Les nouvelles technologies de l’information et des communications occupent aujourd’hui une place importante dans les entreprises, quelle que soit la taille ou le(s) domaine(s) d’activité de ces dernières. Elles participent de manière positive au développement de la vie économique. Elles sont toutefois à l’origine d’une nouvelle forme de criminalité qui menace la sécurité et l’intégrité des systèmes informatiques dans l’entreprise. Celle-ci est d’une ampleur difficile à évaluer, mais surtout difficile à maîtriser avec les dispositions législatives déjà en place, laissant par là même apparaître qu’une adaptation au niveau juridique est inévitable. Certains pays industrialisés ont ainsi décidé de mettre en place un cadre juridique adéquat pour garantir aux entreprises la sécurité de leurs systèmes informatiques. Notre étude va justement porter sur les dispositifs mis en place par deux systèmes juridiques différents. Forcés de prendre en compte une réalité nouvelle – qui n’existait pas nécessairement il y a plusieurs années –, la France et le Canada ont décidé de modifier respectivement leurs codes pénal et criminel en leur ajoutant des dispositions qui répriment de nouvelles infractions. À travers cet exposé, nous allons analyser les infractions qui portent atteinte à la sécurité du système informatique de l’entreprise à la lumière des outils juridiques mis en place. Nous allons mesurer leur degré d’efficacité face à la réalité informatique. En d’autres termes, il s’agit pour nous de déterminer si le droit va répondre ou non aux besoins de l’informatique. / The new information and communication technologies (NICT) currently play an important role in companies, regardless of their size or field of activity; in addition they contribute positively to the economy. However, their use has led to NICT-related criminality, which threatens the security and integrity of the companies’ computer systems. NICT-related criminality has grown exponentially; its increase is hard to assess, and especially hard to control using the existing legislative provisions. Hence, legal adaptations appear unavoidable. Several First World countries have decided to set up, through different means, an adequate legal framework to guarantee the security of companies’ computer systems. Our study will focus precisely on the mechanisms that have been set by two different legal systems. France and Canada, which had to take into account a new reality–new to at least some extent–have decided to amend their respective penal and criminal codes by adding provisions that penalize further infringements. In this work, we will analyze the crimes that undermine the security of the companies’ computer systems in light of the legal tools in place. We will asess how effectively they face today’s computer world and will determine whether or not the law will meet or not the needs of this type of technology.

Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται προσπάθεια για μια εκτενή διερεύνηση των σύγχρονων εργαλείων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την εξ αποστάσεως διδασκαλία των μαθηματικών. Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι διάφορες μορφές διδασκαλίας και μάθησης, έτσι όπως αυτές προκύπτουν από τους διαφορετικούς ρόλους επικοινωνίας μεταξύ των εκπαιδευτικών, των μαθητών, των περιεχομένων και των μέσων διδασκαλίας. Οι μορφές αυτές είναι οι δασκαλοκεντρικές-μετωπικές, οι μαθητοκεντρικές, οι μεικτές και οι ομαδοκεντρικές. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται κάποιες νεότερες αντιλήψεις για τη μάθηση, όπως είναι η διερευνητική μάθηση και η μέθοδος project, καθώς και τα πλεονεκτήματά τους έναντι των παλαιότερων μορφών διδασκαλίας. Στην επόμενη ενότητα παρουσιάζεται ο τρόπος που οι νέες τεχνολογίες της πληροφορίας και της επικοινωνίας (ΤΠΕ) χρησιμοποιούνται ως μέθοδοι διερευνητικής μάθησης, επηρεάζοντας τη μαθηματική εκπαίδευση. Οι σύγχρονες τεχνολογίες προσφέρουν στους μαθητές δυνατότητες για μάθηση μέσα από ένα παιγνιώδη τρόπο, ενώ μπορούν ταυτόχρονα να βοηθήσουν τους μαθητές να αναπτύξουν ανώτερη μαθηματική σκέψη. Το συντριπτικό ποσοστό των παραπάνω εφαρμογών και λογισμικών ΤΠΕ αφορά λογισμικό που κυρίως χρησιμοποιείται μέσα στην τάξη. Οι νέες τάσεις όμως ευνοούν τη λεγόμενη εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση (distance learning) με χρήση ηλεκτρονικών μέσων και τεχνολογιών ΤΠΕ. Αν θέλαμε να περιγράψουμε απλώς την εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση, θα λέγαμε ότι πρόκειται για μια εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία όπου ο διδασκόμενος βρίσκεται σε φυσική απόσταση από το διδάσκοντα και τον εκπαιδευτικό φορέα. Ωστόσο οφείλουμε να δώσουμε κι έναν επιπλέον, παιδαγωγικής διάστασης ορισμό: η εκπαίδευση που διδάσκει το μαθητή πώς να μαθαίνει μόνος του και πώς να λειτουργεί αυτόνομα προς μια ευεργετική πορεία αυτομάθησης και γνώσης. Η επόμενη ενότητα αναφέρεται στο Web. Το Web έχει συνεισφέρει αρκετά τα τελευταία χρόνια στην εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση. Η