Les schwannomes sont des tumeurs bénignes se développant à partir d’une hyper-prolifération des cellules de Schwann suite à l’inactivation bi-allélique du gène NF2. Signe pathogonomique d’une pathologie rare et héréditaire, la Neurofibromatose de type 2 (NF2), ils peuvent aussi apparaître de façon sporadique. Hormis la chirurgie ou la radiothérapie, peu d’options pharmacologiques sont proposées aux patients porteurs de schwannomes, principalement à cause du peu de cibles thérapeutiques identifiées. Dans les cellules de Schwann, le phénotype cellulaire associé à la perte NF2 est une perte d’inhibition de la prolifération par le contact. Deux fonctions majeures de Merlin, produit de NF2, ont émergé au cours de ces dix dernières années. La première, démontrée par notre groupe, concerne la régulation de l’expression membranaire des récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase (RTK) qui s’accumulent à la membrane plasmique des schwannomes humains. Le second implique Merlin dans la régulation de la voie de signalisation Hippo. Cette dernière, activée par le contact cellulaire réprime l’activité de deux co-facteurs de transcription, Yap et Taz, et régule ainsi et aussi l’inhibition de contact. Les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels Merlin inhibe l’activité de Yap/Taz sont toutefois méconnus. Le but de nos études a été de déterminer une signature moléculaire associée à la croissance des schwannomes humains et l’importance relative de Yap/Taz. Dans une analyse protéomique à grande échelle sur des biopsies humaines, nous avons identifié à la fois l’activation spécifique de cinq RTKs que sont le PDGFRβ, Her2, Her3, Axl et Tie2 ainsi qu’une accumulation nucléaire spécifique de Yap. Nous montrons que sur la totalité des protéines étudiées, seules Yap, le PDGFRβ et P-Her3 corrèlent avec la prolifération des cellules de schwannomes humain. De plus, Yap induit la transcription des RTK activés (à l’exception de Tie2). Nous plaçons donc Yap au centre des mécanismes de régulation de la croissance des schwannomes humains et proposons que son inhibition pourrait représenter une nouvelle et prometteuse stratégie thérapeutique pour réduire la croissance de ces tumeurs. Nous apportons une nouvelle lecture des fonctions de Merlin, qui, par une potentielle interaction directe avec Yap, inhibe spécifiquement sa translocation dans le noyau indépendamment d’une régulation par la densité cellulaire ou par la voie Hippo. Par ailleurs, Merlin ne semble pas essentiel à l’activation de la voie Hippo dans les cellules de Schwann soulignant une fonction nouvelle et inattendue de Merlin dans la régulation de Yap et de la voie Hippo. Enfin nous avons étudié le rôle d’AmotL1, un puissant partenaire de Merlin et membre de la voie Hippo, dans la migration et la progression des cancers du sein. Nous mettons en évidence une fonction antagoniste de Merlin et AmotL1 dans la promotion de ces mécanismes soulignant une autre fonction nouvelle de Merlin en tant que suppresseur de la progression de cancers non associés à NF2. / Schwannomas are benign tumors arising from Schwann cell hyper-proliferation under NF2 bi-allelic inactivation. They appear in the context of a rare hereditary disease called Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) or in sporadic cases. To this day, surgery and radiotherapy remain the only options to treat these patients, mainly due to the lack of therapeutical targets identified. The NF2 loss associated cellular phenotype is the loss of cell contact inhibition. Two main functions of Merlin, the NF2 product, have emerged in the last decade. The first was shown by our group and consists in the accumulation of tyrosine kinase receptors (RTK) at the plasma membrane in schwannomas. The second involves Merlin in the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway. This pathway is activated by cell contact and inactivates a couple of transcription co-factors, Yap and Taz, then participating in cell contact inhibition of proliferation. However, the mechanisms by which Merlin inactivates Yap and Taz remain unknown. In our studies, we aimed to determine both the molecular signature of human schwannomas taking advantage of a large proteomic study, and the relative importance of Yap in the tumor suppressor function of Merlin. We could show both a specific activation of five RTKs : PDGFRβ, Her 3, Her2, Axl and Tie2 and a specific nuclear accumulation of Yap in human schwannoma. Among all the protein studied, Yap, PDGFRβ and P-Her3 are the only ones to correlate with the proliferation of human schwannoma cells. Furthermore, the activated RTK (excepted Tie2) are transcriptional targets of Yap. Hence, we found Yap as a pivotal regulator of schwannoma growth and proposed its inhibition as a new and promising therapeutical target to reduce human schwannoma growth. In addition, we show that Merlin specifically inhibits Yap nuclear translocation into the nucleus of Schwann cells by a direct interaction which is independent from the regulation by cell density and by the Hippo pathway. Moreover, Merlin expression seems not to be essential for Hippo activation in Schwann cells which brings a new and unexpected role of Merlin in Yap and Hippo regulation. In the end, we studied the role of AmotL1, a strong Hippo partner of Merlin in the migration and progression of breast cancer. We could show an antagonist function of Merlin and AmotL1 in the promotion of these mechanisms highlighting a new progression suppressor function of Merlin in cancer which are not linked to NF2 mutations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianomoraisnogueira_dissert.pdf: 1824799 bytes, checksum: 73140945d3aa23f7080cfee361148ad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-11 / Introduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is among the most common genetic disorders caused by mutations on chromosome 17 and characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Scoliosis is one of the most frequently musculoskeletal alterations and may be accompanied by dystrophic changes and tumor-related spine. Objective: To identify the prevalence of tumors and dystrophic changes in the spine of children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1 assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and to analyze possible correlations between these findings and the presence of spinal deformities. Methods: Twenty-two patients with NF1, less than 21 years, underwent clinical and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine between September 2009 and July 2011. The group had 13 girls and 9 boys, with a mean age of 13.04 years (range 4-20 years). Only patients with clinical evidence of scoliosis were subjected to x-ray total spine for measuring the Cobb angle. