut un agent sur la scène politique pendant l’époque révolutionnaire et napoléonienne. Dans son ascension sociale vertigineuse qui la mena de la plus abjecte misère aux plus hauts échelons de l’aristocratie anglaise, elle sut s’adapter, s’ajuster et se réinventer. Elle reçut et divertit d’innombrables écrivains, artistes, scientifiques, nobles, diplomates et membres de la royauté. Elle participa au développement et à la dissémination du néoclassicisme au moment même de son efflorescence. Elle créa ses Attitudes, une performance répondant au goût de son époque pour le classicisme, qui fut admirée et imitée à travers l’Europe et qui inspira des générations d’interprètes féminines. Elle apprit à danser la tarentelle et l’introduisit dans les salons aristocratiques. Elle influença un réseau de femmes s’étendant de Paris à Saint-Pétersbourg et incluant Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, Germaine de Staël et Juliette Récamier. Modèle hors pair, elle inspira plusieurs artistes pour la production d’œuvres qu’ils reconnurent comme parmi leurs meilleures. Elle fut représentée par les plus grands artistes de son temps, dont Angelica Kauffman, Benjamin West, Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, George Romney, James Gillray, Joseph Nollekens, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Lawrence et Thomas Rowlandson. Elle bouscula, de façon répétée, les limites et mœurs sociales. Néanmoins, Emma ne tentait pas de présenter une identité cohérente, unifiée, polie. Au contraire, elle était un kaléidoscope de multiples « sois » qu’elle gardait actifs et en dialogue les uns avec les autres, réarrangeant continuellement ses facettes afin de pouvoir simultanément s’exprimer pleinement et présenter aux autres ce qu’ils voulaient voir. / Emma Hamilton (1765-1815) had a marked impact at a pivotal moment in European history and art. This dissertation shows that Emma drew her particular potency from her ability to negotiate these different and at times contradictory identities—object and subject; model and sitter; artist, muse, and work of art; wife, mistress, and prostitute; commoner and aristocrat; socialite and ambassadress; and performer of myriad historical, biblical, literary, and mythological male and female characters. Emma displayed astonishing resilience, found an effective way to assert her agency, and was a powerful inspiration for generations of artists and of women in their own search for expression and self-actualization. The wife of England’s ambassador to Naples, the favourite of the queen of Naples, and the lover of Admiral Horatio Nelson, she was an agent on the political stage during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era. She adapted, adjusted, and reinvented herself in her dizzying rise from rags to riches. She entertained and beguiled countless writers, artists, scientists, aristocrats, politicians, and royalty. She participated in the dissemination of Neoclassicism in Europe at the very moment of its efflorescence. She created her Attitudes, a performance that tapped into her epoch’s taste for classicism, was admired and imitated throughout Europe, and inspired generations of female performers. She learnt to dance the tarantella and introduced it into aristocratic drawing rooms. She influenced an early nineteenth-century network of women that spanned Paris to St Petersburg and included Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, Germaine de Staël, and Juliette Récamier. An unmatched model and sitter, she inspired artists to produce what they acknowledged to be some of their best work. She appeared in works produced by the major artists of her time, among whom Angelica Kauffman, Benjamin West, Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, George Romney, James Gillray, Joseph Nollekens, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Lawrence, and Thomas Rowlandson. And she repeatedly pushed against the limits of social mores. Nevertheless, Emma did not attempt to present a coherent, unified, polished identity. Instead, she was a kaleidoscope of different selves that she kept active and in dialogue with each other, constantly reconfiguring the pieces so that she could simultaneously express herself fully and present to others what they wanted to see.

