This ethnographic study explores the postcolonial presence and shared history of the Dutch in Suriname. Suriname has been colonized by the Dutch for more than 300 years, after which it became independent 49 years ago. This study explores the many ways in which Suriname is still connected to the Netherlands. The research question addresses how Suriname’s postcolonial, transnational and neocolonial relations with the Netherlands are visible in everyday encounters with infrastructures in Suriname, and how these relations influence and get influenced by Dutch development work. Instead of entering the field with a set research question, the research question is the result of relying on local interlocutors' insights. Qualitative research, including fieldwork, participant observation and interviews, is performed to explore colonialism, postcolonialism, transnationalism and development work. The position of the researcher is reflected upon. This study illuminates the ongoing visibility of the Netherlands in Suriname in the infrastructure of the country, especially in the capital city Paramaribo. Different forms of international development work are found to often occur parallel to a problematised notion of help. This research contributes to the field of cultural anthropology by taking a critical stance towards ethnographic methods and showing the importance of contextualizing the field.

In the context of Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, this paper provides a comparative analysis of China's neocolonialism and smart power strategies through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The study analyzes the economic, political, and social consequences of China's growing presence in these nations and offers a deeper comprehension of their position in the region by drawing on a wide range of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. The research starts out by examining the idea of neocolonialism and how it relates to China's involvement in the area. It explores into a critical analysis of China's debt-trap diplomacy, which raised concerns regarding the BRI projects' long-term economic viability and political influence. The paper also looks into how China uses smart power as a strategic tool to expand its influence in the region, emphasizing on smart power programs, economic development, and cultural diplomacy.

Using as a point of departure Max Weber's concept of the "iron cage" of capitalism and Marcel Mauss' notions of reciprocity, along with more recent works of China-Africa relations, this study aims to counter dominant Western narratives that frame China as a neocolonial power and suggests some explanations as to why such narratives gain so much traction in international circles.  Such narratives are provided support by comparisons with the European colonization of Africa, but often fail to take into account the differences in China's foreign policies, as well as the potential for growth and development allowed by Chinese engagement.  This study focuses on how these narratives take shape within the context of the author's field work in Nairobi, Kemya among local Kenyans and Chinese ex-pats.  Ultimately, the study finds that Sino-Kenyan interpersonal relations remain strained as a result of unbalanced reciprocation in various forms of exchange, which are viewed by many Kenyans through the lens of these dominant narratives as being representative of an inherently "Chinese" characteristic of greediness and asociality.

A presente tese constitui-se em uma análise dos corredores da exportação das políticas públicas brasileiras relacionadas à agricultura familiar para países africanos. Compreendida no âmbito das relações Sul-Sul, essa exportação, iniciada na última década, mobiliza tanto ideias de justiça social quanto de aumento da produtividade agrícola. Os corredores da exportação para a África nos levam a percorrer, igualmente, a Reunião Especializada sobre Agricultura Familiar (REAF) no Mercosul, considerada um espaço fundamental para as investidas internacionais brasileiras vinculadas à agricultura familiar. Entre as iniciativas do Brasil na área da agricultura familiar que ganharam impulso para a travessia do Atlântico a partir do Diálogo Brasil-África (2010), está o Programa Mais Alimentos, vinculado ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, cujas negociações de exportação foram acompanhadas. Na África, direcionamos a pesquisa para o Zimbábue, um país que experimentou uma reforma agrária radical, com ampla redistribuição fundiária e reversão do padrão racial anterior de acesso à terra, concentrado por uma minoria branca. Esse contexto amplifica as potencialidades de justiça social e de impulso da atividade produtiva dos programas brasileiros exportados, em configurações que podem reforçar ambas ou uma delas. O empreendimento de pesquisa aqui desenvolvido