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Analysis Systems. The level of significance for all tests was 5%. Results: Scoliosis was diagnosed in 13 patients at the apex of the curve in the thoracic region predominantly represented by nine patients (69.23%). Excluding 3 patients did not undergo X-ray, 4 patients presented with dystrophic scoliosis mean Cobb angle of 57.75 degrees and 6 patients with non-dystrophic scoliosis and average Cobb angle of 15.33 degrees (p=0.0017). Neurofibromas associated to the spine were present in 9 patients (40.91%) and predominated in children older than 12 years (77.7%) but without statistical significance (p=0.2031). Among the patients with neurofibromas, 6 patients (66.7%) had associated with scoliosis (p=0.674). The dystrophic changes were found in 5 patients (22.72%), all with scoliosis. The vertebral erosion was the most frequent finding dystrophic, with 31 lesions in 25 vertebrae, mostly located in the posterior region of the vertebra and thoracic spine (54.84%). The vertebral erosions were associated with scoliotic curve in 96.7% of cases, dural ectasia in 87.5% of cases and patients with the greatest number of these lesions had a higher magnitude of their curves (Pearson=0.8275; p=0.0838). One patient had multiple meningoceles and one patient had two ribs intracanal, both associated with dystrophic curves. Conclusion: The evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging of the spine was able to identify the main tumor and dystrophic changes, correlate with the presence of vertebral deformities and analyze their distribution area of the curve. The vertebral erosion was the most common finding in dystrophic scoliosis curve and showed a tendency of correlation between the curves more severe and patients with higher number of vertebrae eroded. Neurofibromas that were associated with the spine were mainly found in the older children and tended to occur more frequently in the patients with scoliosis. In both cases, studies with larger samples are needed to assess whether these trends are evident. / Introdução: A neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) está entre as desordens genéticas mais comuns causada por mutações no cromossomo 17 e caracterizada por um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas. A escoliose é uma das alterações musculoesqueléticas mais frequentes, podendo estar acompanhada por lesões distróficas e tumorais associadas a coluna. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência das alterações distróficas e tumorais presentes na coluna vertebral de crianças e adolescentes portadores de NF1 avaliados por imagens de ressonância magnética, bem como analisar possíveis correlações entre esses achados e a presença de deformidades espinhais. Casuística e Métodos: Vinte e dois pacientes portadores de NF1, menores de 21 anos, foram submetidos a exames clínicos e de ressonância magnética da coluna vertebral entre setembro de 2009 e julho de 2011. O grupo apresentava 13 meninas e 9 meninos, com idade média de 13,04 anos (variação de 4 a 20 anos). Apenas os pacientes com evidências clínicas de escoliose foram submetidos ao raio x de coluna total para medição do ângulo de Cobb. A análise estatística foi realizada no programa Statistical Analysis Systems. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: A escoliose foi diagnosticada em 13 pacientes com ápice da curva predominando na região torácica (69,23%). Excluindo-se 3 pacientes não submetidos ao raio X de coluna total, 4 pacientes apresentavam escoliose distrófica com ângulo de Cobb médio de 57,75 graus e 6 pacientes com escoliose não distrófica e ângulo de Cobb médio de 15,33 graus (p=0,0017). Os neurofibromas associados à coluna vertebral estavam presentes em 9 pacientes e predominavam nas crianças maiores de 12 anos (77,7%) porém sem significância estatística (p=0,2031). Entre os portadores de neurofibromas, 6 pacientes (66,7%) apresentavam associação com escoliose (p=0,674). As alterações distróficas foram encontradas em 5 pacientes (22,72%), todos com escoliose. A erosão vertebral foi o achado distrófico mais frequente, sendo 31 lesões distribuídas em 25 vértebras, a maioria localizada concomitantemente na região posterior da vértebra e no segmento torácico da coluna (54,84%). As erosões vertebrais estavam associadas à curva escoliótica em 96,7% dos casos, a ectasias durais em 87,5 % dos casos e pacientes com maior número dessas lesões apresentavam maior magnitude de suas curvas (Pearson=0,8275; p=0,0838). Um paciente apresentou múltiplas meningoceles e um paciente apresentou duas costelas intracanal, ambos associados a curvas distróficas. Conclusão: A avaliação das imagens de ressonância magnética da coluna vertebral, foram capazes de identificar as principais alterações distróficas e tumorais, correlacionar com a presença de deformidades vertebrais e analisar sua distribuição em relação à área da curva. A erosão vertebral foi o achado mais frequente nas escolioses distróficas com uma tendência de correlação entre as curvas mais graves e maior número de vértebras erodidas. Neurofibromas associados a coluna predominaram nas crianças mais velhas e tenderam a ocorrer mais frequentemente em pacientes com escoliose. Em ambos os casos, estudos com maior casuística são necessários para que essas tendências sejam evidenciadas.

