Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLESSIO PEREIRA BASTOS.pdf: 867810 bytes, checksum: 5a2f69fc9c1080af8f638c462cb0e6dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / This dissertation brings to the reader a study of the evolution of the novel production techniques, involving their new directions, since the late nineteenth century, when the text have left to be a mirror of visible factors to become a sort of magnifying glass that enlarges, for the reader, various aspects of the human perceptions. This research aims to show the route taken by the techniques of literary production and so to examine attentively the current resources used by authors in preparing their narratives in order to place the human being and its key issues at the center of cogitations. To reach this objective, we must reflect on how previous methods were unable to bring the reader into the text, making his or her its coauthor. What was called here new novel resulted from transformations faced by literature, technology and psychoanalysis in the period after the Industrial Revolution, when Sigmund Freud showed with his studies the bottomless pit of human consciousness. Since then, the art undertook itself to deepen this gap in order to set man in his innermost and purest reality. Given this new possibility, Literary Criticism had to change their methods of analysis and to discuss these new forms arising in the current context. Basing on this new building whose component parts include the interior monologue, the stream of consciousness and philosophical aspects relating to language , the novel Manual da paixão solitária, by Moacyr Scliar and Jabuti Award winner in 2009 in the category fiction, served as our object of analysis. Through a skillful "unreading", this book provides a kaleidoscopic view of the story originally found in chapter 38 ofthe Book of Genesis. To achieve this study, we made use of the literary and philosophical reflections by Humphrey (1976), Rosenthal (1974) and Costa (2008), among others, as theorical basis for this research. / Faz-se, nesta dissertação, um estudo sobre a evolução das técnicas de produção romanesca, envolvendo seus novos rumos, a partir do final do século XIX, quando o texto deixa de ser espelho de fatores visíveis para se transformar numa espécie de lupa que amplia, para o leitor, variados aspectos das percepções humanas. Esta pesquisa tem por fim evidenciar o percurso feito pelas técnicas de produção literária e deter-se, de forma mais cuidadosa, nos atuais recursos utilizados pelos autores na elaboração de suas narrativas, de modo a colocar o ser humano e suas questões fundamentais no centro das cogitações. Para tanto, é preciso refletir sobre como os métodos anteriores eram incapazes de trazer o leitor para dentro do texto, tornando-o então seu coautor. O que aqui foi denominado de novo romance resultou das transformações da literatura, da tecnologia e da psicanálise, no período posterior à revolução industrial, quando Sigmund Freud evidenciou com seus estudos o poço sem fundo da consciência humana. A partir de então, a arte empreendeu-se em aprofundar neste abismo, com o fim de configurar o homem em sua realidade mais íntima e mais pura. Diante desta nova possibilidade, a Crítica Literária precisou modificar seus métodos de análise e discutir essas novas formas surgidas no atual contexto. Fundamentando-se nessa nova construção, da qual faz parte o monólogo interior, o fluxo da consciência, e aspectos filosóficos referentes à linguagem, o romance Manual da paixão solitária, de Moacyr Scliar, vencedor do prêmio Jabuti, em 2009, na modalidade ficção, serviu-nos de objeto de análise. Por meio de uma habilidosa desleitura, este livro possibilita uma visão caleidoscópica do relato originalmente encontrado no capítulo 38 do livro de Gênesis. Para concretizar tal estudo, serviram de lastro para esta pesquisa, as reflexões literárias e filosóficas de Humphrey (1976), Rosenthal (1974) e Costa (2008) entre outros.

