[pt] A pesquisa entrelaça memória, espaços educativos não formais e identidade. O objetivo central é analisar a dimensão educativa do Museu da Maré no Rio de Janeiro e suas possibilidades de contribuição para o fortalecimento identitário de grupos populares através da valorização e ressignificação da história e da construção das memórias locais. Abordo o conceito, os pressupostos teóricos e desafios dos museus comunitários como espaços educativos não formais, enfocando como estudo de caso o Museu da Maré. Os museus comunitários e ecomuseus emergem no Rio de Janeiro com o Ecomuseu de Santa Cruz em 1983, porém ganham visibilidade com o Museu da Maré a partir de 2006, por ser este o primeiro museu de favela no Brasil criado pela própria comunidade. O quadro teórico baseou-se para o conceito de memória, principalmente em Paul Ricoeur, Jacques Le Goff e Beatriz Sarlo. Para o de identidade utilizamos Stuart Hall, Manuel Castells, Vera Maria Candau e Tomaz Tadeu da Silva. Para espaços educativos não formais privilegiei Maria Glória Gohn, Jaume Trilla e Elie Ganem. Por fim, para os conceitos da Nova Museologia, museu comunitário e ecomuseu me apoiei basicamente em Mário Chagas e Hugue de Varine. De inspiração etnográfica, meu caminho metodológico baseou-se na história oral. Na pesquisa de campo utilizou-se três tipos de aproximações ao objeto de estudo: observação de diferentes atividades desenvolvidas no Museu e de diversos ambientes da comunidade em geral, entrevistas semiestruturadas feitas aos pescadores da Maré e aos diretores e funcionários do Museu da Maré e análise dos Livros institucionais do Museu, a saber: o Livro de Assinaturas e o Livro de Depoimentos dos visitantes. Como uma das principais conclusões de minha pesquisa sobre a dimensão educativa do Museu da Maré posso afirmar que me deparei de fato com um Museu que tem significado para a região da Maré e dialoga com a cidade, o país e outros lugares, embora não represente totalmente todas as suas comunidades. No entanto, ele se fez comunitário, na medida em que foi criado e tem a participação cotidiana do movimento social e da comunidade local de seu entorno. Além disso, o fato do Museu da Maré apresentar uma linguagem museográfica que suscita referências da história local e permite que seus visitantes reflitam sobre as mesmas, se emocionem e construam memórias locais possibilitando através das mesmas um fortalecimento identitário, torna especialmente evidente e significativa sua dimensão educativa. Por fim, o Museu da Maré gera visões de nós e dos outros estabelecendo um jogo sutil e constante entre identidades e alteridades em suas memórias construídas e histórias narradas. / [en] The research intertwines memory, non-formal educational spaces and identity. The main objective is to analyze the educational dimension of the Maré Museum in Rio de Janeiro and its possible contributions to the strengthening of the group identity related to popular groups through appreciation and reinterpretation of the history and construction of local memories. I approach the concept, the theoretical assumptions and challenges of community museums as non-formal educative spaces, by using the Maré Museum as a case study . The community museums and ecomuseums emerge in Rio de Janeiro with the Eco-museum of Santa Cruz in 1983, but became more visible with the Maré Museum as of 2006, since this is the first museum in Brazil s slums created by the community itself. The theoretical framework related to the concept of memory was essentially based on work of Paul Ricoeur, Jacques Le Goff and Beatriz Sarlo. For the theoretical framework associated with identity development, I have chosen the studies performed by Stuart Hall, Manuel Castells, Vera Maria Candau and Tomaz Tadeu da Silva. For the non-formal educational spaces theoretical basis I have privileged Maria Gloria Gohn, Jaume Trilla and Elie Ganem. Finally, for the concepts of New Museology, community museum and ecomuseum I rely primarily on Mario Chagas and Hugue de Varine. My methodological approach of ethnographic inspiration was based on oral history. In the field research I used three types of approaches to the object of study: observation of different activities in the Museum and of the community at large, semi-structured interviews to fishermen of the Maré and to the directors and staff of the Museum of the Maré and analysis of the institutional books of the Museum, namely the Book of Signatures and the Book of Testimonies from visitors. As one of the main conclusions of my research on the educational dimension of the Mare Museum I can state that this museum does have meaning for the region of Maré and dialogues with the city, the country and elsewhere, although it does not fully represent all its communities. However, this museum has been able to develop a community related feature , as it was created by and has the daily involvement of the social movement and the local community of their surroundings. Moreover, the fact that the Mare Museum display a museographic language which raises references of local history and allows visitors to reflect on them and build local memories enabling a strengthening of identity, makes its educative dimension particularly evident and significant. Finally, the Maré Museum generates visions of ourselves and others by establishing a more subtle and constant dynamic between individuals identities and their constructed memories and narrated stories.