ανεξαρτησία από την τάξη και από κάποια συγκεκριμένη πλατφόρμα λογισμικού, η διαθεσιμότητα εργαλείων για τη δημιουργία μαθημάτων στο Web, η φθηνή και αποδοτική αποθήκευση και διανομή του υλικού των μαθημάτων, υπερσύνδεσμοι σε προτεινόμενες σελίδες και υλικό, οι ψηφιακές βιβλιοθήκες και διάφορες άλλες πηγές αποτελούν μερικά από τα πλεονεκτήματα που προσφέρει η βασισμένη στο Web εκπαίδευση. Η εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση μέσω διαδικτύου έχει πλέον κάνει αισθητή την παρουσία της στη Δευτεροβάθμια και κυρίως στην Τριτοβάθμια Εκπαίδευση. Δεδομένης της αναποτελεσματικότητας της χρήση των δικτυακών τόπων (λόγω του κόστος κατασκευής και συντήρησης που απαιτούν σε ότι αφορά οικονομικές αλλά και ανθρώπινες πηγές) αναπτύχθηκαν τα συστήματα διαχείρισης περιεχομένου και τάξεων, τα οποία υποστηρίζουν εφαρμογές δημιουργίας και διαχείρισης εκπαιδευτικού υλικού. Τα περισσότερα από αυτά τα οποία είναι και ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενα αποτελούν εφαρμογές ανοιχτού κώδικα, γεγονός που ισχυροποιεί την επιλογή χρήσης τους. Ορισμένα από τα συστήματα διαχείρισης που αναφέρονται είναι το Moodle, το eFront, το open eClass και το Lams. Η επόμενη ενότητα αναφέρεται στα χαρακτηριστικά ενός εκπαιδευτικού υλικού για την εξ αποστάσεως διδασκαλία του και τα κριτήρια αξιολόγησης του διδακτικού υλικού της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης. Ως συνέπεια των παραπάνω, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το δυναμικό περιβάλλον γεωμετρίας Geogebra για την παραγωγή εκπαιδευτικού υλικού. Έπειτα ακολουθεί μια ενότητα το περιεχόμενο της οποίας ασχολείται με την διδασκαλία των τριγωνομετρικών αριθμών οξείας γωνίας και ένα σενάριο για την εξ αποστάσεως διδασκαλία τους, το οποίο τοποθετήθηκε στο εργαλείο διαχείρισης LAMS (Learning Activity Management System) ώστε να είναι προσβάσιμο μέσω διαδικτύου, παρουσιάζοντας με τον τρόπο αυτό την απτή πραγματικότητα της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης. / This paper attempts a comprehensive exploration of modern tools used for distance teaching of mathematics. Originally presented in various forms of teaching and learning, as reflected by the different roles of communication between teachers, students, content and methods of teaching . These forms are teacher-centered-frontal, the student-centered, the mixed and omadokentrikes. Here are some newer ideas about learning, such as exploratory learning and the method of project, and their advantages over older forms of teaching. The next section presents the way the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) are used as methods of exploratory learning, affecting mathematics education. Modern technologies offer students opportunities to learn through a playful way and same time can help students develop higher mathematical thinking. The overwhelming proportion of these applications and software for ICT software is mainly used in the classroom. New trends, however, favor the so-called distance education (distance learning) using electronic media and ICT. If we were to simply describe the distance education, we would say that this is an educational process where the student is in physical proximity to the teacher and the educational institution. But we must also give an additional, pedagogical dimension definition: training that teaches the student how to learn for themselves and how to operate autonomously in a beneficial way self-learning and knowledge. The next section discusses the Web. The Web has contributed to several recent years in distance education. Independence from the classroom and a particular software platform, the availability of tools to create courses on the Web, the cheap and efficient storage and distribution of course material, hyperlinks to pages and proposed materials, digital libraries and other sources are few the advantages of Web-based education. Distance education via the Internet has now made its presence felt in secondary and especially tertiary education. Given the inefficiency of the use of websites (due to construction costs and maintenance required in terms of financial and human resources) developed content management systems and classes that support applications for creating and managing learning materials. Most of them which is a widely used open source applications, which strengthens the option to use them. Some of the management systems are listed in Moodle, the eFront, the open eClass and the Lams. The next section refers to features of an educational material for distance teaching and evaluation criteria of teaching material for distance learning. As a consequence, used a dynamic geometry environment Geogebra to produce educational material. Then follows a section whose content deals with the teaching of trigonometric numbers acute angle and a scenario for distance teaching, which was placed in administration tool LAMS (Learning Activity Management System) to be accessible via the Internet, showing the Thus the reality of distance education.