Cette thèse propose une traversée de l’œuvre protéiforme de Robert Pinget, depuis ses premiers poèmes jusqu’aux carnets, en passant par le roman, le théâtre ou les beaux livres. En croisant histoire littéraire, sociopoétique et pragmatique des genres, ce travail montre que la poésie représente un horizon esthétique pour le Nouveau Romancier, autrement dit un point de fuite à ses multiples expérimentations génériques. Les tensions entre son ethos poétique et ses livres parus à Minuit invitent à une lecture sensible au mouvement continu et inquiet de l’écriture vers une poésie résistant à toute taxinomie.Nous commençons par retracer la trajectoire de Pinget, abandonnant le poème et la peinture pour construire une carrière professionnelle de Nouveau Romancier publié aux Éditions de Minuit. Pourtant, au cœur même des romans les plus emblématiques de son œuvre, se perçoit la présence continue et inquiète d’un ethos de poète. Nous analysons ensuite l’expérimentation d’autres modes d’expression : beaux livres, pièces scéniques ou radiophoniques et carnets. L’exil du poète hors du territoire romanesque se rejoue lorsque le Nouveau Romancier explore ces contrées génériques pour retrouver le non-savoir et la fraîcheur du néophyte. Finalement, la poésie représente une origine et un avenir de l’œuvre tout entière. Nous interrogeons alors trois spécificités des horizons poétiques de l’écriture et de la lecture : la recomposition d’un univers sensoriel qui donne à voir et à entendre le monde, la constitution d’un espace-temps propre à l’écrivain d’où émerge une parole singulière et adressée, l’inscription du sujet selon les modalités modernes du lyrisme critique. / This thesis takes the reader through Robert Pinget’s protean work, from early poems to notebooks including novels, theatre and art books. This work will examine literary history, sociopoetics and genre pragmatics in order to show that poetry represents an aesthetic horizon for the New Novelist, in other words a vanishing point for his manifold experiments in genre. The tension between his poetic ethos and his books published by Minuit invites the reader to pay attention to the continuous and disquieting movement in writing striving towards a poetry that refuses taxonomy.This study starts by going over Pinget’s path from his giving up poetry and painting to build a professional career as a New Novelist at Minuit Publishing House. Yet, at the very heart of his most iconic novels, the unremitting and anxious presence of a poet’s ethos can be perceived. Then this work discusses other modes of expression – art books, plays for the stage or the radio and notebooks. The New Novelist experiments the poet’s exile once again when out of fiction territory he explores those genre lands to regain the absence of knowledge and the freshness of the neophyte. Ultimately, poetry is both an origin and a future for the entire work. Then this study examines three specificities of writing and reading poetic perspectives – the recomposing of a sensory universe that makes the reader see and hear the world, the constitution of a specific space-time for the writer from which a powerfully original discourse emerges, the inscription of the subject in accordance with the modern methods of critical lyricism.

Au moment décisif de l'histoire culturelle franco-américaine où s'inverse la hiérarchie des capitales artistiques entre Paris et New York, le Nouveau Roman français connaissait une certaine fortune aux États-Unis, en particulier dans la communauté artistique regroupée autour de l'Art Minimal. À la faveur d'un double transfert - du champ littéraire vers le champ artistique et de la France vers les États-Unis -, le Nouveau Roman retenait l'attention d'une partie de l'art américain, qui tentait de se construire contre l'art européen du XIXe siècle mais avec la littérature française de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. Fondé sur une somme d'indices fournis par ces artistes et complétée par des enquêtes historiques et sociologiques, une collecte d'articles, une recherche théorique et des études d’œuvres significatives, ce travail tente d'expliquer les raisons de cette fortune et d'analyser les aboutissements théoriques et esthétiques de la réception du Nouveau Roman par le milieu artistique américain. / In an key Franco-American cultural and historical moment when New York takes Paris's place as the world artistic capital, the French New Novel achieved certain successs in the United States, especially in the Minimal Art community. Owing to a double transfer – from the literary field to the artistic field and from France to America -, some American artists drew attention to the French New Novel. While they were developing their art against 19th century european art, they created it with 20th century French literature. This work is based on an amount of clues given by these artists, supplented by historical and sociological investigations, a collection of articles, a theorethical research, and studies of significant works of art, in an attempt to understand the reasons of this success and the theorethical and aesthetic realizations of the reception of the New Novel by the American artistic milieu.