Submitted by Luciana Figueiredo Avelar (lucianafavelar@gmail.com) on 2015-04-16T13:33:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AVELAR, Luciana.pdf: 1455127 bytes, checksum: 02e67f5d28bf0f511132fbf90a9c599c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2015-05-04T19:10:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AVELAR, Luciana.pdf: 1455127 bytes, checksum: 02e67f5d28bf0f511132fbf90a9c599c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-05-06T14:53:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AVELAR, Luciana.pdf: 1455127 bytes, checksum: 02e67f5d28bf0f511132fbf90a9c599c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-06T14:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AVELAR, Luciana.pdf: 1455127 bytes, checksum: 02e67f5d28bf0f511132fbf90a9c599c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / The Taquaril Museum, created in 2010, is studied as a contemporary museum institution, as a community museum, as an initiative driven by the government sector through the Pilot Action of the program Pontos de Memória, carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Museums (Ibram). With inquiry conducted through desk research and interviews, supplemented by consulting other sources, are described and analyzed: the emergence context of Taquaril Museum, stages and processes of its creation and its establishment, faced challenges and prospects for continuity. The study is made from literature review about the development, the transformation and the diversification of the museums in the West. These ones considered as tools used in social processes of memories construction and identitys affirmation. Are focused the so-called new museology and the emergence, in recent years, of socially oriented museums, engaged in satisfy society interests in a more democratic way. It is addressed the current national development context of inclusive cultural policies and a specific national public policy for the museum sector. It is observed that the trajectory of the Taquaril Museum, within this scenario, is impacted by agents and circumstances of the internal context of the institution and of the local community. And it is also impacted by the external environment, especially the operation of Ibram and the program Pontos de Memória. It is concluded that there are still obstacles to be faced by Taquaril Museum for its consolidation as a community museum. / O Museu do Taquaril, criado em 2010, é estudado como instituição museológica contemporânea, como museu comunitário, como iniciativa impulsionada pelo setor governamental por meio da Ação-Piloto do programa Pontos de Memória, do Instituto Brasileiro de Museus (Ibram). Com investigação realizada por meio de pesquisa documental e entrevistas, complementada por consulta a outras fontes, são descritos e analisados: o contexto de surgimento do Museu do Taquaril, etapas e processos de sua criação e de seu estabelecimento, desafios enfrentados e perspectivas para sua continuidade. O estudo é feito a partir de revisão de literatura sobre o desenvolvimento, a transformação e a diversificação dos museus no ocidente, observados como ferramentas utilizadas em processos sociais de construção de memórias e afirmação de identidades. São focalizados a chamada nova museologia e o surgimento em anos recentes de museus de cunho social, associados ao atendimento mais democrático de interesses da sociedade. É abordado o contexto nacional atual de implementação de políticas culturais inclusivas e de uma política pública nacional específica para o setor museal. Observa-se que a trajetória do Museu do Taquaril, iniciativa inserida nesse cenário, é impactada por agentes e circunstâncias do contexto interno da instituição e da comunidade local, assim como do contexto externo, especialmente a atuação do Ibram e o programa Pontos de Memória. Conclui-se que ainda há obstáculos a serem enfrentados pelo Museu do Taquaril para sua consolidação como museu comunitário.