As transformações intensas e aceleradas que se observam na contemporaneidade têm afetado, frontalmente, as mais diversas dimensões da vida humana, com as quais as novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) mantêm estreitas ligações inclusive com a educação. Inserido neste cenário, o homem carece, cada vez mais, de balizas para orientar-se no mundo. Sob influência do pragmatismo econômico, os meios adquirem, muitas vezes, mais destaque do que os fins educacionais. Neste contexto, emergem vários princípios orientadores para a educação, nem sempre capazes de conferir sentido ao trabalho docente e ao processo de formação discente. Esta pesquisa possui como objetivo principal refletir sobre os sentidos que os professores conferem à tecnologia e sobre uma possível incorporação crítica dos recursos tecnológicos às suas práticas docentes. Para tanto, investigaram-se as concepções que os sujeitos da pesquisa possuíam a respeito da educação, de tecnologia e das relações destas na contemporaneidade, no que se refere, particularmente, aos fins educacionais e à prática docente. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se como principal referencial teórico a obra de Hannah Arendt, com especial atenção para o conceito de sentido e para as distinções que esta autora estabelece entre conhecimento, verdade e sentido. Utilizou-se metodologia de natureza qualitativa, e a tomada de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são professores da disciplina de Física, que utilizam ferramentas tecnológicas em suas atividades docentes, dentro e fora de sala de aula, e lecionam em um colégio particular, de porte médio, localizado em Osasco-SP. Esta escola, que atende estudantes da educação infantil ao ensino médio além de oferecer curso pré-vestibular , encara a tecnologia como um dos principais componentes estruturantes de seu projeto-político pedagógico, disponibilizando ampla gama de recursos tecnológicos a alunos e professores (lousa eletrônica; sistema de teleconferência; auditório aparelhado com projetor estereoscópico cinema 3D; plantão on-line para esclarecimento de dúvidas dos alunos; laboratórios de informática e de robótica). Após análise das entrevistas, constatou-se que as justificativas apresentadas para o emprego das TIC não se caracterizam, mormente, como frutos do pensamento crítico, mas de pressões do pragmatismo econômico valorização do fazer processual; tentativa de amoldar os ritmos do processo de ensinoaprendizagem à dinâmica mercadológica; propósitos da educação voltados, quase exclusivamente, à capacitação dos alunos para o mercado de trabalho. Além de indícios de ausência de controle reflexivo do tempo e de certo desprezo por questões de ordem filosófica, verificou-se, nas falas registradas, que a escassez de evidências de pensamento especulativo sugere que, com os sujeitos desta pesquisa, não se desenvolveu o processo de atribuição de sentido, à luz dos conceitos definidos por Arendt, no que se refere especificamente à incorporação de recursos tecnológicos em suas práticas docentes. / The intense and rapid transformations that have marked contemporaneity directly affect a wide range of dimensions of human life to which the new information and communication technologies (ICT) are closely connected including education. Inserted in this scenario, humans find themselves increasingly at a loss for signposts to guide their way in the world. Under the influence of economic pragmatism, educational means often assume greater prominence than educational ends. In this context, several guiding principles emerge for education, not all of them able to imbue the work of teaching and the process of student education with meaning. The main objective of this research is to reflect on the meanings teachers ascribe to technology and on a possible critical incorporation of technological resources into their teaching practices. To this end, an investigation was made of the conceptions the subjects of this research possessed about education, technology and their relations in the contemporary world, particularly insofar as they concern educational ends and the practice of teaching. The work of Hannah Arendt was used as the main theoretical reference to analyze the information, with special attention focusing on the concept of meaning and on the distinctions the author establishes between knowledge, truth and meaning. A qualitative methodology was used, and the information was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. The subjects of this research are Physics teachers who use technological tools in their teaching activities inside and outside the classroom, and teach at a medium-sized private school located in Osasco, SP, Brazil. This school, which caters to children of preschool to middle school age and also gives university entry exam preparation courses , sees technology as one of the main structuring components of its pedagogical policy project, offering a wide range of technological resources to students and teachers (electronic blackboards, a teleconference system, an auditorium equipped with a stereoscopic 3D film projector, online service for clarifying students doubts, and informatics and robotics laboratories). An analysis of the interviews indicated that the justifications for the use of ICT are not generally characterized as being the fruit of critical thought, but a response to the pressures of economic pragmatism the valuing of processual action; an attempt to mold the pace of the teaching-learning process to market dynamics; educational purposes aimed, almost exclusively, to preparing students for the labor market. In addition to the absence of a reflexive control of time and a certain disdain for questions of a philosophical nature, the answers recorded in these interviews indicated that the paucity of evidence of speculative thinking suggests that, with the subjects of this research, there has been no development of the process of attributing meaning, in light of the concepts defined by Arendt, specifically insofar as the incorporation of technological resources into their teaching practices is concerned.