situa-se nas zonas de encontro estabelecidas nas situações de internacionalização, o que nos conduz a percorrer tanto os espaços de cena quanto os bastidores dos processos em andamento. Os espaços internacionais são tomados em relação com os espaços nacionais. Ao percorrer os corredores da exportação, buscamos reconstituir os espaços e as possibilidades de enunciação emergentes. Para tanto, utilizamos uma estratégia de pesquisa próxima da etnografia multilocalizada. A proposta é deixar-se conduzir, usar a mobilidade e perseguir as articulações. Aproximar-se de uma abordagem pragmática, onde buscamos as dinâmicas de estabelecimento de relações, não nos impede de mobilizar elementos de uma análise crítica, como a articulação com a ideia de colonialismo interno. Ainda nesta perspectiva, é estabelecida a possibilidade de diálogo com o que chamamos de situação neocolonial. As zonas de encontro, configuradas pelos corredores da exportação, nos remetem tanto a situações de aproximação do Brasil com os países africanos, quanto ao espaço interno brasileiro. A agricultura familiar exercita, dentro das fronteiras do Brasil e em jogo com o cenário internacional, distanciamentos e aproximações em relação a outras categorias e povos. Pela África, a manutenção de categorias como os camponeses e pequenos produtores em situações de encontro com a agricultura familiar nos diz sobre distinções entre estas. As discussões que possibilitam uma leitura do caráter neocolonial das ações brasileiras no continente africano estão próximas. Pelos caminhos externos da agricultura familiar, já potencializados em outros espaços internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura, a dinâmica interna brasileira é um alerta. Nas zonas de encontro, brasileiras e estabelecidas com outros países, a agricultura familiar exibe seu potencial de exercitar o obscurecimento de outras categorias. / This thesis presents an analysis of the corridors of exportation of Brazilian public policies in relation to family farming in African countries. This exportation initiated in the last decade and conceived within South-South relations, puts into motion ideas about social justice as well as increased agricultural production. In the same way, these corridors of exportation lead us to the Specialized Meeting on Family Farming in the Mercosul (REAF), which is considered a fundamental space for Brazilian foreign investments in family farming. The More Food Programme (Programa Mais Alimentos), associated with the Ministry of Agrarian Development, is one initiative undertaken by Brazil in the area of family farming which gained enough momentum to cross the Atlantic after the Diálogo Brasil-África meeting in 2010. The subsequent export negotiations of these initiatives have been accompanied in this study. In Africa, our research we have been focused on Zimbabwe, a country which has experienced a radical land reform, including widespread land redistribution and a reversal of previous racebased standards through which a concentrated, white minority accessed land. Their context amplifies the potentials of social justice and of the momentum towards an increase in agricultural production through exported Brazilian programmes. Within the design both categories of potential can be reinforced. The research carried out is situated in meeting zones established in situations of internationalization, which in turn takes us to the centre stage of developing processes as well as behind the scenes. International spaces are considered in relation with national spaces. Upon tracing these corridors of exportation, we seek to reconstruct spaces together with possible emerging enunciations. To this end, we use a research strategy similar to multi-sited ethnography. Our proposal is to let ourselves be guided, to use mobility and search for links. Adopting a pragmatic approach, through which we seek out the dynamics of relationship building, does not impede us from implementing elements of critical analysis, such as the contemplation of linkage in connection with the idea of internal colonialism. Within this perspective, the possibility of dialogue with what we call a neocolonial situation is established. These meeting zones, configured by the corridors of exportation, bring us face to face with the approximation of Brazil to African countries and also with Brazilian internal spaces. Within Brazilian borders and beyond them, family farming prompts distancing and approximations between categories and peoples. In Africa, maintaining categories such as peasants and small-scale farmers in situations in which they encounter family farmers, serves to highlight the differences between them. Furthermore, the discussions that make it possible to interpret the neocolonial character of Brazilian actions on the African continent are close. Passing through the external pathways of family farming, and strengthened in other international spaces like the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the internal Brazilian dynamic is a warning. In these meeting zones, Brazilian and foreign, family farming exhibits its potential to throw shadows over other categories.