L’étude des œuvres et de la correspondance de Johann Joachim Winckelmann, produites entre 1755 et 1768, offre un regard nouveau sur l’amour entre hommes au 18e siècle et sur sa relation à la construction de la masculinité. Le cas de Winckelmann illustre le caractère construit et changeant de l’érotisme. En effet, l’influence de l’exemple hellénique est visible dans le fantasme homoérotique qu’il élabora dans ses œuvres dans le but de s’expliquer ses désirs. L’Antiquité, par son autorité culturelle, représenta un espace relativement sécuritaire où Winckelmann put exprimer sa sensibilité homoérotique à laquelle le contexte occidental était alors très défavorable : la littérature antique exaltait l’affection entre hommes et sa statuaire, le corps masculin nu. Le fantasme que fit Winckelmann fut capital pour sa compréhension et la justification de ses relations avec d’autres hommes, surtout après son arrivée en Italie en 1755. Loin de se cantonner à la répression de l’homoérotisme par la société européenne des Lumières, le cas de Winckelmann en illustre le potentiel d’intégration partielle. En effet, l’originalité de Winckelmann tient à sa façon de communiquer ses idéaux homoérotiques dans des textes savants, tout en rendant sa perception du beau masculin et son amour des hommes socialement acceptables. Enfin, plusieurs indices dans les œuvres et la correspondance de Winckelmann portent à penser qu’il était conscient de sa différence et qu’il se constitua entre 1755 et 1768 une communauté discrète d’hommes aussi sensibles aux désirs homoérotiques. / Studying the works and letters of Johann Joachim Winckelmann written between 1755 and 1768 gives new insights on love between men in the 18th century and on its relation to the construction of masculinity. The case of Winckelmann illustrates the constructed and changing nature of eroticism: the influence of the Hellenic example is visible in the homoerotic fantasy that Winckelmann used to interpret his desires. Antiquity, given its cultural authority, represented a relatively safe space where Winckelmann was able to express his homoerotic sensibility to which the western context was hostile. Greek literature exalted the display of affection between men and its statuary, the nude male body. This fantasy would later prove to be the capital in Winckelmann’s comprehension and justifications of his relations with other men in Italy after 1755. Far from being confined to the repression of homoeroticism by the 18th century European society, the case of Winckelmann illustrates its potential for partial integration. The originality of Winckelmann lies in the way he used to communicate his homoerotic ideas in scholarly texts while rendering them socially acceptable. Finally, several clues in his works and letters bear to think that Winckelmann was aware of his difference and that between 1755 and 1768 he created for himself a discrete community of men also sensitive to homoerotic desires.

This rhetorical study applies Clare W. Graves' "Level of Existence" or value systems theory to the English Neo-Classic and Romantic Movements. Graves' framework, which focuses on sacrificial (Tribalistic, Absolutistic, and Sociocentric) systems and expressive (Egocentric, Achievist, and Individualistic) systems~was utilized in analyzing the politics, society, religion, philosophy, and literature of the two periods. The Neo-Classic Period was dominated by sacrificial systems, especially Absolutistic, while the Romantic Movement was dominated by expressive systems, especially Achievist. This thesis suggests that man's cultural development, like his psychological development, appears to evolve in a spiraling, pendular motion between sacrificial and expressive systems.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise est consacré à un aspect peu étudié de l'art de Jacques-Louis David, c'est-à-dire l'influence caravagesque dans les œuvres de l'artiste. Les différentes périodes de la production de l'artiste sont étudiées en fonction d'identifier cette influence et la façon dont elle s'est manifestée. Cette influence est apparue à partir de la deuxième moitié du 18e siècle dans la peinture française pendant une période de réforme de l'art pictural. Jacques-Louis David n'est pas le seul artiste à s'être intéressé au caravagisme. L'intérêt pour Caravage et ses suiveurs coïncidait aussi avec un intérêt pour le naturalisme et le dessin d'après nature. Le maître de David, Joseph-Marie Vien, a joué un rôle important dans la promotion de ces deux notions. C'est lors de son premier voyage en Italie avec son maître Vien que Jacques-Louis David entra pour la première fois en contact avec le caravagisme. C'est à partir de ce moment que son oeuvre commença à se transformer alors que l'artiste s'affranchit de l'influence de la peinture rococo. Le Salon de 1781 qui suivra ce voyage sera un moment très important dans sa carrière et les œuvres qu'il y présenta étaient grandement marquées par le caravagisme, ce qui se manifeste par la couleur, la lumière et par le rendu naturaliste du corps. Le jumelage entre le naturalisme et l'idéalisme joue un rôle important dans la formation de l'esthétique davidienne. Après ce Salon, l'influence caravagesque s'exprimait de façon moins évidente dans son œuvre, mais elle était toujours présente et se manifestait plutôt par l'emprunt de motifs. Nous avons identifié cette influence jusqu'à la fin de la carrière de l'artiste. Nous voyons aussi dans ce mémoire que le rapport entre David et Caravage peut aussi être effectué par le biais