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-11T16:53:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aiane de Oliveira Vieira - 2016.pdf: 3265296 bytes, checksum: 9423b44dcdcb558afdb9d6dcaa12b1e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T16:15:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aiane de Oliveira Vieira - 2016.pdf: 3265296 bytes, checksum: 9423b44dcdcb558afdb9d6dcaa12b1e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T16:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aiane de Oliveira Vieira - 2016.pdf: 3265296 bytes, checksum: 9423b44dcdcb558afdb9d6dcaa12b1e8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation developed an analysis that aims to identify why political parties and candidates use social media websites as a campaign tool and the main persuasive strategies they use to convince the electorate. It also tried to comprehend how professionalization, medialization and personalization, contemporary campaigns main characteristics, influence political campaigns in digital environments. In this perspective, the research chose to analyze candidates’, Aécio Neves (PSDB) and Dilma Rousseff (PT), official pages on Facebook. The main goal was to understand the persuasive strategies they used throughout the presidential race. The study’s main hypotheses defends that the candidates, using advanced electoral marketing techniques, used social media websites in order to promote themselves and attack their opponents and, on the other hand, did not debate political issues. In order to reach the main goal and test the proposed hypothesis, the research developed a literature review that underwent the historical transformation that the electoral process experienced both in an international and national context. It also focused on New Information and Communication Technology rise in the political communication field as well as debated about their contributions to the quality of democracy and electoral campaigns. The research also promoted an investigation on the political scene that the 2014 presidential race took place, which discussed the polarization between PT and PSDB around the presidential election in the last two decades. The analysis focused, first, on former presidents’ Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administrations as well as President Dilma Rousseff first term and, later, introduced the main events that happened throughout the campaign. The paper identified and debated the main communicational strategies adopted by campaign strategists, which suited as a theoretical sketch of the methodological model implemented. It was collected the content posted on the candidates’ official pages on Facebook between July 6th and October 26th , 2014 and it was developed a content analysis that classified each post in the following categories: Agenda; Support/Endorsement; Attack/Negative Campaign; Campaign/Call for votes; Defense/Counterattack; Institutional; Personal Matters/Personal promotion; and Political Proposals. Later, based on the results, it was done a comparative analysis, which tried to emphasize each variable analyzed and highlight each candidate’s strategies and goals according to the electoral context. This research concluded that institutional propaganda and personal promotion, political personalization main characteristics, in addition to negative campaign led the campaign and, on the other hand, political discussions were put aside. / Esta dissertação desenvolveu uma análise que busca identificar as finalidades para as quais partidos e candidatos usam as redes sociais como ferramenta de campanha política e quais as principais estratégias persuasivas usadas por eles para convencer o eleitor. Buscou-se também compreender como a profissionalização, a midiatização e a personalização, características das campanhas contemporâneas, influenciam as campanhas em ambientes digitais. Nesse sentido, escolheu-se como objeto de estudo as páginas oficiais dos candidatos Aécio Neves (PSDB) e Dilma Rousseff (PT) na rede social Facebook e o objetivo geral foi analisar as estratégias persuasivas usadas por eles ao longo da corrida presidencial. Partiu-se da hipótese de que os candidatos empregaram avançadas técnicas de marketing eleitoral e utilizaram as redes sociais para se autopromoverem e atacarem seus oponentes e, em contrapartida, deixaram de debater questões políticas programáticas. Para alcançar tal objetivo e testar a hipótese proposta, o trabalho fez uma revisão da literatura que perpassou as transformações históricas vividas pelas campanhas eleitorais, tanto no contexto internacional, quanto nacional; a ascensão das Novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação na comunicação política e o debate acerca de suas contribuições para a qualidade da democracia e dos processos eleitorais. A pesquisa desenvolveu também um balanço do cenário político em que as eleições de 2014 se desenvolveram, o qual discutiu a polarização entre PT e PSDB em torno das eleições presidenciais nas últimas duas décadas, perpassando pelos governos de Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva e o primeiro mandato de Dilma Rousseff, para então introduzir os principais fatos que se desenrolaram ao longo do período eleitoral. Identificou-se e debateu-se as principais estratégias comunicacionais adotadas pelos estrategistas de campanha, análise esta que serviu como esboço teórico do modelo metodológico implementado na pesquisa, o qual, por meio de análise de conteúdo, coletou as postagens feitas nas páginas oficiais dos dois candidatos entre os dias 06 de julho e 26 de outubro de 2014 e classificou-as em: Agenda; Apoio/Endosso; Ataque/Campanha Negativa; Campanha/Apelo; Defesa/ContraAtaque; Institucional; Assuntos Pessoais/Promoção Pessoal; e Propositivo. Posteriormente, os resultados obtidos foram discutidos por meio de uma análise comparativa, que buscou evidenciar cada variável analisada e destacar as estratégias e os objetivos de cada candidato de acordo com o contexto eleitoral. Concluiu-se que a propaganda institucional juntamente com a promoção pessoal, características da personalização da política, bem como o discurso negativo tomaram conta dos discursos da campanha em detrimento da apresentação e discussão de propostas de governo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_LUANNA CARVALHO MIRANDA TEIXEIRA.pdf: 1070940 bytes, checksum: bfadec54508c8c60b817d6ee53c9f95a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Influence of technological change, the emergence of new information technologies and communication and popularization of digital mobile devices in the relations between state and society. It analyzes the use of these new technologies by the government of Brazil, from its growth and its use under the pretext of seeking the approach of citizen and government. It is understood that this provision of public services implemented by way of the Brazilian state through the NTIC, potentiate certain forms of reification and systemic domination. To investigate how the Brazilian government uses the NICT, especially Sinesp Citizen application to spread the dominant ideology and establish unilateral relations mediated by things. Explanatory and qualitative study, based on a genuinely literature methodology. / Influência das mudanças tecnológicas, do surgimento das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação e da popularização dos dispositivos móveis digitais nas relações entre Estado e sociedade. Analisa-se a utilização dessas novas tecnologias pelo governo do Brasil, a partir do seu crescimento e do seu uso sob o pretexto de buscar a aproximação do cidadão e governo. Entende-se que essa prestação de serviços públicos implementadas pela forma do Estado brasileiro por meio das NTIC, potencializam certas formas de reificação e de dominação sistêmica. Investigar como o governo brasileiro utiliza as NTIC, em especial o aplicativo Sinesp Cidadão, para difundir a ideologia dominante e estabelecer relações unilaterais mediadas pelas coisas. Estudo explicativo e qualitativo, fundamentado em uma metodologia genuinamente bibliográfica.