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar contos selecionados e o romance Under the Feet of Jesus da escritora chicana Helena María Viramontes, enfocando a apropriação de mitos astecas e lendas mexicanas protagonizados por figuras femininas, históricas ou míticas, como La Manlinche, La Llorona e The Hungry Woman. Esta re-visão crítica do passado tem um papel vital para as chicanas, reais e ficcionais, ao enfrentarem o domínio patriarcal, colonial e neocolonial. Devido à complexidade gerada pela ausência de linearidade narrativa, tanto nos contos como no romance, tornou-se necessária uma breve análise das estratégias narrativas a fim de ilustrar como tais estratégias estão intrinsecamente ligadas à apresentação fragmentada da vida dos trabalhadores migrantes. Foi igualmente indispensável examinar as demais práticas narrativas da autora tais como focalização, desconstrução, simultaneidade e justaposição, assim como o elo, por ela proposto em Under the Feet of Jesus, entre leitura, identidade, e engajamento com o mundo para promover a transformação social / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze selected short stories and the novel Under the Feet of Jesus by Chicana writer Helena María Viramontes, focusing on her appropriation of Aztec myths and Mexican legends whose protagonists are feminine figures, whether of historical or mythical origin, such as La Malinche, La Llorona and The Hungry Woman. This critical re-view of the past plays a vital role for real and fictional Chicanas when facing patriarchal, colonial and neocolonial domination. Due to the complexity brought by the lack of linearity in the narrative, both in the short stories and in the novel, a brief analysis of the narrative strategies became necessary to show how these strategies are intertwined with the fragmented presentation of the migrant workers lives. It became equally indispensable to examine other narrative practices adopted by the author, namely, focalization, deconstruction, simultaneity and juxtaposition, as well as the link she establishes in Under the Feet of Jesus between reading, identity and effective human agency in order to achieve social changes

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar contos selecionados e o romance Under the Feet of Jesus da escritora chicana Helena María Viramontes, enfocando a apropriação de mitos astecas e lendas mexicanas protagonizados por figuras femininas, históricas ou míticas, como La Manlinche, La Llorona e The Hungry Woman. Esta re-visão crítica do passado tem um papel vital para as chicanas, reais e ficcionais, ao enfrentarem o domínio patriarcal, colonial e neocolonial. Devido à complexidade gerada pela ausência de linearidade narrativa, tanto nos contos como no romance, tornou-se necessária uma breve análise das estratégias narrativas a fim de ilustrar como tais estratégias estão intrinsecamente ligadas à apresentação fragmentada da vida dos trabalhadores migrantes. Foi igualmente indispensável examinar as demais práticas narrativas da autora tais como focalização, desconstrução, simultaneidade e justaposição, assim como o elo, por ela proposto em Under the Feet of Jesus, entre leitura, identidade, e engajamento com o mundo para promover a transformação social / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze selected short stories and the novel Under the Feet of Jesus by Chicana writer Helena María Viramontes, focusing on her appropriation of Aztec myths and Mexican legends whose protagonists are feminine figures, whether of historical or mythical origin, such as La Malinche, La Llorona and The Hungry Woman. This critical re-view of the past plays a vital role for real and fictional Chicanas when facing patriarchal, colonial and neocolonial domination. Due to the complexity brought by the lack of linearity in the narrative, both in the short stories and in the novel, a brief analysis of the narrative strategies became necessary to show how these strategies are intertwined with the fragmented presentation of the migrant workers lives. It became equally indispensable to examine other narrative practices adopted by the author, namely, focalization, deconstruction, simultaneity and juxtaposition, as well as the link she establishes in Under the Feet of Jesus between reading, identity and effective human agency in order to achieve social changes