La neurofibromatose de type 2 (NF2) est une maladie autosomique causée soit par l'inactivation du gène NF2, soit par la perte de la protéine issue due ce gène, Merline. Cela entraîne à son tour la formation de plusieurs tumeurs nerveuse bénignes (non invasives) comme les schwannomes, méningiomes et les épendymomes. De plus, une diminution de l'expression de Merline est observée dans les cancers du sein invasifs, toutefois le rôle de Merline dans ces tumeurs invasives est peu étudié. Merline est la seule protéine ayant un rôle de suppresseur de tumeur dans la famille des ERM (Ezrin / Radixin / Moesin). Nous, ainsi que d'autres groupes, avons montré que la partie C-terminale de Merline est importante pour sa fonction inhibitrice de la croissance cellulaire. Par conséquent, j'ai cherché à mettre en évidence de nouveaux partenaires d'interaction non décrits à ce jour, ainsi que de nouveaux sites de phosphorylation sur l'extrémité C-terminale de Merline qui pourrait expliquer la fonction de suppresseur de tumeur de Merlin. L'utilisation d’expériences d'immunoprécipitation couplées à la spectrométrie de masse nous a permis d’identifier de nouveaux interacteurs ainsi que de nouveaux sites de phosphorylation sur ce domaine C-terminal de Merline. Nous avons analysé l'importance d'un nouvel interacteur, AmotL1, ainsi que d'un nouveau site de phosphorylation sur la threonine 581 (T581), dans la fonction suppresseur de tumeur de Merline. La protéine AmotL1 appartient à la famille des motines, qui sont connues pour être impliquées dans la régulation de la migration cellulaire. A cet égard, nous avons montré qu’AmotL1 est un nouveau partenaire d'interaction de Merline. Nous avons étudié l'importance de cette interaction entre Merline et AmotL1 dans la migration cellulaire et nos données suggèrent fortement que Merlin pourrait inhiber la migration cellulaire médiée par AmotL1 dans les cellules du cancer du sein, via notamment la régulation de son expression et de sa localisation. Enfin, nous avons également identifié plusieurs nouveaux interacteurs de Merline, qui pourraient expliquer comment Merlin pourrait agir comme une protéine d'échafaudage à la membrane plasmique, en interagissant avec des composants essentiels de la voie Hippo, comme AmotL1, Kibra, Lats et YAP, pour réguler la prolifération et la migration cellulaire. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons identifié un nouveau site de phosphorylation spécifique à l'isoforme 1 de Merline, la T581, et nous avons démontré que la phosphorylation de cette threonine est importante pour la progression en mitose au moment approprié. De plus, dans cette étude, nous avons montré que Merlin est un substrat potentiel de la kinase Aurora A, un oncogène majeur, au cours de la mitose et de l'interphase, dans des lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein. Enfin, nous avons fourni des données préliminaires sur la façon dont Aurora A régule la signalisation Hippo et la fonction de DCAF1 en phosphorylant Merline. En résumé, cette thèse met en évidence deux fonctions importantes de Merline : premièrement comment Merline régule la migration/invasion cellulaire dans des tumeurs non-nerveuses telles que les cancers du sein et deuxièmement, comment Merline est régulé au cours de la mitose et de l'interphase dans des lignées de cancer du sein, en agissant comme un substrat pour la kinase Aurora A qui est surexprimée dans plusieurs cancers comme celui du sein, du côlon et l'HCC. Prise dans son ensemble, notre étude montre le rôle potentiel de Merline dans les tumeurs invasives telles que celles rencontrées dans les cancers du sein. / Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal disorder caused by inactivation of NF2 gene or loss of the NF2 product, Merlin. This in turn results in formation of multiple benign (noninvasive) nerve tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas. Additionally reduced expression of Merlin is observed in invasive breast cancers however the role of Merlin in these invasive tumors is poorly investigated. Merlin is the only tumor suppressor protein in Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family proteins. Previously we and others have shown that C-terminus of Merlin is important for its growth suppressive function. In this regard, I set out to investigate whether there were undiscovered interacting partners and novel phosphorylation sites on the C-terminus of Merlin that could account for tumor suppressor function of Merlin. Using immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry we have identified new interactors as well as novel phosphorylation on this C-terminus domain of Merlin. We analyzed importance of new interactor, AmotL1, as well as novel phosphorylation site on T581 in the tumor suppressor function of Merlin. AmotL1 belongs to AMOT family proteins which are known to involve in the regulation of cell migration. In this regard, we have shown that AmotL1 is novel interacting partner of Merlin. We have investigated the importance of Merlin and AmotL1 interactions in cell migration and our data strongly suggest that Merlin might inhibit AmotL1 mediated cell migration in breast cancer cells by regulating its expression and localization. Finally, we have also found several new interactors of Merlin and that could explain how Merlin might acts as scaffolding protein at the plasma membrane by interacting with Hippo core components such as AmotL1, Kibra, Lats and YAP to regulate cell proliferation and migration. In the second part, we have identified a novel phosphorylation site at T581 which is specific to Merlin isoform 1 and demonstrated that phosphorylation of Merlin on T581 is important for the timely mitotic progression. Further in this study, we have shown that Merlin is a potential substrate for major oncogene Aurora kinase A in mitosis as well as in interphasic breast cancer cell lines. Finally we have provided initial clues how Aurora A regulates Hippo signaling and DCAF1 function by phosphorylating Merlin. In the summary, this thesis highlights two important functions of Merlin: firstly how Merlin regulates the cell migration/invasion in non-nerve tumors such as breast cancers and secondly how Merlin is regulated in mitosis and interphasic breast cancer cells by acting as a substrate to Aurora Kinase A which is over expressed in several cancers such as breast, colon and HCC. All together our study indicates the potential role for Merlin in invasive tumors such as breast cancers.