d'une manifestation d'homosexualité et d'androgynie dans le travail des deux artistes. Ce mémoire n'est pas axé sur l'interprétation des œuvres, mais plutôt sur des analyses qui permettent de mettre en évidence l'influence caravagesque / This Master's Thesis deals with the influence of Caravaggio and his followers on french artist Jacques-Louis David, an aspect of his work that has not been studied much. The different periods of the artist's production are discussed in terms of identifying this influence and how it manifested itself. This influence has emerged from the second half of the 18th century in French painting during a reform period. Jacques-Louis David is not the only artist who got interested in the Caravaggesque tradition. The interest for Caravaggio and his followers coincides with an interest for naturalism and drawing from nature. David's master, Joseph-Marie Vien, played an important role in the promotion of these concepts. It is during his first trip to Italy with his master Vien that Jacques-Louis David first came into contact with Caravaggism. It is from that moment that a transformation could be observed in his work, as the artist was liberating himself from the rococo style. The 1781 Salon following his trip in Italy has been an important moment in his career and the Caravaggesque style greatly influenced the works he then presented. This influence could be observed in terms of colors, luminosity, and the naturalistic rendering of the body. The juxtaposition of naturalism and idealism played an important role in the shaping of the Davidian aesthetic. After this Salon, the influence of Caravaggism would not be has apparent in David's work, but still present, has designs and motifs were borrowed by the artist. We have identified this influence till the end of the artist's career. We also demonstrate in this thesis that the relationship between David and Caravaggio can also be established through a manifestation of homosexuality and androgyny in the work of both artists. This thesis is not based on the interpretation of the works, but rather on analyses that highlights the Caravaggesque style's influence.

Ervin Schulhoff in the interwar cultural context for needs of modern school This thesis deals with life and works of a Czech-German music composer of the interwar period Ervin Schulhoff. The first part of the thesis is concerned with composer's life in the interwar cultural context, the second part focuses on his works. Detailed attention is paid to the period when Schulhoff was influenced by interwar avand-garda movement, particularly by Dadaism and jazz dance music and also Neoclassicism. The third part handles the issue of the use of Schulhoff's work related to his life at nowaday school and brings some ideas and possibilities of use in school music lessons with intersubject overlap. All work is completed with sheet music examples and images serving for better illustration of the subject. In the Appendices are included more pictures and photographs illustrating the composer's life and also the list of Ervin Schulhoff's compositions.

Cette présente étude propose d’éclairer l’apport de la France durant la première étape du développement de la galerie impériale de peintures, qui donna naissance au Musée de l’Ermitage, à Saint-Pétersbourg. C’est durant cette période que se constitue et se sanctuarise, comme nous tenterons de le démontrer, la galerie des souverains russes au sein d’un nouveau complexe palatial adossé au palais d’Hiver – siège du pouvoir –, en un établissement qui prend rapidement le nom – français – d’« ermitage ». Ce travail se divise en trois parties. Après une présentation de l’apport de la France sous Catherine II (1729-1762-1796), à travers l’étude de la construction des bâtiments de l’Ermitage d’une part, et la formation des collections d’autre part, nous traiterons ensuite des règnes de Paul Ier (1754-1796-1801) et surtout de son fils Alexandre Ier (1777-1801-1825), afin de déterminer comment ils ont géré cet héritage, en soulignant ce que ces souverains ont puisé en idées et en œuvres en France. Il reste enfin à établir, dans un troisième temps et au terme de cette première étape de l’évolution de l’Ermitage, comment la France a stimulé la mutation de la galerie impériale en un établissement tendant de plus en plus vers le musée. / This study proposes to clarify the contribution of France during the first stage of development of the Imperial Gallery of Paintings, which gave birth to the State Hermitage Museum, in Saint Petersburg. It is during this period that the gallery of the Russian sovereigns, within a new palatial complex, is gathered, organized and housed immediately just next to the Winter Palace – the seat of power – in an establishment which is quickly given the – French – name, “Hermitage.”This study is divided in three parts. First, the study will present the contribution of France under Catherine the Great (1729-1762-1796), by examining both the construction of the Hermitage’s building and the formation of the collections. Secondly, we will delve into the reigns of Paul I (1754-1796-1801) and especially his son, Alexander the Great (1777-1801-1825), in order to determine how they managed this inheritance, by highlighting how these sovereigns used the ideas and artworks from France. Finally, the study will establish, how, at the end of this first stage of the evolution of the Hermitage, France stimulated the transformation of the Imperial Gallery into an institution whose trajectory arced towards becoming a museum.