Depuis la fin des années 1980, les collaborations avec les communautés autochtones semblent s’accroître dans les musées canadiens. Un déplacement apparaît de la prise de parole en contexte de revendication au don de parole en contexte muséal. Après la remise en cause des musées ethnologiques, la prise en charge de la parole autochtone annonce le temps de la reconnaissance. Seulement, le mot reconnaissance est employé dans des contextes variés en muséologie. Ses occurrences indiquent plusieurs sens, dérivés de la volonté de redonner dignité et respect aux peuples autochtones et de produire des expositions qui présentent leur patrimoine d’origine à la lumière de leurs points de vue. Selon une approche communicationnelle, notre travail a porté sur les pratiques des musées qui consistent à donner la parole aux peuples autochtones et à l’exposer. Le travail a été centré sur la combinaison des points de vue autochtones avec ceux des concepteurs-muséographes. L’entreprise de la recherche a visé à cerner les opérations induites et générées par cette situation d’entrecroisements de points de vue, plus ou moins discordants, qui doivent, d’une manière ou d’une autre, s’unir dans un même espace communicationnel. Le système polyphonique de l’exposition est conceptualisé en trois moments de médiation : la prise en compte, la monstration et l’interprétation des points de vue autochtones. Ils correspondent aux intentions des concepteurs-muséographes et des expositions, puis à la manière dont elles sont interprétées par les visiteurs. Nous avons réalisé quatre enquêtes de terrain dans onze musées à travers le Canada : observation participante ; entretiens individuels auprès de professionnels des musées ; analyse de discours ; entretiens de groupes auprès de visiteurs autochtones et allochtones. Nous avons examiné les pratiques collaboratives et croisé ces quatre formes de discours des musées afin de mettre à l’épreuve le potentiel de reconnaissance des expositions qui tiennent compte des points de vue des représentants autochtones. Il résulte que la patrimonialisation est conçue en tant que processus de reconnaissance. De plus, l’intensification de la patrimonialisation des objets autochtones est synchronique de l’expansion coloniale. Néanmoins, l’analyse de la prise de distance du concepteur-muséographe vis-à-vis de son point de vue et de celui des autochtones rend compte des relations complexes entre le don de parole, l’autorité de discours et l’auctorialité. Malgré les divergences entre les intentions explicitées par les professionnels et leurs intentions implicites dans les expositions, les discours des visiteurs autochtones et allochtones traduisent un contrat de reconnaissance entre le musée et les visiteurs. Ainsi, le principe polyphonique et ses formes de reconnaissance sont mis en évidence dans les espaces de production et de réception des expositions produites en collaboration. Notre recherche révèle plusieurs modalités de reconnaissance manifestes dans la combinaison et l’entrecroisement des voix autochtones avec celles des praticiens. Cet essai d’interprétation met au jour des conflits d’ordre patrimonial et socio-historique qui engendrent des mécanismes de régulation par assimilation/accommodation. Il décrit deux logiques fondamentales relatives à l’identité et à la mémoire. De ces adaptations mises en œuvre par les musées ressort un phénomène permanent de reconnaissance amorcé depuis la colonisation des territoires autochtones. La recherche suggère finalement d’envisager le musée comme lieu de reconnaissance non seulement du patrimoine, mais aussi des publics et des peuples donateurs et donataires du patrimoine. / Collaborations with aboriginal communities appear to be increasing in Canadian museums, with the communities shifting from speaking in a context of claiming theirrights to being given a voice in the museum context. In keeping with the questioning about ethnological museums, taking into account the voice of the aboriginal peoplesprefigures since the eighties the time for recognition. But the word recognition is used indiverse museum contexts.Based on a communicational approach, our research considers the links between thepolyphonic and recognition modalities of the exhibition media. We have attempted toidentify and understand the processes induced and generated by exhibitions’ interactionaland intertextual systems. The polyphonic system is conceptualized in three mediation moments in the production and reception spaces of the exhibition: acknowledgment, monstration, and interpretation of aboriginal points of view. They correspond to there cognition intentions of the exhibitions and designers-museographers, then visitors’recognition. We have conducted four field studies in eleven different Canadian museums : participant observation; one-on-one interviews with museum professionals; discourse analysis ; group interviews with native and non-native visitors. We have studied the collaborative practicesand these four types of museum discourses to demonstrate the recognition potential ofexhibitions dedicated to the aboriginals’ perspectives.Our research reveals several recognition modes manifest in the combination andinterlinking of aboriginals’ and practitioners’ voices; it identifies logic in the polysemy ofthe word recognition. This interpretation essay reveals patrimonial and socio-historical conflicts that generate regulation mechanisms through assimilation/accommodation. A permanent recognition phenomenon emerges from the adaptations implemented by themuseums since the beginning of aboriginal patrimonialization during the colonizationperiod. Our research proposes to apprehend the museum as a recognition place of heritage, but also of the general public and the peoples, whether donors or donees of that heritage.