La Neurofibromatose 1 (NF1) est une maladie autosomique dominante dont l'évolutivité est inconnue. En effet, ni le type de mutation du gène, la gravité d'éventuels cas familiaux, ni une première complication ne permettent de prédire le pronostic de la maladie. L'objectif général de ce travail de thèse était de cibler les malades les plus à risque de morbi-mortalité au cours de la NF1. Méthode. Les différents travaux se sont appuyés sur les données phénotypiques de patients NF1 suivis dans le Réseau NF-France labellisé par le ministère de la Santé. Il s'agit d'une filière nationale monothématique ayant pour mission la prise en charge des malades atteints de NF1. Une cohorte d'environ 2500 malades est actuellement suivie dans ce réseau. Résultats. La mortalité des patients NF1 a tout d'abord été comparée à celle de la population générale française par l'estimation du rapport de mortalité standardisée (SMR). Entre 1980 et 2006, 1 895 patients NF1 ont été rétrospectivement inclus dans la cohorte. Un excès de mortalité était observé chez les [10-20[ ans (SMR=5.2, IC95% : 2.6 - 9.3, p<10-4) et les [20-40[ ans (SMR=4.1, IC95% : 2.8 - 5.8, p<10-4). Les principales causes de décès étaient la transformation de neurofibromes internes en tumeurs malignes des gaines nerveuses (TMGN). Une étude cas témoins portant sur 208 patients NF1 a permis d'expliquer le risque de mortalité accru chez les patients présentant des neurofibromes sous cutanés (SC-NF) en confirmant en IRM la présence chez ces patients de neurofibromes internes à fort risque de transformation en TMGN (OR=4.3, IC95% : 2.2 - 8.2). Cet effet était d'autant plus marqué que le nombre de SC-NF était important et notamment au-delà d'un seuil de 10 (OR=82, IC95% : 10.4 - 647.9) et que les neurofibromes internes étaient diffus (OR=14.7, IC95% : 3.8 - 57.3) et de taille ≥ 3 cm (OR=6.3, IC95% : 2.3 - 17.4). Les patients présentant des SC-NF représentent 20 à 30% de la population NF1. Afin d'identifier les patients à risque de développer une TMGN, nous avons élaboré un score prédictif de la présence des neurofibromes internes à partir des caractéristiques phénotypiques des patients. La présence de SC-NF (OR=4.7, IC95% : 2.1 - 10.5), l'absence de neurofibromes cutanés (OR=2.6, IC95% : 0.9 - 7.5), un âge inférieur ou égal à 30 ans (OR=3.1, IC95% : 1.4 - 6.8) et moins de 6 tâches café au lait (OR=2, IC95% : 0.9 - 4.6) étaient les variables qui constituaient le NF1Score. Le NF1Score = 10*(âge ≤ 30 ans) + 10*(absence de neurofibromes cutanés) + 5*(moins de 6 tâches café-au-lait) + 15*(plus de 2 neurofibrome sous cutanés) avait une excellente adéquation (test C de Hosmer-Lemeshow=4,53 avec 7ddl, p>0,50) et une capacité discriminante satisfaisante (aire sous la courbe ROC non paramétrique = 0,75 [0,68-0,82]). Enfin, l'expression phénotypique variant au cours du temps chez un même patient nous avons réalisé une étude spécifique chez l'enfant. Ainsi, l'âge (OR=1.1, IC95% : 1.0 - 1.2), la présence de xanthogranulomes (OR=4.5, IC95% : 0.9 - 21.7), celle de neurofibromes sous cutanés et plexiformes (OR=5.0, IC95% : 1.8 - 13.6) étaient indépendamment associés à celle des neurofibromes internes chez l'enfant NF1 de moins de 17 ans. Dans cette dernière étude, les neurofibromes internes se développaient de façon exponentielle pendant l'adolescence et plus précocement chez les femmes en accord avec les données de la littérature. Conclusion. La période à risque de développer des neurofibromes internes semblent donc sesituer entre l'adolescence et l'âge de 30 ans. Les recommandations de suivi pourraient prendre en compte le phénotype à risque, mais également la période de survenue de ces complications en réévaluant l'intérêt dans ce contexte d'investigations complémentaires

Introdução: A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante causada por mutação no gene NF1 (17q11.2; proteína neurofibromina). A incidência é de aproximadamente 1:3500 recém-nascidos e o diagnóstico clínico é possível na maioria dos casos. Alguns estudos sugeriram que pacientes com NF1 são mais suscetíveis a apresentar deficiência de vitamina D quando comparados à população geral. Objetivo: Determinar os níveis de 25(OH)D em indivíduos com NF1 e em controles saudáveis. Nos pacientes com NF1 nos também avaliamos o fenótipo clínico e analisamos polimorfismos comuns do gene VDR (BsmI e FokI) para avaliar se estavam correlacionados com os níveis de 25(OH)D. Métodos: Estudo de caso-controle que incluiu 45 pacientes com NF1 do Sul do Brasil e 45 controles saudáveis pareados por idade, sexo e tipo de pele de acordo com a classificação de Fitzpatrick. Resultados e Conclusões: Setenta e sete vírgula oito por cento dos 90 sujeitos de pesquisa apresentaram níveis de 25(OH)D abaixo de 30ng/ml. Deficiência de 25(OH)D (<20ng/mL) foi observada em 28 (31,1%) e insuficiência (de 20 a 30ng/mL) em 42 (46,6%). Deficiência ou insuficiência de 25(OH)D não foi mais frequente em pacientes com NF1 do que em controles (p=0,074). Nos não observamos qualquer associação entre os polimorfismos do gene VDR e os níveis de vitamina D sugerindo que o fenótipo da insuficiência ou deficiência bioquímica de 25(OH)D nos pacientes estudados não está associado com essas variantes genéticas. / Introduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene (17q11.2, neurofibromin). The estimated incidence is approximately 1:3500 newborns and clinical diagnosis is possible in the majority cases. A few studies suggest that patients with NF1 are more likely to have vitamin D deficiency when compared to the general population. Objectives: The goal of the study was to determine the levels of 25-OH-vitamin D [25(OH)D] in individuals with NF1 and disease-unaffected controls. In NF1 patients we also assessed clinical phenotype and analyzed common VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI and FokI) to verify whether they were associated with lower vitamin D levels. Methods: Case-control study that included 45 NF1 patients from Southern Brazil and 45 healthy controls matched by sex, skin type and age to the cases. Results and conclusions: Overall, 70 (77.8%) of the individuals studied had levels of 25(OH)D below 30ng/ml: vitamin D deficiency was observed in 28 (31.1%) and vitamin D insufficiency in 42 (46.6%) subjects. 25(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency were not more frequent in NF1 patients than in controls (p=0,074). We did not observe an association of VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D levels suggesting that the insufficient or deficient biochemical phenotypes in the patients studied here are not associated with these genetic variants.

Introdução: A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante causada por mutação no gene NF1 (17q11.2; proteína neurofibromina). A incidência é de aproximadamente 1:3500 recém-nascidos e o diagnóstico clínico é possível na maioria dos casos. Alguns estudos sugeriram que pacientes com NF1 são mais suscetíveis a apresentar deficiência de vitamina D quando comparados à população geral. Objetivo: Determinar os níveis de 25(OH)D em indivíduos com NF1 e em controles saudáveis. Nos pacientes com NF1 nos também avaliamos o fenótipo clínico e analisamos polimorfismos comuns do gene VDR (BsmI e FokI) para avaliar se estavam correlacionados com os níveis de 25(OH)D. Métodos: Estudo de caso-controle que incluiu 45 pacientes com NF1 do Sul do Brasil e 45 controles saudáveis pareados por idade, sexo e tipo de pele de acordo com a classificação de Fitzpatrick. Resultados e Conclusões: Setenta e sete vírgula oito por cento dos 90 sujeitos de pesquisa apresentaram níveis de 25(OH)D abaixo de 30ng/ml. Deficiência de 25(OH)D (<20ng/mL) foi observada em 28 (31,1%) e insuficiência (de 20 a 30ng/mL) em 42 (46,6%). Deficiência ou insuficiência de 25(OH)D não foi mais frequente em pacientes com NF1 do que em controles (p=0,074). Nos não observamos qualquer associação entre os polimorfismos do gene VDR e os níveis de vitamina D sugerindo que o fenótipo da insuficiência ou deficiência bioquímica de 25(OH)D nos pacientes estudados não está associado com essas variantes genéticas. / Introduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene (17q11.2, neurofibromin). The estimated incidence is approximately 1:3500 newborns and clinical diagnosis is possible in the majority cases. A few studies suggest that patients with NF1 are more likely to have vitamin D deficiency when compared to the general population. Objectives: The goal of the study was to determine the levels of 25-OH-vitamin D [25(OH)D] in individuals with NF1 and disease-unaffected controls. In NF1 patients we also assessed clinical phenotype and analyzed common VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI and FokI) to verify whether they were associated with lower vitamin D levels. Methods: Case-control study that included 45 NF1 patients from Southern Brazil and 45 healthy controls matched by sex, skin type and age to the cases. Results and conclusions: Overall, 70 (77.8%) of the individuals studied had levels of 25(OH)D below 30ng/ml: vitamin D deficiency was observed in 28 (31.1%) and vitamin D insufficiency in 42 (46.6%) subjects. 25(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency were not more frequent in NF1 patients than in controls (p=0,074). We did not observe an association of VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D levels suggesting that the insufficient or deficient biochemical phenotypes in the patients studied here are not associated with these genetic variants.

