Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Dennis L. Weisman / The Internet is a network that consists of content providers and users connected to each other through the communication lines managed by network providers. Network neutrality rules are designed to protect independent content providers from unjust discrimination by network providers. This report explores the economic rationale for net neutrality rules, how the regulation should be enforced, and its potential effects on competition. The report finds that net neutrality encourages competition among content providers by subsidizing content provider access but concentrates the market for network providers by forcing network providers to compete primarily through price competition. It considers this to be a beneficial arrangement for economic growth, but observes that there is a potential for all sides of the market to be subsidized by advertiser fees. It also shows that despite the Federal Communications Commission's heavy involvement with network neutrality rules, these rules are actually based in a long history of antitrust regulation. It concludes, however, that the current regulatory environment is sufficient for enforcing net neutrality rules.

Qual é a internet que queremos? Para o Direito essa pergunta oferece um enorme desafio. Com a expansão comercial da rede, muitos interesses foram afetados e demandam conformação no ambiente digital. Um novo comportamento social emerge, com vistas à produção não mercadológica, baseada na troca e no compartilhamento de arquivos e informações, que se torna interessante para o desenvolvimento econômico e para o surgimento de novas oportunidades de inserção e prosperidade social. Questiona-se se os conceitos e as técnicas jurídicas desenvolvidas para descrever, analisar e regular a dinâmica da economia industrial são aplicáveis ao espaço cibernético ou se as novas tecnologias da informação propiciam inovações e comportamentos que exigem novos conceitos e definições que se moldem à Sociedade da Informação. Os controladores da infraestrutura de conexão e as grandes indústrias de entretenimento demonstram interesse na inspeção do fluxo de dados transmitido pela rede, bem como na restrição de uso e de acesso a conteúdos por dispositivos digitais conectados à internet e transmitidos via redes de compartilhamento de arquivos (redes p2p). Seus argumentos se fundamentam tanto na questão da abertura de modelos econômicos mais rentáveis e necessários à expansão da largura de banda, em resposta à demanda infinitamente crescente por internet de qualidade, quanto na fiscalização e impedimento da troca e do acesso a conteúdos protegidos por direito de propriedade intelectual. O presente trabalho vem demonstrar como as restrições impostas aos usuários poderiam impactar o ambiente competitivo e inovador criado na internet. O Marco Civil da Internet é formulado sobre as novas diretrizes produtivas e vem para definir, diante de um debate aberto e uma construção compartilhada com a sociedade brasileira, os possíveis caminhos a serem perseguidos com a regulação da internet. Os contornos jurídicos que resultarão da legislação a ser aprovada dependerão do posicionamento do Estado em face das demandas apresentadas, em alinhamento com o projeto desenvolvimentista insculpido no art. 3º da Constituição Federal. / Which internet do we want? From the aspect of the Law, this question poses a great challenge. With the commercial expansion of the web, many interests were affected by it, and these interests demand conformity in the digital environment. A new social behavior emerges, not aiming at a non-commercial aspect, but based on exchanging and sharing files and information, which is interesting for the development of the economy and for new opportunities of social insertion and prosperity. What is in question is if the legal concepts and techniques developed to describe, analyze and regulate the industrial economic dynamics are applicable to cyberspace, or if the new technologies of information provide enough innovation and behaviors that demand new concepts and definitions that mold them into the new Information Society. The controllers of connection infrastructure and the big entertainment industries show interest in the inspection of data flow transmitted on the web, as well as the restriction of content use and access through digital devices connected to the internet and transmitted through file sharing networks (p2p networks). Their arguments are based on two ideas: the opening of more profitable and necessary economic models, needed for the expansion of broadband width connection, answering the escalating demand for quality provision of internet use; and