Analisa a arquitetura e a ornamentação de cento e vinte igrejas urbanas remanescentes no Estado de São Paulo, construídas nos períodos colonial e imperial, observando as transformações espaciais e arquitetônicas ocorridas nas mesmas desde a edificação dos primeiros templos católicos no Estado, no século XVI, até o advento da República, no século XIX. Para tanto, aborda os padrões estéticos dos seguintes períodos artísticos: maneirismo, barroco, rococó e a transição para o neoclassicismo. Discorre sobre técnicas e materiais construtivos, a organização espacial das igrejas e sua inserção no tecido urbano. Analisa também os trabalhos de pintura e de entalhe que adornam os interiores das igrejas, evidenciando influências externas e padrões desenvolvidos no Estado de São Paulo. Realiza uma catalogação de arquitetos, artistas, entalhadores, escultores e pintores que atuaram nos templos pesquisados. Avalia a grande importância artística das igrejas e apresenta suas qualidades arquitetônicas, de pintura e de entalhe, evidenciando, em uma visão de conjunto, os elementos caracterizam a arte propriamente paulista desse período. Constata que a arquitetura e as artes religiosas de São Paulo formaram um conjunto expressivo e com influências várias e características únicas, de grande interesse e inestimável valor histórico e cultural. / This thesis analyzes the architecture and ornamentation of 120 remaining urban churches in São Paulo, that was built in the colonial and imperial periods, observing the spatial and architectural changes that occurred in that since the building of the first Catholic churches in the state, in the sixteenth century, until the end of the imperial period, in the nineteenth century. Talks about the aesthetic standards of the following artistic periods: Mannerism, Baroque, Rococo and the transition to Neoclassicism. It discusses constructive techniques and building materials, the spatial organization of the churches and their role in the urban space. It also analyzes the works of painting and wood carver that decorate the interiors of churches, showing external influences and standards developed in São Paulo. It catalogs architects, artists, carvers, sculptors and painters who worked in this temples. Evaluates the artistic importance of the churches and presents its architectural, paint and carver qualities, showing, in an overview, the elements that characterizing the own art of São Paulo of this period. Notes that the architecture and religious arts of São Paulo formed a significant group and with various influences and unique features of great interest and inestimable historical and cultural value.

O presente trabalho é composto pela apresentação de A inteligência, que desgraça! (1825), do dramaturgo russo Aleksandr Serguéievitch Griboiédov, do universo em que foi escrita, bem como a tradução da obra-prima ao português. Essa primeira tradução carrega os dilemas inerentes à grandiosidade da linguagem e, sendo assim, o primeiro passo, na tradução da obra ao português, segue o caminho do significado para que, no futuro, o significante, complexo e rico, possa ser focado. Depois, tomamos o caminho do Teatro Russo do século XVIII e início do século XIX, seu universo neoclássico, e, ao final, as transfigurações de A inteligência, que desgraça! aos modelos clássicos, essencialmente os conflitos provenientes das ações que trabalham, nas duas tramas principais, de maneira igual. / This present research is composed of a presentation of Gore ot uma (1825), by Russian playwright Aleksandr Griboedov, and of the universe in which it was written, as well as a first step in attempt of translating the masterpiece into Portuguese. This first translation embodies the dilemmas inherent to the greatness of the language and, therefore, the first step, for a translation of the masterpiece into Portuguese, follows the path of the signified, in order that, in the future, the signifier, rich and complex, may be focused. Afterwards, we take the path of Russian Theater from the Eighteenth century to the beginning of Nineteenth century, its neoclassical universe, and, in the end, in Gorie ot umas transfigurations to the classical patterns, essentially the conflicts originated by actions that work, in the two main plots, in a equal manner.