Introdução: A Neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença genética autossômica dominante causada por mutação no gene NF1 (17q11.2; proteína neurofibromina). A incidência é de aproximadamente 1:3500 recém-nascidos e o diagnóstico clínico é possível na maioria dos casos. Alguns estudos sugeriram que pacientes com NF1 são mais suscetíveis a apresentar deficiência de vitamina D quando comparados à população geral. Objetivo: Determinar os níveis de 25(OH)D em indivíduos com NF1 e em controles saudáveis. Nos pacientes com NF1 nos também avaliamos o fenótipo clínico e analisamos polimorfismos comuns do gene VDR (BsmI e FokI) para avaliar se estavam correlacionados com os níveis de 25(OH)D. Métodos: Estudo de caso-controle que incluiu 45 pacientes com NF1 do Sul do Brasil e 45 controles saudáveis pareados por idade, sexo e tipo de pele de acordo com a classificação de Fitzpatrick. Resultados e Conclusões: Setenta e sete vírgula oito por cento dos 90 sujeitos de pesquisa apresentaram níveis de 25(OH)D abaixo de 30ng/ml. Deficiência de 25(OH)D (<20ng/mL) foi observada em 28 (31,1%) e insuficiência (de 20 a 30ng/mL) em 42 (46,6%). Deficiência ou insuficiência de 25(OH)D não foi mais frequente em pacientes com NF1 do que em controles (p=0,074). Nos não observamos qualquer associação entre os polimorfismos do gene VDR e os níveis de vitamina D sugerindo que o fenótipo da insuficiência ou deficiência bioquímica de 25(OH)D nos pacientes estudados não está associado com essas variantes genéticas. / Introduction: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene (17q11.2, neurofibromin). The estimated incidence is approximately 1:3500 newborns and clinical diagnosis is possible in the majority cases. A few studies suggest that patients with NF1 are more likely to have vitamin D deficiency when compared to the general population. Objectives: The goal of the study was to determine the levels of 25-OH-vitamin D [25(OH)D] in individuals with NF1 and disease-unaffected controls. In NF1 patients we also assessed clinical phenotype and analyzed common VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI and FokI) to verify whether they were associated with lower vitamin D levels. Methods: Case-control study that included 45 NF1 patients from Southern Brazil and 45 healthy controls matched by sex, skin type and age to the cases. Results and conclusions: Overall, 70 (77.8%) of the individuals studied had levels of 25(OH)D below 30ng/ml: vitamin D deficiency was observed in 28 (31.1%) and vitamin D insufficiency in 42 (46.6%) subjects. 25(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency were not more frequent in NF1 patients than in controls (p=0,074). We did not observe an association of VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D levels suggesting that the insufficient or deficient biochemical phenotypes in the patients studied here are not associated with these genetic variants.

NF1 ist eine autosomal dominante Erbkrankheit, die durch inaktivierende Mutationen im Neurofibromin-Gen verursacht wird. NF1 manifestiert sich durch eine erhöhte Tumor-Inzidenz des neuralen Gewebes in der Haut (Neurofibroma). Neben diesen häufigeren klinischen Manifestationen haben rund 50% der NF1-Patienten Skelett-Anomalien. Häufiger sind Röhrenknochen betroffen, die klinischen Symptome reichen von Tibia-Krümmung über Spontanfrakturen bis hin zu Nonunions. Diese Studie analysiert den Heilungsverlauf von Femurfrakturen in Nf1Prx1- Mäusen. Der Frakturkallus von Mäusen wurde an den Tagen 7, 10, 14 und 21 durch µCT, Histologie und molekulare Analysen evaluiert. µCT und histologische Analysen haben eine beeinträchtigte Knochenheilung in Nf1Prx1-Mäusen gezeigt. Eine erhöhte periostale Knochenbildung in den frühen Stadien der Heilung war zu beobachten, sowie eine reduzierte, aber anhaltende Knorpelbildung und Bindegewebs-Akkumulation innerhalb der Fraktur. Wir konnten zeigen, dass der normalen Heilungsprozess durch dieses Bindegewebe behindert wird, welches durch alpha smooth muscle actin-positive Myofibroblasten gebildet wird, die ihrerseits aus einer bisher noch nicht identifizierten Muskelfaszie abgeleitet sind. Dieser Zusammenhang wird durch eine Microarray-Analyse der Kallus-Gewebe bestätigt, die ergab, dass durch den Knock-Out Gene reguliert wurden, die in Physiologie, Proliferation und Differenzierung von Muskelzellen involviert sind. Darüber hinaus waren extrazelluläre-Matrix-Gene in den Mutanten hoch regeuliert. Zusammenfassend konnten wir zeigen, dass eine Ähnlichkeit des Heilungsverlauf zwischen dem Nf1Prx1-Mausmodell und NF1-Patienten besteht. Folglich kann an diesem Mausmodell untersucht werden, durch welche Mechanismen die Mutationen im NF1 zu Knochenheilungsstörungen führen. Außerdem konnte in einer Pilotstudie der Effekt des Neurofibromin-Mangels auf die Knochenheilung durch Behandlung mit MEK-Inhibitoren in vitro und in vivo weitestgehend behoben werden / Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease resulting from inactivating mutations in the gene encoding the protein neurofibromin. NF1 patients – around 50% – have abnormalities of the skeleton. Long bones are often affected, and the clinical signs range from tibial bowing to spontaneous fractures and even non-unions. Moreover, NF1 mice models could provide the understanding of the cell types involved in the resulting non-union and their behavior. This study analyzed the healing progress of femur fractures in a model of NF1 long bone dysplasia. Fracture callus was assessed at days 7, 10, 14, and 21 by µCT, histology, biomechanics, and molecular analyses. Bone healing was impaired in Nf1Prx1 mice femoral fracture. Results