the supervision and stoppage of sharing and accessing content that is protected by intellectual property right. Under both ideas stated above, the aim of this work is to show how the restrictions imposed on users could impact the competitive and innovative environment fostered on the internet. The Internet Bill, called Marco Civil da Internet in Brazil, is formulated on the new productive directives and comes to define, with an open debate and a shared construction with all Brazilian society, the possible ways to be followed in regards to the regulation of internet use. The legal framework that will result on the approval of this legislation will depend on the position of the State about the presented demands, in alignment with the development project registered in art. 3rd. of the Federal Constitution

The performance of Internet-based services depends on many server-side, client-side, and network related factors. Often, the interaction among the factors or their effect on service performance is not known or well-understood. The complexity of these services makes it difficult to develop analytical models. Lack of models impedes network management tasks, such as predicting performance while planning for changes to service infrastructure, or diagnosing causes of poor performance. We posit that we can use statistical causal methods to model performance for Internet-based services and facilitate performance related network management tasks. Internet-based services are well-suited for statistical learning because the inherent variability in many factors that affect performance allows us to collect comprehensive datasets that cover service performance under a wide variety of conditions. These conditional distributions represent the functions that govern service performance and dependencies that are inherent in the service infrastructure. These functions and dependencies are accurate and can be used in lieu of analytical models to reason about system performance, such as predicting performance of a service when changing some factors, finding causes of poor performance, or isolating contribution of individual factors in observed performance. We present three systems, What-if Scenario Evaluator (WISE), How to Improve Performance (HIP), and Network Access Neutrality Observatory (NANO), that use statistical causal methods to facilitate network management tasks. WISE predicts performance for what-if configurations and deployment questions for content distribution networks. For this, WISE learns the causal dependency structure among the latency-causing factors, and when one or more factors is changed, WISE estimates effect on other factors using the dependency structure. HIP extends WISE and uses the causal dependency structure to invert the performance function, find causes of poor performance, and help answers questions about how to improve performance or achieve performance goals. NANO uses causal inference to quantify the impact of discrimination policies of ISPs on service performance. NANO is the only tool to date for detecting destination-based discrimination techniques that ISPs may use. We have evaluated these tools by application to large-scale Internet-based services and by experiments on wide-area Internet. WISE is actively used at Google for predicting network-level and browser-level response time for Web search for new datacenter deployments. We have used HIP to find causes of high-latency Web search transactions in Google, and identified many cases where high-latency transactions can be significantly mitigated with simple infrastructure changes. We have evaluated NANO using experiments on wide-area Internet and also made the tool publicly available to recruit users and deploy NANO at a global scale.

Submitted by Pedro Henrique Soares Ramos (psoaresramos@gmail.com) on 2015-04-22T14:44:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquitetura da Rede e Regulação - a neutralidade da rede no Brasil (PHSR, versão final).pdf: 7015266 bytes, checksum: f7d7c27df41a918a469a964366be5e6b (MD5) / Rejected by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Pedro, Rejeitei sua postagem por que: 1) título diferente do que consta em ata, houve sugestão para alterar? caso afirmativo o seu orientador deverá enviar um e-mail com o novo título, caso contrário você deverá corrigir para: Arquitetura da Rede e Desenvolvimento: a neutralidade da rede no Brasil. 2) a ficha catalográfica deverá ficar no verso da segunda folha. 3) a segunda folha está em branco, não pode ter folhas em branco. 