À l’aube du XXIe siècle, le style-Minuit s’offre d’abord comme une construction critique. En effet, depuis les années 1950 et le mouvement du Nouveau Roman, aussi appelé école de Minuit, les récits publiés aux Éditions de Minuit sont perçus irréductiblement par l’histoire littéraire comme des productions homogènes. Ainsi, les écrivains "impassibles" ou "minimalistes" puis "ludiques" auraient succédé aux Nouveaux Romanciers et, jusque dans les années 1990, le mythique éditeur, Jérôme Lindon, aurait découvert trois écoles stylistiques. Les critiques littéraires contribuent également à perpétuer dans la presse l’idée d’un style-Minuit. Entre 1999 et 2009, les journalistes représentent, dans un discours métaphorique et métonymique qui joue sans cesse d’un glissement sémantique sur la lexie polysémique "style", le style-Minuit en tant qu’objet sociocritique stéréotypique. Mais, si l’on entend par style ce qui fait événement dans la langue, peut-on encore faire l’hypothèse selon laquelle il existe un style-Minuit ? Passée au crible d’une étude à la fois synchronique et diachronique, la langue littéraire des écrivains Minuit nés entre 1964 et 1973 (Éric Chevillard, Éric Laurrent, Laurent Mauvignier, Marie NDiaye et Tanguy Viel) révèle un méta-patron discursif composé de traits de style supra-individuels. Ainsi, une analyse approfondie de la ponctuation, la syntaxe et l’énonciation permet de dégager non seulement la singularité langagière de chaque écrivain mais aussi les convergences de pratiques stylistiques qui définissent bien un style collectif Minuit. / In the early twenty-first century, the “style-Minuit” can be first approached as a critical construction. Indeed, since the fifties literary movement called the Nouveau Roman (the New Novel), also known as the Minuit School, books published by Editions de Minuit have been received by the literary world as homogeneous productions. Thus, the “impassive” or “minimalist” writers, then the “ludic” ones would have followed the Nouveaux Romanciers and upto the nineties, the mythical publisher, Jérôme Lindon, would have discovered three stylistic schools. Literary critics also contribute to perpetuate the idea of a style-Minuit in the media and between 1999 and 2009 journalists have depicted the Minuit-style as a stereotypical socio-critical object through a metaphorical and metonymical discourse playing constantly with several meanings of the word “style”. However, if we restrict the meaning of style to what makes “an event in language”, can we still pretend there would be a “style-Minuit”? Examining on both a diachronic and a synchronic level the literary language of a generation of writers all born between 1964 and 1973 (Éric Chevillard, Éric Laurrent, Laurent Mauvignier, Marie NDiaye et Tanguy Viel) reveals a common pattern composed by similar stylistic figures. Therefore a deep analysis of punctuation, syntax and discourse makes it possible to highlight first the linguistic uniqueness of each writer but also the convergences of some stylistic practices which properly delimit the collective “style- Minuit”.