revealed increased periosteal bone deposition at the early stages of healing, decreased but persistent cartilage formation concomitant with fibrous tissue accumulation within the fracture site, decreased torsional stiffness, decreased bone mineral density, and increased fibrous tissue infiltration in the callus of mutant mice. This fibrous tissue accumulation hindered bone fracture healing, and was deposited by alpha smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts, which were derived from a yet unidentified muscle fascia. This is further supported by the microarray analysis of callus tissues showing that genes crucial to muscle cells physiology, proliferation and differentiation were affected. In addition, extracellular matrix related genes were up-regulated in the mutants. In summary, this study shows a resemblance in the healing progression to the Nf1Prx1 mice model and NF1 patients, thereby, confirming the suitability of this mice model to explore the mechanism by which mutations in NF1 lead to non-unions. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo pilot assessments of MEK inhibitor treatment demonstrated a potential remedy for the lack of neurofibromin in bone healing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joserobertolopesferrazfilho_tese.pdf: 1409103 bytes, checksum: de6715f2f3059b0c5617f571b89bfdbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-21 / Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in children and adolescents is frequently associated with the appearance of focal lesion hyperintensities on T2-weighted images seen in the brain which are called Unidentified Bright Objects (UBOs). These lesions are not an accepted criterion in the diagnosis of NF1 and the exact nature of UBOs remains unclear. Objectives: article 1: This study employed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate the relation among fractional anisotropy (FA) patterns with the findings of T2 sequences in individuals with NF1; article 2: To evaluate the evolution of UBOs in individuals with NF1 by serial MRI, and to relate this to regional fractional anisotropy (FA); article 3: To evaluate the metabolic patterns by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain, in the presence of UBOS in patients with NF1. Methods: article 1: Forty-four individuals with NF1 and 20 control subjects were evaluated. The comparative analysis of FA between NF1 and control groups was based on four pre-determined anatomic regions of the brain and related to the presence or absence of UBOs; article 2: The signal pattern of the T2-weighted sequences in the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum for 27 NF1 individuals and a control group were analyzed by DTI. The presence or absence of UBOs in 2 consecutive MRI examinations were related to FA. article 3: Forty-two individuals with NF1 and 25 control subjects were evaluated by examination of ERM univoxel placed in the region of the globus pallidus. Automated quantitative analysis was made of the relationship of the metabolites choline/creatine (Co / Cr), N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (NAA / Cr) and myoinositol/creatine (MI / Cr) and related to the occurrence of UBOS in region of the globus pallidus. Results: article 1: The FA values between the groups demonstrated statistically significant differences (p &#8804; 0.05) for the cerebellum and thalamus in NF1 patients, independent of the occurrence of UBOs; article 2: We demonstrated statistically significant differences in FA for the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus between NF1 patients and controls (P &#8804; 0.05), even with a reduction or disappearance of UBOs; article 3: We demonstrated statistically significant differences between of patients with NF1 and control groups as the average values Mi/Cr and Co/Cr (P<0.05) in the region of the globus pallidus. Conclusions: article 1: MR imaging using DTI technique suggests that UBOs are due to microstructural defect of the brain tissue in NF1 patients. article 2: MRI allows for adequate monitoring of the temporal and spatial distribution of UBOs in patients with NF1. DTI confirmed changes in FA despite the disappearance or reduction of UBOs. article 3: MR spectroscopy allows the characterization of the tissue abnormalities not demonstrable in the conventional MR sequences of patients with NF1 by analysis of metabolites Co and Mi. / A neurofibromatose tipo 1 (NF1) em crianças e adolescentes está frequentemente associada com o aparecimento ou desaparecimento de lesões focais de hipersinal no encéfalo na ponderação T2 (FHE-T2). Estas lesões não são aceitas como critério diagnóstico para NF1 e sua natureza exata ainda não está clara. Objetivos: artigo 1: Avaliar a relação entre a presença dos FHE-T2 e padrões de anisotropia fracionada (FA) em uma série de pacientes com NF1; artigo 2: Demonstrar o padrão de evolução dos FHE-T2 por exame de Ressonância Magnética (RM) em indivíduos com NF1 e relacionar com o valor regional de FA; artigo 3: Avaliar os padrões metabólicos por meio da espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (ERM) do encéfalo na presença dos FHE-T2 em pacientes com NF1. Métodos: artigo 1: Analisou-se uma série de 44 indivíduos com NF1, e 20 controles. A análise quantitativa do FA foi definida em quatro regiões anatômicas pré-determinadas e relacionada à presença de FHE-T2; artigo 2: Analisou-se com imagem de tensor de difusão (DTI) a evolução dos FHE-T2 nas regiões de núcleos da base, tálamos, cerebelo e tronco encefalico de um grupo de 27 pacientes com NF1 e 20 controles. A presença de FHE-T2 em dois exames de RM encefálica consecutivos foram relacionados