Cette thèse porte sur l’appropriation de l’Internet et du multimédias dans la population universitaire d’Afrique francophone, en l’an 2001. Elle couvre six pays : le Bénin, le Burkina Faso, le Cameroun, la Côte d’Ivoire, le Mali et le Togo. La recherche porte sur le recensement des centres de recherche démographique en Afrique francophone subsaharienne et sur une enquête auprès des universités de Yaoundé II et de Douala au Cameroun. La problématique de l’accès et de l’usage est centrale dans notre démarche. Elle est traduite dans la question de recherche suivante : « Dans un contexte dominé par les représentations des NTIC comme symboles de modernité et facteurs d’intégration à l’économie mondiale, quelles sont les modalités d’appropriation de ces technologies par les universitaires des institutions de l’enseignement et de la recherche en Afrique considérées dans cette étude ? » Pour aborder le matériel empirique, nous avons opté pour deux approches théoriques : les théories du développement en lien avec les (nouveaux) médias et la sociologie des innovations techniques. Enracinées dans la pensée des Lumières, complétée et affinée par les approches évolutionnistes inspirées de Spencer, le fonctionnalisme d’inspiration parsonienne et l’économie politique axée sur la pensée de W. W. Rostow, les théories du développement ont largement mis à contribution les théories de la communication pour atteindre leur objet. Alors que la crise de la modernité occidentale menace de délégitimer ces paradigmes, les technologies émergentes leur donnent une nouvelle naissance : dans la continuité de la pensée d’Auguste Comte, le développement est désormais pensé en termes d’intégration à un nouveau type de société, la société de l’information. Cette nouvelle promesse eschatologique et cette foi dans la technique comme facteur d’intégration à la société et à l’économie en réseau habitent tous les projets menés sur le continent, que ce soit le NEPAD, le Fond de solidarité numérique, le projet d’ordinateur à 100$ pour les enfants démunis ou le projet panafricain de desserte satellitaire, le RASCOM. Le deuxième volet de notre cadre de référence théorique est axé sur la sociologie des innovations techniques. Nous mobilisons la sociopolitique des usages de Vedel et Vitalis pour ramener la raison critique dans le débat sur le développement du continent africain, dans l’optique de montrer que la prérogative politique assumée par les États a encore sa place, si l’on veut que les ressources numériques servent à satisfaire les demandes sociales et non les seules demandes solvables essentiellement localisées dans les centres urbains. En refusant le déterminisme technique si courant dans la pensée sur le développement, nous voulons montrer que le devenir de la technique n’est pas inscrit dans son essence, comme une ombre portée, mais que l’action des humains, notamment l’action politique, peut infléchir la trajectoire des innovations techniques dans l’optique de servir les aspirations des citoyens. Sur le plan méthodologique, la démarche combine les méthodes quantitatives et les méthodes qualitatives. Les premières nous permettront de mesurer la présence d’Internet et du multimédia dans l’environnement des répondants. Les secondes nous aideront à saisir les représentations développées par les usagers au contact de ces outils. Dans la perspective socioconstructiviste, ces discours sont constitutifs des technologies, dans la mesure où ils sont autant de modalités d’appropriation, de construction sociale de l’usage. Ultimement, l’intégration du langage technique propre aux outils multimédias dans le langage quotidien des usagers traduit le dernier stade de cette appropriation. À travers cette recherche, il est apparu que les usagers sont peu nombreux à utiliser les technologies audiovisuelles dans le contexte professionnel. Quand à l’Internet et aux outils multimédias, leur présence et leurs usages restent limités, l’accès physique n’étant pas encore garanti à tous les répondants de l’étude. Internet suscite de grandes espérances, mais reste, là aussi, largement inaccessible en contexte professionnel, la majorité des usagers se rabattant sur les lieux publics comme les cybercafés pour pallier l’insuffisance des ressources au sein de leurs institutions d’appartenance. Quant aux représentations, elles restent encore largement tributaires des discours politiques et institutionnels dominants, selon lesquels l’avenir sera numérique ou ne sera pas. La thèse va cependant au-delà de ces données pour dessiner la carte numérique actuelle du continent, en intégrant dans la nouvelle donne technologique la montée fulgurante de la téléphonie cellulaire mobile. Il nous est apparu que l’Internet, dont la diffusion sur le continent a été plus que modeste, pourrait largement profiter de l’émergence sur le continent de la culture mobile, que favorise notamment la convergence entre les mini-portables et la téléphonie mobile. / This thesis addresses the appropriation of the Internet and of multimedia in the university population of French-speaking Africa, in the year 2001. It deals with six sub-Saharan countries: Benin and Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Mali and Togo. The research is specifically interested in the inventory of demographic research centers in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa and the investigation with the universities of Yaoundé II and Douala in Cameroon. The question of access and use is central to our approach. Articulated as a research question, the focus is as follows: "In a context dominated by the representations of the ICTs as symbols of modernity and ways of integrating the world economy, what are the modalities of appropriation of these technologies by academics within postsecondary institutions of teaching and research in Africa considered in this study?" Two theoretical approaches were adopted to deal with the empirical data : theories of development tied to the (new) media and the sociology of technological innovations. Rooted in the thought of the Enlightenment, completed and refined by the evolutionist approaches inspired by Spencer, Parsonian functionalism and the political economy centered on the thought of W.W. Rostow, theories of development have made much use of theories of the communication in order to achieve their objectives. Even as the crisis of Western modernity threatens to delegitimize these paradigms, the emergent technologies give them a new lease on life: in continuity of the thought of Auguste Comte, development is henceforth thought in terms of integration within a new social structure, the information society. This new eschatological promise and this faith in technology as the factor of integration within society and the network economy animate all the projects undertaken on the continent, whether it is the NEPAD, the Digital Solidarity Fund, the $100 Computer Project for Deprived Children or the Pan-African project of satellite sideboard, the RASCOM. The second part of our theoretical framework is centered on the sociology of