Bien que fort différents, les romans des années 1950 d’Alain Robbe-Grillet et les romans des années 1960 de Robert Pinget ont prétendu contester les formes littéraires que le XXe siècle a héritées du siècle précédent, et notamment la description dite « balzacienne ». Nous interrogeons ici les modalités linguistiques de cette contestation et l’ambiguïté littéraire de ce déni d’héritage. La relation entre la description telle que l’ont pratiquée d’une part ces deux « Nouveaux Romanciers » et d’autre part les grands auteurs réalistes du XIXe siècle est ici envisagée selon une triple perspective : le maintien ou non d’une textualité prototypiquement méronymique ; la construction langagière d’une réalité dont l’existence est soudain moins sûre ; l’effacement énonciatif et ses conséquences esthétiques. Selon une approche résolument technique, les descriptions romanesques de Pinget et de Robbe-Grillet sont donc ici systématiquement mises en regard de descriptions canoniques de Balzac, mais aussi de Flaubert et de Zola. La contestation du protocole réaliste repose en effet sur une reprise et un refus : la complexité textuelle, la confusion dénotative et reférentielle, l’instabilité énonciative permettent aux deux romanciers de procurer des descriptions à la fois hyperréalistes et antiréalistes. Tout en prenant acte de la différence radicale des deux auteurs, il s’agit finalement de montrer comment l’un et l’autre sont parvenus à mettre au point un protocole descriptif résolument nouveau, qui rende compte du monde en tant qu’il est et en tant qu’il échappe. / Although very different, the novels of the 1950s by Alain Robbe-Grillet and of the 1960s by Robert Pinget claimed to challenge the literary forms that the twentieth century has inherited from the previous century, including the description of Honoré de Balzac. We question here the linguistic modalities of this confrontation, as well as the literary ambiguity of this denial of inheritance.The relationship between the description as have practiced these two "New Novelists" and on the other hand the great realistic writers of the nineteenth century is considered here in a triple perspective: maintenance / defence - or not – of a textuality, which is prototypically based on meronymy ; the linguistic construction of a reality whose existence is suddenly uncertain ; the enunciative erasure and its aesthetic consequences. In a decidedly technical approach, the descriptions of the novels of and Robbe-Grillet and Pinget are systematically opposed to the canonical descriptions of Balzac, but also to some extent to Flaubert and Zola. Challenging the realistic protocol is indeed based both on a recovery and a refusal: the textual complexity, the denotative and referential confusion and the enunciative instability allow these two novelists to provide descriptions which can be considered hyperrealistic as well as antirealistic. Eventually, while acknowledging the radical difference between the two authors, the aim is to show how both writers have managed to develop a considerably new descriptive protocol that reflects the world as it is and as it escapes.

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Cette thèse a comme but de resituer l’œuvre de l’auteur suisse romand, Charles Ferdinand Ramuz dans le contexte français où elle a été souvent mal accueillie, plus particulièrement à l’époque contemporaine à sa création même. Afin de pouvoir situer les questionnements et les hypothèses, elle dresse un panorama des différents aspects de la réception de l’œuvre en question (malentendus, interprétations linguistiques, esthétiques et narratologiques). Ce travail souhaite s’inscrire dans le renouveau critique qui s’est fait jour dans les années soixante. Il étudie les stratégies d’expression et les techniques narratives qui rendraient possible une « langue-image » et une esthétique de la perception phénoménologico-cinématographique. Il consacre une attention particulière à l’usage ramuzien du pronom on ainsi qu’à la mise en œuvre des effets cinématographiques. L’analyse détaillée de ces constantes de l’écriture ramuzienne permettent non seulement de redéfinir les enjeux d’un regard détaché, objectif et de redécouvir le foyer perceptif comme doté de conscience et de cognition, mais aussi de poser une question qui peut paraître bouleversante : l’écriture de cet écrivain vaudois, mettrait-elle en œuvre ce que la création romanesque associée à la mouvance du Nouveau Roman définit et théorise trente ans plus tard ? / The aim of the present thesis is to resituate the work of the Swiss writer Charles Ferdinand Ramuz in the French context in which it was frequently badly received, namely in the contemporary age of its creation. In order to situate the questions and hypotheses, the thesis will provide a panorama of the different aspects of the work’s reception in question (misunderstandings, linguistic, aesthetic and narratological interpretations). This study aims to follow in the lines of the Critical Renewal which appeared in the sixties. It will study the strategies of expression and the narrative techniques that would allow a «language-image» and an aesthetics of the phenomenological-cinematographic perception. It will focus especially on Ramuz’ usage of “on” (we) as well as on the realization of the cinematographic effects. The detailed analysis of these constants in Ramuz’ writing make it possible not only to redefine the challenges of a detached and objective view and to rediscover the perceptive focus as if it was provided with conscience and cognition but also to raise a seemingly upsetting question: may it be possible that the writing of this Vaud writer already accomplishes what the Romanesque creation in association with the movement of the New Novel (Nouveau Roman) defines and theorises thirty years later ?