A presente tese constitui-se em uma análise dos corredores da exportação das políticas públicas brasileiras relacionadas à agricultura familiar para países africanos. Compreendida no âmbito das relações Sul-Sul, essa exportação, iniciada na última década, mobiliza tanto ideias de justiça social quanto de aumento da produtividade agrícola. Os corredores da exportação para a África nos levam a percorrer, igualmente, a Reunião Especializada sobre Agricultura Familiar (REAF) no Mercosul, considerada um espaço fundamental para as investidas internacionais brasileiras vinculadas à agricultura familiar. Entre as iniciativas do Brasil na área da agricultura familiar que ganharam impulso para a travessia do Atlântico a partir do Diálogo Brasil-África (2010), está o Programa Mais Alimentos, vinculado ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, cujas negociações de exportação foram acompanhadas. Na África, direcionamos a pesquisa para o Zimbábue, um país que experimentou uma reforma agrária radical, com ampla redistribuição fundiária e reversão do padrão racial anterior de acesso à terra, concentrado por uma minoria branca. Esse contexto amplifica as potencialidades de justiça social e de impulso da atividade produtiva dos programas brasileiros exportados, em configurações que podem reforçar ambas ou uma delas. O empreendimento de pesquisa aqui desenvolvido situa-se nas zonas de encontro estabelecidas nas situações de internacionalização, o que nos conduz a percorrer tanto os espaços de cena quanto os bastidores dos processos em andamento. Os espaços internacionais são tomados em relação com os espaços nacionais. Ao percorrer os corredores da exportação, buscamos reconstituir os espaços e as possibilidades de enunciação emergentes. Para tanto, utilizamos uma estratégia de pesquisa próxima da etnografia multilocalizada. A proposta é deixar-se conduzir, usar a mobilidade e perseguir as articulações. Aproximar-se de uma abordagem pragmática, onde buscamos as dinâmicas de estabelecimento de relações, não nos impede de mobilizar elementos de uma análise crítica, como a articulação com a ideia de colonialismo interno. Ainda nesta perspectiva, é estabelecida a possibilidade de diálogo com o que chamamos de situação neocolonial. As zonas de encontro, configuradas pelos corredores da exportação, nos remetem tanto a situações de aproximação do Brasil com os países africanos, quanto ao espaço interno brasileiro. A agricultura familiar exercita, dentro das fronteiras do Brasil e em jogo com o cenário internacional, distanciamentos e aproximações em relação a outras categorias e povos. Pela África, a manutenção de categorias como os camponeses e pequenos produtores em situações de encontro com a agricultura familiar nos diz sobre distinções entre estas. As discussões que possibilitam uma leitura do caráter neocolonial das ações brasileiras no continente africano estão próximas. Pelos caminhos externos da agricultura familiar, já potencializados em outros espaços internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura, a dinâmica interna brasileira é um alerta. Nas zonas de encontro, brasileiras e estabelecidas com outros países, a agricultura familiar exibe seu potencial de exercitar o obscurecimento de outras categorias. / This thesis presents an analysis of the corridors of exportation of Brazilian public policies in relation to family farming in African countries. This exportation initiated in the last decade and conceived within South-South relations, puts into motion ideas about social justice as well as increased agricultural production. In the same way, these corridors of exportation lead us to the Specialized Meeting on Family Farming in the Mercosul (REAF), which is considered a fundamental space for Brazilian foreign investments in family farming. The More Food Programme (Programa Mais Alimentos), associated with the Ministry of Agrarian Development, is one initiative undertaken by Brazil in the area of family farming which gained enough momentum to cross the Atlantic after the Diálogo Brasil-África meeting in 2010. The subsequent export negotiations of these initiatives have been accompanied in this study. In Africa, our research we have been focused on Zimbabwe, a country which has experienced a radical land reform, including widespread land redistribution and a reversal of previous racebased standards through which a concentrated, white minority accessed land. Their context amplifies the potentials of social justice and of the momentum towards an increase in agricultural production through exported Brazilian programmes. Within the design both categories of potential can be reinforced. The research carried out is situated in meeting zones established in situations of internationalization, which in turn takes us to the centre stage of developing processes as well as behind the scenes. International spaces are considered in relation with national spaces. Upon tracing these corridors of exportation, we seek to reconstruct spaces together with possible emerging enunciations. To this end, we use