4) a 3ª folha onde consta a composição da banca deve ter espaço para que os membros assinem, iremos substituir pela que foi coletada no dia da sua apresentação, mas o arquivo digital tem que ficar com o mesmo formato. att. Vera on 2015-04-22T16:27:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Pedro Henrique Soares Ramos (psoaresramos@gmail.com) on 2015-04-26T17:01:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquitetura da Rede e Regulação - a neutralidade da rede no Brasil (PHSR, versão final).pdf: 7015173 bytes, checksum: 65d0696f079c94016ecfe171eb283580 (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Bom dia Pedro, Título diferente da Ata, não tem nenhum relato no verso da Ata da alteração do titulo é necessário o orientador informar a mudança do título. Título anterior: ARQUITETURA DA REDE E DESENVOLVIMENTO: A NEUTRALIDADE DA REDE NO BRASIL Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2015-04-27T12:55:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Pedro Henrique Soares Ramos (psoaresramos@gmail.com) on 2015-05-03T15:29:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquitetura da Rede e Regulação - a neutralidade da rede no Brasil (PHSR, versão final).pdf: 7015173 bytes, checksum: 65d0696f079c94016ecfe171eb283580 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2015-05-04T15:13:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquitetura da Rede e Regulação - a neutralidade da rede no Brasil (PHSR, versão final).pdf: 7015173 bytes, checksum: 65d0696f079c94016ecfe171eb283580 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T15:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquitetura da Rede e Regulação - a neutralidade da rede no Brasil (PHSR, versão final).pdf: 7015173 bytes, checksum: 65d0696f079c94016ecfe171eb283580 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / This thesis presents an analytical framework for the network neutrality regulation in Brazil, as set forth in ACT n. 12.965, which has been internationally recognized as the 'Marco Civil'. The research strategy involves mapping the main tensions and debates emerging from the subject in Brazil and an examination of the costs and benefits involved with the regulation of this principle. Chapter I presents a literature review, organizing the main positions in different categories according to a regulatory perspective. Chapter 2 presents a descriptive map of the institutional matrix of net neutrality in Brazil, encompassing the regulatory framework, the interest groups and how these elements made influence on the development of Marco Civil. Chapter 3 presents an exercise of interpretative framework for net neutrality regulation in Brazil, based on different methods of legal interpretation. Chapter 4 follows on with this exercise, examining the relationship between the net neutrality obligation set forth in Marco Civil and two specific cases, which are the emergence of complex business models on the network layer of the internet and zero-rating initiatives. Finally, Chapter 5 presents a perspective regulatory framework for regulators that will have to deal with the enforcement of Marco Civil. / Esta dissertação apresenta um modelo de análise dogmático para a aplicação do princípio da neutralidade da rede no país, na forma como se encontra regulado pela Lei n. 12.965, conhecida como o Marco Civil da Internet. A metodologia utilizada por este trabalho envolve o mapeamento dos principais debates e tensões que emergem sobre a regulação do tema no Brasil e em outros países, bem como a avaliação dos custos e benefícios envolvidos com diferentes aplicações do princípio da neutralidade da rede. O capítulo 1 traz uma revisão e organização da literatura sobre neutralidade da rede, propondo uma classificação de diferentes correntes e posições de acordo com sua perspectiva regulatória. O capítulo 2 apresenta um mapeamento da matriz institucional por trás da discussão sobre o tema no Brasil, avaliando o arcabouço regulatório, o posicionamento dos atores e de que forma essa matriz exerceu influência na construção colaborativa da redação da neutralidade da rede no Marco Civil. O capítulo 3 oferece um exercício de interpretação dogmática da regra aprovada no Marco Civil, utilizando como métodos diferentes modelos de interpretação. O capítulo 4 continua o exercício hermenêutico proposto no capítulo anterior, analisando de que forma a regulação da neutralidade da rede afeta novos modelos de negócio na camada de infraestrutura da rede, e de que maneira atinge a oferta de planos de acesso à internet que estabeleçam diferentes tarifas de acordo com aplicações específicas. Finalmente, o capítulo 5 utiliza as diversas inferências desenvolvidas nos dois capítulos anteriores para construir m modelo propositivo de como a neutralidade da rede pode ser regulamentada pelo Poder Executivo, à luz do princípio da legalidade.