technical innovations. We make use of the socio-political approach to usage developed by Vedel and Vitalis to re-introduce critical reason into the debate on the development of the African continent, with a view to showing how political prerogatives at the State-level still have their place, if we want to develop digital resources that satisfy social demands and respond not only to demands deemed solvent and essentially arising out of urban areas. By refusing the technical determinism so current in thinking about development, we would like to show that the future of technology is not inscribed in its essence, like a shadowy presence, but that human action, notably political action, can reorient the trajectory of technological innovation in the direction of responding to the aspirations of citizens. Methodologically, our approach combines quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The former will allow us to measure the presence of the Internet and multimedia in the environment of those concerned. The latter will help us to grasp the representations developed by the users in contact with these tools. Within a socio-constructivist perspective, these discourses are constitutive of these technologies, inasmuch as they are so many modalities of appropriation, of the social construction of usage. Ultimately, the integration of the technical language specific to these multimedia tools into the every day language of the users signals the last stage of this appropriation. Through this research, it became evident that few users utilize audiovisual technologies in a professional context. As for the Internet and multimedia tools, their presence and their use remain limited, physical access not yet being guaranteed to all the respondents of the study. The Internet, while creating large expectations, also remains largely inaccessible in a professional context, the majority of the users making use of public spaces such as cyber-cafes to mitigate the lack of resources within their own institutions. As far as representations go, they remain still widely dependent on the dominant political and institutional discourses, according to which the future will be digital or will not be. The thesis, however, goes beyond this data in order to draw up the current digital map of the continent, by integrating within the technological landscape the phenomenal rise of mobile cellular technology. It appeared to us that the Internet, the availability of which on the continent has been modest at best, could widely take advantage of the emergence on the continent of the mobile culture, which facilitates in particular the convergence between netbooks and mobile telephones (smartphones).

Résumé Cette thèse porte sur l’appropriation de l’Internet et du multimédias dans la population universitaire d’Afrique francophone, en l’an 2001. Elle couvre six pays : le Bénin, le Burkina Faso, le Cameroun, la Côte d’Ivoire, le Mali et le Togo. La recherche porte sur le recensement des centres de recherche démographique en Afrique francophone subsaharienne et sur une enquête auprès des universités de Yaoundé II et de Douala au Cameroun. La problématique de l’accès et de l’usage est centrale dans notre démarche. Elle est traduite dans la question de recherche suivante : « Dans un contexte dominé par les représentations des NTIC comme symboles de modernité et facteurs d’intégration à l’économie mondiale, quelles sont les modalités d’appropriation de ces technologies par les universitaires des institutions de l’enseignement et de la recherche en Afrique considérées dans cette étude ? » Pour aborder le matériel empirique, nous avons opté pour deux approches théoriques : les théories du développement en lien avec les (nouveaux) médias et la sociologie des innovations techniques. Enracinées dans la pensée des Lumières, complétée et affinée par les approches évolutionnistes inspirées de Spencer, le fonctionnalisme d’inspiration parsonienne et l’économie politique axée sur la pensée de W. W. Rostow, les théories du développement ont largement mis à contribution les théories de la communication pour atteindre leur objet. Alors que la crise de la modernité occidentale menace de délégitimer ces paradigmes, les technologies émergentes leur donnent une nouvelle naissance : dans la continuité de la pensée d’Auguste Comte, le développement est désormais pensé en termes d’intégration à un nouveau type de société, la société de l’information. Cette nouvelle promesse eschatologique et cette foi dans la technique comme facteur d’intégration à la société et à l’économie en réseau habitent tous les projets menés sur le continent, que ce soit le NEPAD, le Fond de solidarité numérique, le projet d’ordinateur à 100$ pour les enfants démunis ou le projet panafricain de desserte satellitaire, le RASCOM. Le deuxième volet de notre cadre de référence théorique est axé sur la sociologie des innovations techniques. Nous mobilisons la sociopolitique des usages de Vedel et Vitalis pour ramener la raison critique dans le débat sur le développement du continent africain, dans l’optique de montrer que la prérogative politique assumée par les États a encore sa place, si l’on veut que les ressources numériques servent à satisfaire les demandes sociales et non les seules demandes solvables essentiellement localisées dans les centres urbains. En refusant le déterminisme technique si courant dans la pensée sur le développement, nous voulons montrer que le devenir de la technique n’est pas inscrit dans son essence, comme une ombre portée, mais que l’action des humains, notamment l’action politique, peut infléchir la trajectoire des innovations techniques dans l’optique de servir les aspirations des citoyens. Sur le plan méthodologique, la démarche combine les méthodes quantitatives et les méthodes qualitatives. Les premières nous permettront de mesurer la présence d’Internet et du multimédia dans l’environnement des répondants. Les secondes nous aideront à saisir les représentations développées par les usagers au contact de ces outils. Dans la perspective socioconstructiviste, ces discours sont constitutifs des technologies, dans la mesure où ils sont autant de modalités d’appropriation, de construction sociale de l’usage. Ultimement, l’intégration du langage technique propre aux outils multimédias dans le langage quotidien des usagers traduit le dernier stade de cette appropriation. À travers cette recherche, il est apparu que les usagers sont peu nombreux à utiliser les technologies audiovisuelles dans le contexte professionnel. Quand à l’Internet et aux outils multimédias, leur présence et leurs usages restent limités, l’accès physique n’étant pas encore garanti à tous les répondants de l’étude. Internet suscite de grandes espérances, mais reste, là aussi, largement inaccessible en contexte professionnel, la majorité des usagers se rabattant sur les lieux publics comme les cybercafés pour pallier l’insuffisance des ressources au sein de leurs institutions d’appartenance. Quant aux représentations, elles restent encore largement tributaires des