a research strategy similar to multi-sited ethnography. Our proposal is to let ourselves be guided, to use mobility and search for links. Adopting a pragmatic approach, through which we seek out the dynamics of relationship building, does not impede us from implementing elements of critical analysis, such as the contemplation of linkage in connection with the idea of internal colonialism. Within this perspective, the possibility of dialogue with what we call a neocolonial situation is established. These meeting zones, configured by the corridors of exportation, bring us face to face with the approximation of Brazil to African countries and also with Brazilian internal spaces. Within Brazilian borders and beyond them, family farming prompts distancing and approximations between categories and peoples. In Africa, maintaining categories such as peasants and small-scale farmers in situations in which they encounter family farmers, serves to highlight the differences between them. Furthermore, the discussions that make it possible to interpret the neocolonial character of Brazilian actions on the African continent are close. Passing through the external pathways of family farming, and strengthened in other international spaces like the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the internal Brazilian dynamic is a warning. In these meeting zones, Brazilian and foreign, family farming exhibits its potential to throw shadows over other categories.

A presente tese constitui-se em uma análise dos corredores da exportação das políticas públicas brasileiras relacionadas à agricultura familiar para países africanos. Compreendida no âmbito das relações Sul-Sul, essa exportação, iniciada na última década, mobiliza tanto ideias de justiça social quanto de aumento da produtividade agrícola. Os corredores da exportação para a África nos levam a percorrer, igualmente, a Reunião Especializada sobre Agricultura Familiar (REAF) no Mercosul, considerada um espaço fundamental para as investidas internacionais brasileiras vinculadas à agricultura familiar. Entre as iniciativas do Brasil na área da agricultura familiar que ganharam impulso para a travessia do Atlântico a partir do Diálogo Brasil-África (2010), está o Programa Mais Alimentos, vinculado ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, cujas negociações de exportação foram acompanhadas. Na África, direcionamos a pesquisa para o Zimbábue, um país que experimentou uma reforma agrária radical, com ampla redistribuição fundiária e reversão do padrão racial anterior de acesso à terra, concentrado por uma minoria branca. Esse contexto amplifica as potencialidades de justiça social e de impulso da atividade produtiva dos programas brasileiros exportados, em configurações que podem reforçar ambas ou uma delas. O empreendimento de pesquisa aqui desenvolvido situa-se nas zonas de encontro estabelecidas nas situações de internacionalização, o que nos conduz a percorrer tanto os espaços de cena quanto os bastidores dos processos em andamento. Os espaços internacionais são tomados em relação com os espaços nacionais. Ao percorrer os corredores da exportação, buscamos reconstituir os espaços e as possibilidades de enunciação emergentes. Para tanto, utilizamos uma estratégia de pesquisa próxima da etnografia multilocalizada. A proposta é deixar-se conduzir, usar a mobilidade e perseguir as articulações. Aproximar-se de uma abordagem pragmática, onde buscamos as dinâmicas de estabelecimento de relações, não nos impede de mobilizar elementos de uma análise crítica, como a articulação com a ideia de colonialismo interno. Ainda nesta perspectiva, é estabelecida a possibilidade de diálogo com o que chamamos de situação neocolonial. As zonas de encontro, configuradas pelos corredores da exportação, nos remetem tanto a situações de aproximação do Brasil com os países africanos, quanto ao espaço interno brasileiro. A agricultura familiar exercita, dentro das fronteiras do Brasil e em jogo com o cenário internacional, distanciamentos e aproximações em relação a outras categorias e povos. Pela África, a manutenção de categorias como os camponeses e pequenos produtores em situações de encontro com a agricultura familiar nos diz sobre distinções entre estas. As discussões que possibilitam uma leitura do caráter neocolonial das ações brasileiras no continente africano estão próximas. Pelos caminhos externos da agricultura familiar, já potencializados em outros espaços internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura, a dinâmica interna brasileira é um alerta. Nas zonas de encontro, brasileiras e estabelecidas com outros países, a agricultura familiar exibe seu potencial de exercitar o obscurecimento de outras categorias. / This thesis presents an analysis of the corridors of exportation of Brazilian public policies in relation to family farming in African