Qual é a internet que queremos? Para o Direito essa pergunta oferece um enorme desafio. Com a expansão comercial da rede, muitos interesses foram afetados e demandam conformação no ambiente digital. Um novo comportamento social emerge, com vistas à produção não mercadológica, baseada na troca e no compartilhamento de arquivos e informações, que se torna interessante para o desenvolvimento econômico e para o surgimento de novas oportunidades de inserção e prosperidade social. Questiona-se se os conceitos e as técnicas jurídicas desenvolvidas para descrever, analisar e regular a dinâmica da economia industrial são aplicáveis ao espaço cibernético ou se as novas tecnologias da informação propiciam inovações e comportamentos que exigem novos conceitos e definições que se moldem à Sociedade da Informação. Os controladores da infraestrutura de conexão e as grandes indústrias de entretenimento demonstram interesse na inspeção do fluxo de dados transmitido pela rede, bem como na restrição de uso e de acesso a conteúdos por dispositivos digitais conectados à internet e transmitidos via redes de compartilhamento de arquivos (redes p2p). Seus argumentos se fundamentam tanto na questão da abertura de modelos econômicos mais rentáveis e necessários à expansão da largura de banda, em resposta à demanda infinitamente crescente por internet de qualidade, quanto na fiscalização e impedimento da troca e do acesso a conteúdos protegidos por direito de propriedade intelectual. O presente trabalho vem demonstrar como as restrições impostas aos usuários poderiam impactar o ambiente competitivo e inovador criado na internet. O Marco Civil da Internet é formulado sobre as novas diretrizes produtivas e vem para definir, diante de um debate aberto e uma construção compartilhada com a sociedade brasileira, os possíveis caminhos a serem perseguidos com a regulação da internet. Os contornos jurídicos que resultarão da legislação a ser aprovada dependerão do posicionamento do Estado em face das demandas apresentadas, em alinhamento com o projeto desenvolvimentista insculpido no art. 3º da Constituição Federal. / Which internet do we want? From the aspect of the Law, this question poses a great challenge. With the commercial expansion of the web, many interests were affected by it, and these interests demand conformity in the digital environment. A new social behavior emerges, not aiming at a non-commercial aspect, but based on exchanging and sharing files and information, which is interesting for the development of the economy and for new opportunities of social insertion and prosperity. What is in question is if the legal concepts and techniques developed to describe, analyze and regulate the industrial economic dynamics are applicable to cyberspace, or if the new technologies of information provide enough innovation and behaviors that demand new concepts and definitions that mold them into the new Information Society. The controllers of connection infrastructure and the big entertainment industries show interest in the inspection of data flow transmitted on the web, as well as the restriction of content use and access through digital devices connected to the internet and transmitted through file sharing networks (p2p networks). Their arguments are based on two ideas: the opening of more profitable and necessary economic models, needed for the expansion of broadband width connection, answering the escalating demand for quality provision of internet use; and the supervision and stoppage of sharing and accessing content that is protected by intellectual property right. Under both ideas stated above, the aim of this work is to show how the restrictions imposed on users could impact the competitive and innovative environment fostered on the internet. The Internet Bill, called Marco Civil da Internet in Brazil, is formulated on the new productive directives and comes to define, with an open debate and a shared construction with all Brazilian society, the possible ways to be followed in regards to the regulation of internet use. The legal framework that will result on the approval of this legislation will depend on the position of the State about the presented demands, in alignment with the development project registered in art. 3rd. of the Federal Constitution

This article analyzes the reasons for the so-called “network neutrality” and its regulation in Peru (including the laws regulating as a proffer recently presented by OSIPTEL); consisting primarily of equal treatment of all traffic, content or application by internet service providers. From Economic Analysis of Law’sperspective, it has been concluded that the Internet access does not present market failures that justify regulating the conditions of service provision. The author explains why network neutrality may have negative consequences for the internet access market in Peru. / El presente artículo analiza las justificaciones de la denominada “neutralidad de red” y su regulación en el Perú (incluyendo tanto las leyes vigentes como una propuesta de regulación recientemente presentada por OSIPTEL); consistente principalmente en el tratamiento igualitario de todo tráfico contenido o aplicación por parte de los proveedores del servicio de internet. Desde la perspectiva del Análisis Económico del Derecho, se ha concluido que el mercado de acceso a internet no presenta fallas de mercado tales que justifiquen regular las condiciones de prestación del servicio. Asimismo, el autor explica por qué la neutralidad de red puede tener consecuencias negativas para el mercado de acceso a internet en el Perú.