discours politiques et institutionnels dominants, selon lesquels l’avenir sera numérique ou ne sera pas. La thèse va cependant au-delà de ces données pour dessiner la carte numérique actuelle du continent, en intégrant dans la nouvelle donne technologique la montée fulgurante de la téléphonie cellulaire mobile. Il nous est apparu que l’Internet, dont la diffusion sur le continent a été plus que modeste, pourrait largement profiter de l’émergence sur le continent de la culture mobile, que favorise notamment la convergence entre les mini-portables et la téléphonie mobile. / Abstract This thesis addresses the appropriation of the Internet and of multimedia in the university population of French-speaking Africa, in the year 2001. It deals with six sub-Saharan countries: Benin and Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Mali and Togo. The research is specifically interested in the inventory of demographic research centers in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa and the investigation with the universities of Yaoundé II and Douala in Cameroon. The question of access and use is central to our approach. Articulated as a research question, the focus is as follows: "In a context dominated by the representations of the ICTs as symbols of modernity and ways of integrating the world economy, what are the modalities of appropriation of these technologies by academics within postsecondary institutions of teaching and research in Africa considered in this study?" Two theoretical approaches were adopted to deal with the empirical data : theories of development tied to the (new) media and the sociology of technological innovations. Rooted in the thought of the Enlightenment, completed and refined by the evolutionist approaches inspired by Spencer, Parsonian functionalism and the political economy centered on the thought of W.W. Rostow, theories of development have made much use of theories of the communication in order to achieve their objectives. Even as the crisis of Western modernity threatens to delegitimize these paradigms, the emergent technologies give them a new lease on life: in continuity of the thought of Auguste Comte, development is henceforth thought in terms of integration within a new social structure, the information society. This new eschatological promise and this faith in technology as the factor of integration within society and the network economy animate all the projects undertaken on the continent, whether it is the NEPAD, the Digital Solidarity Fund, the $100 Computer Project for Deprived Children or the Pan-African project of satellite sideboard, the RASCOM. The second part of our theoretical framework is centered on the sociology of technical innovations. We make use of the socio-political approach to usage developed by Vedel and Vitalis to re-introduce critical reason into the debate on the development of the African continent, with a view to showing how political prerogatives at the State-level still have their place, if we want to develop digital resources that satisfy social demands and respond not only to demands deemed solvent and essentially arising out of urban areas. By refusing the technical determinism so current in thinking about development, we would like to show that the future of technology is not inscribed in its essence, like a shadowy presence, but that human action, notably political action, can reorient the trajectory of technological innovation in the direction of responding to the aspirations of citizens. Methodologically, our approach combines quantitative methods and qualitative methods. The former will allow us to measure the presence of the Internet and multimedia in the environment of those concerned. The latter will help us to grasp the representations developed by the users in contact with these tools. Within a socio-constructivist perspective, these discourses are constitutive of these technologies, inasmuch as they are so many modalities of appropriation, of the social construction of usage. Ultimately, the integration of the technical language specific to these multimedia tools into the every day language of the users signals the last stage of this appropriation. Through this research, it became evident that few users utilize audiovisual technologies in a professional context. As for the Internet and multimedia tools, their presence and their use remain limited, physical access not yet being guaranteed to all the respondents of the study. The Internet, while creating large expectations, also remains largely inaccessible in a professional context, the majority of the users making use of public spaces such as cyber-cafes to mitigate the lack of resources within their own institutions. As far as representations go, they remain still widely dependent on the dominant political and institutional discourses, according to which the future will be digital or will not be. The thesis, however, goes beyond this data in order to draw up the current digital map of the continent, by integrating within the technological landscape the phenomenal rise of mobile cellular technology. It appeared to us that the Internet, the availability of which on the continent has been modest at best, could widely take advantage of the emergence on the continent of the mobile culture, which facilitates in particular the convergence between netbooks and mobile telephones (smartphones).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-KamilaMesquitaCampos.pdf: 933080 bytes, checksum: a442551aba73dab122425936817f3bd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Study regarding access to public information through the New Information and Communication Technologies (NICT) under neoliberalism in Brazil, through the analysis of Transparency Portals. Our hypothesis that the portals of transparency are part of the e-government as a neoliberal strategy, while providing access to public information through the NTIC, in the discourse of government transparency and democratization of access, are contradictory ideological instruments in class struggle, serving predominantly the capital, but can contribute to the struggle of subaltern sectors. We work well with two axes of analysis. The first seeking to situate historically and politically discussion, investigating the information and communication technologies and the issue of access to public information under the neoliberal ideology, and the other analyzing the Transparency Portal as an ideological instrument of the Brazilian state. We note the contradictions that access to and effectiveness of the Access to Public Information Act (LAI) and the discourse of ideological appeal that are often spread when it comes to portals, such as the democratization of access to public information and the possibility of participation and social control. In general , we note that in the Portals implementation process there are problems both cultural as technical that need to be addressed. We also have the issue of the " digital divide " still very present in Brazilian society, which perpetuates the