countries. This exportation initiated in the last decade and conceived within South-South relations, puts into motion ideas about social justice as well as increased agricultural production. In the same way, these corridors of exportation lead us to the Specialized Meeting on Family Farming in the Mercosul (REAF), which is considered a fundamental space for Brazilian foreign investments in family farming. The More Food Programme (Programa Mais Alimentos), associated with the Ministry of Agrarian Development, is one initiative undertaken by Brazil in the area of family farming which gained enough momentum to cross the Atlantic after the Diálogo Brasil-África meeting in 2010. The subsequent export negotiations of these initiatives have been accompanied in this study. In Africa, our research we have been focused on Zimbabwe, a country which has experienced a radical land reform, including widespread land redistribution and a reversal of previous racebased standards through which a concentrated, white minority accessed land. Their context amplifies the potentials of social justice and of the momentum towards an increase in agricultural production through exported Brazilian programmes. Within the design both categories of potential can be reinforced. The research carried out is situated in meeting zones established in situations of internationalization, which in turn takes us to the centre stage of developing processes as well as behind the scenes. International spaces are considered in relation with national spaces. Upon tracing these corridors of exportation, we seek to reconstruct spaces together with possible emerging enunciations. To this end, we use a research strategy similar to multi-sited ethnography. Our proposal is to let ourselves be guided, to use mobility and search for links. Adopting a pragmatic approach, through which we seek out the dynamics of relationship building, does not impede us from implementing elements of critical analysis, such as the contemplation of linkage in connection with the idea of internal colonialism. Within this perspective, the possibility of dialogue with what we call a neocolonial situation is established. These meeting zones, configured by the corridors of exportation, bring us face to face with the approximation of Brazil to African countries and also with Brazilian internal spaces. Within Brazilian borders and beyond them, family farming prompts distancing and approximations between categories and peoples. In Africa, maintaining categories such as peasants and small-scale farmers in situations in which they encounter family farmers, serves to highlight the differences between them. Furthermore, the discussions that make it possible to interpret the neocolonial character of Brazilian actions on the African continent are close. Passing through the external pathways of family farming, and strengthened in other international spaces like the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the internal Brazilian dynamic is a warning. In these meeting zones, Brazilian and foreign, family farming exhibits its potential to throw shadows over other categories.

The diploma thesis is focused on French neocolonialism towards its former African colonies. French neocolonialism is analysed from 1960 so called Year of Africa until nowadays. There are two case studies concerning recent French military interventions in Mali and Central Africa. The objective of this diploma thesis is to analyse French foreign approach towards the defined territory on the bases of specialized bibliography and primary resources, and to answer the question asked by the author of this diploma thesis in the Introduction of this piece and to reach the evaluation. The diploma thesis is structured into three parts. In the Introduction, there is a short summary of the topic and there is also the hypothesis stating that the French foreign policy towards its former African colonies shows characteristics of neocolonialism. The first chapter defines the basic terms such as colonialism, decolonisation and foreign policy. There is also a detailed description of terms necolonialism and postcolonialism. The second chapter analyses French actions in sub-Saharan Africa from 1960 till nowadays from the political, economic, cultural and military point of view. A special part of this chapter is a period from 1990 till our days. The third chapter is made of two case studies: military interventions in Mali and Central Africa that shows the neocolonial approach appearing in the French foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa. A part of this chapter is also a synthesis of both interventions. The conclusion of diploma thesis sums up all the knowledge gained thanks to the studying of specialized bibliography and it confirms the hypothesis set in the Introduction of this work.

No description available.