Dans ce travail, il s’agira tout d’abord de concevoir un musée du Mouvement des Travailleurs Ruraux Sans Terre au Brésil. La lutte des sans terre est l’un des phénomènes sociaux et politiques les plus importants de notre histoire. Le Mouvement des Sans Terres (MST), pilier de la mobilisation populaire au Brésil, est la plus importante référence dans la lutte contre l’inégalité sociale et le néolibéralisme dans la mesure où celui-ci conduit à un approfondissement du processus de concentration de richesse, inhérent au système capitaliste, et des inégalités socio-économiques. Dans un premier temps, nous analyserons la conception de ce musée, ses caractéristiques, ses objectifs, son importance pour le développement social, économique et politique du Brésil et les possibilités de sa création dans ce pays. Nous verrons que le Musée du MST que nous concevons est un nouveau type de musée, que nous avons défini comme un Musée de Lutte, avec une nouvelle muséologie que nous dénommions de Muséologie de la Contemporanéité. Celle-ci suggère la nécessité d’adéquation ou d’actualisation des objectifs des musées sociaux, issus du mouvement de la Nouvelle Muséologie des années 1970-80, prenant en compte les problèmes et les aspirations collectives de notre temps. Nous essaierons de comprendre pourquoi les musées de la Nouvelle Muséologie sont devenus inefficaces du point du vu de leurs objectifs initiaux et comment la Muséologie de la Contemporanéité peut les aider à sortir de l’inertie et à les faire jouer de manière plus effective leur rôle de levier social et politique. Enfin, nous espérons, avec la conception du Musée de Lutte et de sa Muséologie de la Contemporanéité, ouvrir des nouvelles perspectives pour le développement de la muséologie sociale, dans laquelle il s’inscrit. Une muséologie politiquement engagée, au service de la construction d’un monde meilleur, de la dignité humaine, de l’égalité et de la justice sociale. / In the present work, we aim, first and foremost, to conceive a museum of the Landless Rural Workers Mouvement (MST) in Brazil. The struggle of the landless is one of the most important social and political phenomena in the history of this country. The Mouvement, mainstay of the popular mobilisation in Brasil, is the main reference in the figth against social inequality and neoliberalism, a force that leads to a strengthening in the concentration of wealth, inherent to the capitalist system, and socioeconomic disparities. First, we analyse the conception of this museum, its feautures, objectives, its importance for the social, economic and political development of Brazil and the feasibility of its implementation. We will see that the MST Museum presents a new kind of museum, one we define as a Struggle Museum, within de contexte of a new museology designated as Museology of Contemporaneity. This new museology highlights the need to adapt or update the objectives of social museums, wich were stablished by the New Museology mouvement of 1970-1980, in order to take into account the problems and collective aspirations of ours time. We will try to understand why the museums of New Museology have become ineffective relative to their original goals and how the Museology of Contemporaneity can provide a way out of a situation of inertia and help them play their role as social and political levers more effectively. Finally, with the conception of the Struggle Museum and its Museologie of Contemporaneity, we hope to open up new perspectives for the development of social museology, wherein it operates ; a politically-engaged museology in service of the creation of a better world, of human dignity, equality and social justice.