This paper examines the Net neutrality, or argument that the Internet should remain and open and equal platform, debate in the United States up to November 2010. After critically examining the past regulatory and legislative efforts, the feasibility of alternate solutions invested in protecting citizens' interests is examined.

In this thesis we analyze the performance of communication networks using game theoretic approaches. The thesis is in two parts. The first part studies the performance of Ad hoc, cellular and transportation networks taking into consideration spatial effects. The second part studies economic issues in the communication networks related to the 'net neutrality' regulations. Here we study price competition and revenue sharing mechanisms between the network service providers. In the first part, we use Medium Access Control (MAC) game and Jamming game models to study the performance of a Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), and routing games to study the performance of a transportation network. In the cellular networks, we study the effect of reducing the spatial density of base stations on the amount of radiation to human body (green networking). We use tools from stochastic geometry to model spatial characters. We begin with the study of MAC game in a MANET where the nodes are noncooperative, and their locations form a Poisson point process. The nodes use Aloha protocol to access the channel, and choose their Medium Access Probability (MAP) such that it optimizes their utility. The utility of each node is defined as weighted difference between a performance metric (expected goodput or expected delay) and transmission costs. We first consider a scenario in which nodes can be priced for channel access. We show that by using a simple (linear) pricing mechanism and setting the price 'appropriately', the selfish behavior of the nodes can be used to achieve the same performance as social optima at equilibrium. In the case where channel access is free, we consider transmission energy costs and analyze the Price of Anarchy (PoA). For the game with goodput based utility, we show that the PoA is infinite at the price that achieves the global optimal goodput. We then study the performance of MANET in the presence of a Jammer while all the nodes cooperate by using a MAP that is assigned by a network an Operator. The objective of the Jammer is to degrade the spatial performance of the MANET by causing interference, whereas the objective of the Operator is to set a MAP to optimize it. We model the interaction between the Jammer and the Operator taking into account the transmission energy costs. We transform the resulting non zero sum game into a zero sum game by constructing an anti-potential, and show that for a given Jammer's transmission cost, if the nodes transmit at a power higher than certain threshold, then the Jammer has no incentive to jam, i.e., the nodes can operate as if there is no Jammer. Next, we consider cellular networks. We study energy saving by switching off a fraction of the base stations (BSs). This saving comes at some cost: the coverage is reduced, and the uplink transmission power of mobiles may increase. This implies exposure of the human body to stronger electromagnetic fields. We quantify this through the deactivation of base stations under the assumptions that the random location of base stations and mobiles form a Poisson processes. We consider the case of sparse network where the interference is negligible, and the case where it is non negligible. We observe that when the mobiles have no power constraints, unlike in the case of negligible interference, switching off base stations reduces the uplink power. Finally, we study a dynamic routing game by adding temporal dimension to the classical routing problem. We consider a scenario where each user have to ship a fixed demand on a shared link. The users can delay shipping their demand, but need to ship within T days, and each time they delay, a delay cost is incurred. We study the effect of delay costs on the user strategies by translating the time dimension into space dimension. Considering both atomic and non-atomic game models and polynomial congestion costs, we show that there exists a threshold time T T before which all users ship their demand at equilibrium, and during this period total demand on the link is decreasing in time. Further, we extend the analysis to the case when the demand of each user arrives randomly. In the second part of the thesis, we study economics aspects in communication networks. Representatives of several Internet access providers (ISPs) have expressed their wish to see a substantial change in the pricing policies in the Internet. In particular, they would like to see content providers (CPs) pay for use of the network, given the large amount of resources they use. This would be in clear violation of the "network neutrality" principle that had characterized the development of the wireline