cycle of those who have historically had access to information continue to have , leaving the society outside. We realize also that the ideology of transparency of government is , in fact, tied to the interests of capital. Transparency Portals are born much more in response to political pressures from developed countries to meet the structural adjustment targets imposed by multilateral agencies and enter the global market than thinking in the sectors of civil society that have historically fought for this access, realize possibilities of transformation in it. Thus help to forge a harmonious environment and conserve power structures, while for society it seems that governments are responding to their demands. But despite that, they have their importance as public policy and represent a new channel that can and should be appropriate and explored , with potential to contribute to the struggle of subaltern sectors of civil society . / Estudo a respeito do acesso à informação pública através das Novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (NTIC) sob o neoliberalismo no Brasil, por meio da análise dos Portais de Transparência. Partimos da hipótese que os Portais da Transparência integram o governo eletrônico como uma estratégia neoliberal que, ao mesmo tempo que proporcionam o acesso à informação pública através das NTIC, sob o discurso da transparência governamental e da democratização do acesso, são instrumentos ideológicos contraditórios, na luta de classes, a serviço predominantemente do capital, mas podem contribuir com a luta dos setores subalternizados. Trabalhamos, assim, com dois eixos de análise. O primeiro buscando situar historicamente e politicamente a discussão, investigando as tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e a questão do acesso à informação pública sob a ideologia neoliberal, e o outro que analisa os Portais de Transparência como um instrumento ideológico do Estado brasileiro. Observamos as contradições presentes nesse acesso e na efetivação da Lei de Acesso à Informação Pública (LAI), assim como nos discursos de apelo ideológico que frequentemente são difundidos quando se trata dos Portais, como de democratização do acesso à informação pública e possibilidade de participação e controle social. De maneira geral, notamos que no processo de implantação dos Portais existem problemas tanto de ordem técnica quanto cultural que precisam ser enfrentados. Também temos a questão da "exclusão digital", ainda bastante presente na sociedade brasileira, que perpetua o ciclo daqueles que historicamente tiveram acesso à informação continuarem tendo, deixando parte da sociedade de fora. Percebemos, ainda, que a ideologia da transparência dos governos está, de fato, atrelada aos interesses do capital. Os Portais de Transparência nascem muito mais como resposta às pressões políticas dos países desenvolvidos, para cumprir as metas de ajuste estrutural impostas pelos organismos multilaterais e se inserir no mercado mundializado, do que pensando nos setores da sociedade civil que historicamente lutaram por esse acesso, por perceberem possibilidades de transformação nele. Contribuem, assim, para forjar um ambiente harmônico e conservar as estruturas de poder, ao mesmo tempo que para a sociedade parece que os governos estão dando resposta às suas demandas. Mas, apesar disso, eles têm sua importância enquanto política pública e representam um novo canal que pode e deve ser apropriado e explorado, tendo potencial para contribuir com a luta dos setores subalternizados da sociedade civil.

Peut-on, au jour d'aujourd'hui, enseigner une langue en ligne avec la même efficacité et en obtenant le même taux de réussite que dans le cadre d'un enseignement dit "conventionnel" ? Quelles méthodologies didactiques se prêtent le mieux à cette typologie d'enseignement ? Y en a-t-il une seule ou plusieurs ? Voici autant des questions -et bien d'autres - auxquelles nous avons tenté de répondre à travers les recherches menées. Dans une perspective analytico-descriptive, nous avons examiné les outils ainsi que les supports technologiques sur lesquels se fonde l'enseignement en ligne, et qui rendent possible la transmission d'une langue étrangère tant dans sa dimension réceptive que productive, parfois même avec plus de succès que dans le cadre d'un enseignement traditionnel en présence. Pour en témoigner, nous avons analysé un cours en ligne d'italien pour grands débutants francophones, réalisé en milieu universitaire. / Is on-line teaching as efficient and successful as conventional teaching when about teaching a foreign language today? what are the best methodologies for this teaching typology ? Are there many or is there only one? Such are the issues - and even more - on trial in this research work and we have attempted ton find answers. We have examined the training aids as well as the technological supports of on-line teaching with a descriptive and analytic view, that make it possible to convey a foreign language in its fullest dimension - receptive and productive - in a much more successful way at times than in a traditional teaching.

Les espaces européen et francophone, qui se recoupent partiellement, sont marqués par la diversité culturelle de leurs peuples. Pourtant ces derniers se sentent éloignés de l’Europe technocratique et de la Francophonie à la fois méconnue et réduite aux colloques et aux cocktails. L’Union européenne (UE) a instauré une citoyenneté européenne et un certain sentiment d’être européen coexiste avec les identités multiples forgées par le processus de la mondialisation actuelle. Pour sa part, l’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), qui n’est pas une organisation d’intégration régionale, n’a pas pu instituer un tel instrument et la question de l’identité francophone se pose toujours avec autant d’acuité. Portées par la solidarité dans une perspective de paix durable, ces deux organisations internationales ont mis en place des outils de rapprochement dans les domaines de l’éducation, de la culture et des médias auxquels les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication apportent un concours appréciable / The European and the Francophone spaces, which partly intersect, are marked with the cultural diversity of their people. Nonetheless these last ones feel far from technocratic Europe and Francophonie which is both unknown and reduced to colloquia and cocktail parties. The European Union (EU) has established a European citizenship and a certain feeling of being European coexists with the many identities made by the process of the current globalization. For its part, the International Organization of Francophonie (IOF), which is not a regional integration organization, could not institute such an instrument and the Francophone identity is still at issue. Leaded by solidarity in a prospect of a long-lasting peace, these two international organizations have created tools of rapprochement in the fields of education, culture and media with the useful support of new information and communication technologies.