com o valor de FA; artigo 3: Analisou-se 42 indivíduos com NF1, e 25 controles saudáveis por exame de ERM univoxel na região do globo pálido. Foi feita análise automatizada quantitativa da relação dos metabólitos colina/creatina (Co/Cr), N-acetil aspartato/creatina (Naa/Cr) e Mioinositol/creatina (Mi/Cr) e relacionada à ocorrência de FHE-T2 na região do globo pálido. Resultados: artigo 1: Os FHE-T2 foram diagnosticados em 50% dos pacientes com NF1. Observou-se redução do valor de FA nas regiões do cerebelo e tálamo de aparência normal ou com FHE-T2 de pacientes com NF1 em relação ao controle (P &#8804;.05); artigo 2: Houve redução significativa no valor de FA nas regiões de núcleos da base, cerebelo e tálamos em pacientes com NF1 em relação ao grupo controle (P &#8804;.05) mesmo com redução ou desaparecimento dos FHE-T2; artigo 3: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos de pacientes com NF1 e o controle quanto aos valores médios ( ) de Mi/Cr e Co/Cr (P<0,05) na região do globo pálido. Conclusões: artigo 1: A técnica de DTI confirma que os FHE-T2 estejam relacionados às alterações da microestrutura do tecido cerebral em pacientes NF1. artigo 2: A RM possibilita o adequado monitoramento da distribuição no tempo e espaço dos FHE-T2 em pacientes com NF1. DTI evidencia alterações no valor de FA mesmo com o desaparecimento ou redução dos FHE-T2; artigo 3: A ERM permite a caracterização de anormalidades teciduais não demonstráveis nas sequências convencionais de RM de pacientes com NF1 por meio da análise dos metabólitos Co e Mi.

Os gliomas de vias ópticas (GVO) representam 5% dos tumores cerebrais pediátricos e geralmente aparecem histologicamente como astrocitomas de baixo grau. Por causa do curso imprevisto dos GVO, as opções de tratamento ainda são controversas, envolvendo vigilância, cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Neste estudo, realizamos a análise volumétricas de gliomas de vias ópticas envolvendo as regiões óptico-quiasmáticas e hipotalâmica (GOQH) para comparar a evolução as neoplasias tratadas com e sem quimioterapia, comparando o volume e componentes das lesões. Foram analisados retrospectivamente 14 pacientes com (GOQH) que foram submetidos a Ressonância Magnética em nosso departamento de janeiro de 2000 a outubro de 2015. Um total de 45 RM de encéfalo foram incluídas, com uma média de 3,2 estudos/paciente. A avaliação das lesões foi realizada manualmente por um Neurorradiologista, usando o Software DISPLAY. Quatro destes pacientes eram portadores de NF-1. Oito foram tratados com quimioterapia, sendo carboplatina e vincristina (Carbo/VCR) os agentes de primeira linha. As medidas volumétricas foram realizadas com separação entre os componentes sólidos e císticos das neoplasia, usando as sequências FLAIR e T1 pós contraste, com o apoio de imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2. Um aumento de aproximadamente 30% do volume para as lesões sólidas e uma redução de 19,4% no volume das lesões sólido-císticas foram observados no período global após o tratamento com quimioterapia, porém ambos sem significância estatística. Entre os pacientes não tratados, observou-se uma redução de 16,6 % do volume global das lesões durante o período de acompanhamento. A avaliação da eficácia do tratamento para pacientes com GOQH é difícil, dada a raridade de casos e heterogeneidade radiológica. Os dados de algumas publicações argumentam que o valor da quimioterapia é controverso e não se correlaciona com a resposta radiológica. Em nosso estudo observamos uma pequena redução do volume de neoplasias entre os pacientes tratados e não tratados com quimioterapia, porém sem significância estatística. Ensaios clínicos prospectivos são necessários para melhor avaliar o efeito da quimioterapia sobre OPG. / Optic pathway gliomas (OPG) represent 5% of pediatric brain tumors and generally appear histologically as low-grade astrocytomas. Because of the unpredictable course of OPG, adequate treatment method has been controversial, involving surveillance, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this study, we use volumetric imaging to compare evolution between OPG treated with and without chemotherapy, analyzing the volume and components of the lesions. We retrospectively analyzed 14 patients with OPG who underwent MRI in our department from January 2000 to October 2015. A total of 45 brain MRI were included, with an average of 3,2 studies/patient. The assessment of lesions was manually performed by a neuroradiologist, using software DISPLAY. Four of these patients had NF-1. Eight were treated with chemotherapy, using carboplatin and vincristine (Carbo/VCR) as first-line agents. Volumetric measurements of tumors were segmented into solid and cystic components using FLAIR and T1 weighted images after Gadolinium sequences, with support of T1 and T2 weighted images. An increase of approximately 30% of volume for solid lesions and a decrease of 19,4% for solid-cystic lesions were noted following chemotherapy in overall period, both with no statistical significance. Among patients not treated with chemotherapy, we observed a reduction of 16% in overall volume of the lesions Evaluation of treatment efficacy for OPG patients is difficult, given the rarity of cases and radiological heterogeneity. Data from some publications argued that the value of chemotherapy is controversial and does not correlate with radiological response. From our study we observed a small volume reduction of neoplasms among patients treated and not treated with chemotherapy. Larger prospective clinical trials are needed to better evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on OPG.