Internet. Our first goal here is to propose and study possible ways of implementing payments in a nonneutral network. We introduce a model that includes the users' behavior, the utilities of the ISP and of the CPs, and the monetary flow that involves the users, an ISP and CPs, and CP's revenues from advertisements. We consider various game models and obtain the resulting equilibrium prices. We show that if a regulator decides the amount of money that CPs pays to the ISP, rather it is decided by the ISP or the CPs, then it results in a favorable situation for all the players. Thus, we demonstrate the necessary for regulation of the monetary transactions between the ISP and the CPs in the nonneutral regime. The mechanism we propose for monetary interaction is based on the Nash bargaining solution. One of the central issues in the debate on network neutrality has been whether one should allow or prevent preferential treatment by an ISP. This raised the question of whether to allow an ISP to have exclusive agreement with a content provider (CP). We study the impact of exclusive contracts between a CP and an ISP in a nonneutral network. We consider a simple case of collusion where a CP and an ISP aim to maximize their sum of revenues, and show that such a collusion may not always be beneficial. We derive an explicit condition in terms of the advertisement revenues of the CPs which tells when a collusion is profitable to the colluding entities. Finally, we consider discrimination in the opposite direction, i.e., CP discriminating the ISPs. We derive models for studying the impact that the CP can have on the utilities of the ISPs by favoring one of them through exclusively revealing its private information on the demand. For a special case of linear demand function, we show that such preferential treatment always benefits the ISPs. However, if the CP charges the ISPs for providing the private information, then the ISP obtaining preferential treatment may not always gain. We then propose mechanisms based on weighted proportional fairness for deciding the payments between the CP and the ISP and compare them by proposing a new metric termed Price of Partial Bargaining.

Die wêreld soos dit vandag bestaan, is gebaseer op die Internasionaalregtelike konsep van soewereiniteit. State het die bevoegdheid om hulle eie sake te reël, maar die ontwikkeling van die Internet as ’n netwerk wat globaal verspreid is, het hierdie beginsel verontagsaam. Dit wou voorkom asof die Internet die einde van soewereiniteit en staatskap sou beteken. ’n Geskiedkundige oorsig toon dat reguleerders aanvanklik onseker was oor hoe hierdie nuwe medium hanteer moes word. Dit het geblyk dat nuwe tegnologieë wat fragmentasie van die Internet bewerkstellig, gebruik kon word om staatsgebonde regsreëls af te dwing. Verskeie state van die wêreld het uiteenlopende metodologieë gevolg om die Internet op staatsvlak te probeer reguleer, en dit het tot die lukraak-wyse waarop die Internet tans gereguleer word, aanleiding gegee. Hierdie studie bespreek verskeie aspekte van regsbeheer in die konteks van die Internet, en bepaal daardeur hoe die Internet tans gereguleer word. Toepaslike wetgewing van verskeie state word regdeur die studie bespreek. Vier prominente state, wat verskeie belangrike ingrepe ten aansien van Internetregulering gemaak het, word verder uitgelig. Dit is die Verenigde State van Amerika, die Volksrepubliek van Sjina, die Europese Unie as verteenwoordiger van Europese state, en Suid-Afrika. Aspekte wat op Internasionaalregtelike vlak aangespreek moet word, soos internasionale organisasies en internasionale regsteorieë ten aansien van die regulering van die Internet, word ook onder die loep geneem. Die bevindings wat uit die studie volg, word gebruik om verskeie aanbevelings te maak, en die aanbevelings word uiteindelik in ’n nuwe model saamgevoegom’n sinvoller wyse van regulering van die Internet voor te stel. Aangesien die huidige studie in die konteks van die Internasionale reg onderneem word, word die studie afgesluit met ’n bespreking van kubersoewereiniteit, wat ’n uiteensetting is van hoe soewereiniteit ten aansien van die Internet toegepas behoort te word. Die gevolgtrekking is insiggewend — die ontwikkeling van die Internet het nie die einde van soewereiniteit beteken nie, maar het dit juis bevestig. / The world is currently structured in different states, and this is premised on the International law concept of sovereignty. States have the capacity to structure their own affairs, but the development of the Internet as a globally distributed network has violated this principle. It would seem that the development of the Internet would mean the end of sovereignty and statehood. A historical overview shows that regulators were initially unsure of how this new medium should be dealt with. It appeared that new technologies that could fragment the Internet, could be used to enforce state bound law. Several states of the world have used different