L’architecte-peintre, scénographe et paysagiste émigré russe André Beloborodoff est un artiste oublié de la première moitié du XXème siècle. Il commence une carrière prestigieuse dans la Saint-Pétersbourg prérévolutionnaire, sous l’égide du renouveau néoclassique. En exil, il a vécu et travaillé à Londres, à Paris et à Rome, où il était connu pour ses vues d’Italie et ses chefs-d’œuvre architecturaux, le château de Caulaincourt en France et la villa Pepoli pour Maurice Sandoz à Rome. L’œuvre extrêmement originale et personnelle est influencée par les divers courants et pays dans lesquels il a vécu : la Russie impériale, la France de l’entre-deux-guerres d’une élite privilégiée, l’Italie artistique fasciste avec le mouvement Novecento mais aussi métaphysique avec ses amis Giorgio De Chirico, Savinio, Dalí et Eugène Berman. L’Italie et le classicisme transcendent son art et son architecture. Il y intègre discrètement la modernité et l’associe au monde surréaliste et onirique. Beloborodoff fait partie d’un petit groupe d’architectes-décorateurs privilégiés au service d’une élite de luxe. Ses égaux sont Emilio Terry, Jean-Charles Moreux, Tomaso Buzzi et Armando Brasini. Eternellement métaphysique, inconnu jusqu’à présent et défendu par Mario Praz, il est un acteur majeur du réalisme magique. / The Russian émigré architect and painter, stage and garden designer André Beloborodoff is a forgotten artist from the first half of the 20th century. Under the aegis of the neoclassical revival he embarked on a prestigious career in pre-revolutionary Saint Petersburg. In exile he lived and worked in London, Paris and Rome, where he became known for his Italian scenes and his architectural masterpieces, the Château de Caulaincourt in France and the Villa Pepoli for Maurice Sandoz in Rome. His highly original and individualistic work was influenced by the various movements and countries within which he lived: Imperial Russia; the inter-war France of a privileged elite; the artistic, fascist Italy by not only the Novecento movement but also the metaphysical movement with his friends Giorgio de Chirico, Savinio, Dalí and Eugène Berman. Italy and classicism perfuse his art and architecture through his subtle blending of modernity into a surrealistic and dreamlike world. Beloborodoff was part of a small group of privileged architects and interior designers working for an extravagant elite. His peers were Emilio Terry, Jean-Charles Moreux, Tomaso Buzzi and Armando Brasini. Eternally metaphysical, as yet unknown and championed by Mario Praz, he is a major protagonist of magical realism.

O presente trabalho é composto pela apresentação de A inteligência, que desgraça! (1825), do dramaturgo russo Aleksandr Serguéievitch Griboiédov, do universo em que foi escrita, bem como a tradução da obra-prima ao português. Essa primeira tradução carrega os dilemas inerentes à grandiosidade da linguagem e, sendo assim, o primeiro passo, na tradução da obra ao português, segue o caminho do significado para que, no futuro, o significante, complexo e rico, possa ser focado. Depois, tomamos o caminho do Teatro Russo do século XVIII e início do século XIX, seu universo neoclássico, e, ao final, as transfigurações de A inteligência, que desgraça! aos modelos clássicos, essencialmente os conflitos provenientes das ações que trabalham, nas duas tramas principais, de maneira igual. / This present research is composed of a presentation of Gore ot uma (1825), by Russian playwright Aleksandr Griboedov, and of the universe in which it was written, as well as a first step in attempt of translating the masterpiece into Portuguese. This first translation embodies the dilemmas inherent to the greatness of the language and, therefore, the first step, for a translation of the masterpiece into Portuguese, follows the path of the signified, in order that, in the future, the signifier, rich and complex, may be focused. Afterwards, we take the path of Russian Theater from the Eighteenth century to the beginning of Nineteenth century, its neoclassical universe, and, in the end, in Gorie ot umas transfigurations to the classical patterns, essentially the conflicts originated by actions that work, in the two main plots, in a equal manner.