methodologies trying to regulate the Internet at state level, and this led to the random way in which the Internet is currently regulated. This study examines various aspects of legal regulation in the context of the Internet, and determines how the Internet is currently regulated. Appropriate legislation of several states are discussed throughout the study. Four prominent states, which made several important interventions regarding the regulation of the Internet, are highlighted further. It is the United States, the People’s Republic of China, the European Union as the representative of European countries, and South Africa. Aspects that need to be addressed on International law level, such as international organizations and international legal theories regarding the regulation of the Internet, are also discussed. The findings that follow from this study are used to make several recommendations, which in turn are used to construct a new model for a more meaningful way in which the Internet could be regulated. Since the present study is undertaken in the context of the International law, the study is concluded with a discussion of cyber sovereignty, which is a discussion of how sovereignty should be applied with regards to the Internet. The conclusion is enlightening—the development of the Internet does not indicate the end of sovereignty, but rather confirms it. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LLD

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-10-16T18:19:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Catalani Pirani.pdf: 1948846 bytes, checksum: 05fed3945d9aba3cf4bf6d2a0e6080b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T18:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Catalani Pirani.pdf: 1948846 bytes, checksum: 05fed3945d9aba3cf4bf6d2a0e6080b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-11 / Interdisciplinary study in applied Social Sciences area, establishing relations between Human Rights, Digital and International developed as master¿s thesis, the present work brings qualitative research on the universalization of the Internet, with Human rights approach in the current world-wide scenery. The appearance of a technological society and the impacts that the Internet imposes on an international scenery, they bring questions connected with the human rights. From the Internet it is possible to create new levels of relationship, which does so that it stops being a tool of studies and starts to be used like a communication way between the persons. Being so, the reason to be of this work results from the necessity of which this communication is within reach of all, in other words from his universalization. Such universalization must be understood as it forms one of human rights realization, be in function of the freedom of expression, of the right to the information or of other rights connected with the human dignity. Human rights off-line must be also online proteges. Besides, the universalization of the Internet can be understood like a human right in herself, in the direction of avoiding that a digital exclusion takes place in current social contemporary fact. The thematic seal in the analysis of the Internet like a social phenomenon, as well as like his relationship with rights, in order that there is drawn a view that allows the defense of the universalization of the Internet while it leaves from the outline of the human rights. / Estudo interdisciplinar na área de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, que estabelece relação entre Direitos Humanos, Direito Internacional e Direito Digital desenvolvido como Dissertação de Mestrado, o presente trabalho traz pesquisa qualitativa sobre a universalização da internet, com enfoque de Direitos Humanos no atual cenário mundial. O surgimento de uma sociedade tecnológica e os impactos que a Internet impõe ao cenário internacional, trazem questões ligadas aos direitos humanos. A partir da Internet é possível criar novos níveis de relacionamento, o que faz com que ela deixe de ser uma ferramenta de estudos e passe a ser utilizada como um meio de comunicação entre as pessoas. Sendo assim, a razão de ser desse trabalho advém da necessidade de que essa comunicação esteja ao alcance de todos, ou seja de sua universalização. Tal universalização deve ser entendida como uma forma de concretização de direitos humanos, seja em função da liberdade de expressão, do direito à informação ou de outros direitos ligados à dignidade humana. Direitos humanos off-line devem ser também protegidos on-line. Além disso, a universalização da Internet pode ser entendida como um direito humano em si, no sentido de evitar que ocorra uma exclusão digital em uma atual realidade contemporânea social. A temática foca na análise da Internet como um fenômeno social, bem como como seu relacionamento com direitos, a fim de se traçar um panorama que permita a defesa da universalização da Internet enquanto parte do arcabouço dos direitos humanos.