OF THE THESIS: The novel Captain Pantoja and the Special Service introduces the second period of Mario Vargas Llosa's literary production, which is caracterized by the simplification of the narration and the discovery of humour. The thesis focuses on the formal and thematic analysis of the novel with the objective to prove that despite the novel is in general humorous and parodic, there could be found some constant topics, known to the readers from Llosa's previous novels, which he had always treated very critically, and he also did so in this erotic and humorous work. Therefore, apart from the analysis of humour the thesis also examines the critical approach to the social problems present in the novel. The analysis also shows that the narration is slightly simplified in comparison to the author's formers works, but it still perfectly demonstrates the unconventional narrative techniques, which Vargas Llosa has used since the 1960's, since the period of the new hispano-american novel. KEY WORDS: Mario Vargas Llosa, Captain Pantoja and the Special Service, The Time of the Hero, The Green House, Latin American boom, Hispano-American new novel, total novel, experimental narrative techniques, types of humour and irony, humorous prose, parody, erotic novel, libertine prose, rainforest, criticism of the...

Marguerite Duras a assurément pensé à la littérature en se mesurant sans cesse à sa production littéraire et plus amplement, à sa production artistique. Littérature, cinéma, théâtre font en effet l’objet d’une réflexion constante chez l’écrivain qui montre par là une tendance certaine pour la pensée théorique. Si Marguerite Duras a pu s’exprimer négativement vis-à-vis de la théorie, c’est parce qu’elle redoute les dérives de l’esprit théorique qui peut parfois se révéler dogmatique. L’adhésion à l’idéologie du PCF d’abord partagée puis contestée, fait ainsi l’objet de sévères critiques qui donneront raison dans son œuvre à des textes littéraires traversés par cette épreuve du théorique doctrinaire. D’autres engagements théoriques et politiques prouveront en revanche incontestablement l’attrait intellectuel de l’écrivain envers une époque qui, entre les années 1960 et 1980, fait avancer le discours de la théorie et notamment de la modernité littéraire. Cette thèse se propose de montrer que la théorie occupe sans cesse l’esprit de l’auteur, qu’elle se révèle particulièrement sous la forme d’une tentation à laquelle l’écrivain ne succombe jamais définitivement, et qui donc revient comme une obsession habiter et interroger son œuvre. Cette tentation s’intègre d’abord à la vie de Duras qui évolue au sein d’une génération fortement politisée et marquée par la pensée critique. Elle saura ensuite s’incorporer à l’activité créatrice de l’auteur et, dès lors, à sa pratique littéraire et artistique. La tentation du théorique suit ainsi deux directions. Elle passe par une aventure publique, sans pour autant jamais témoigner d’une voix chorale désireuse de se joindre notamment aux nouvelles tendances du Nouveau Roman. Elle se manifestera plutôt comme une voix solitaire, une voix qui s’exprime à travers la confidence privée. Cette voix murmure dans son œuvre ses critères conceptuels personnels qui accompagneront néanmoins la modernité littéraire. La voix de la tentation théorique se confondra enfin à la voix poétique de l’auteur qui révélera, à travers un jeu réflexif, la force productive de son écriture. Vouée sans cesse à faire résonner le mouvement du dernier mot, dépassant les cloisons génériques, la puissance créatrice prodigieuse de Marguerite Duras ira nourrir le paysage à plusieurs facettes de son œuvre ainsi que celui de l’Ecriture moderne. / For sure Marguerite Duras always thought about literature by comparing herself to the rest of literature and the artistic production of her time. Indeed, literature, cinema and theater are the reflexive centers of a constant thinking which shows how much theory is a main issue for the writer herself. Her apparent and negative odds against theory in general are all because of the wanderings of the dogmatic way of the theoretical spirit. Being an active member of the French Communist Party (PCF), sharing its ideological point of view and then quitting it made way for a severe criticism and gave to her literary works a doctrinal trial. Others theoretical and political commitments may decidedly show in contrast her intellectual attraction of the writer for her age which, between the 1960s and the 1980s, made theory and literary modernity look forward. This essay will show how theory is always on Duras’s Mind as it is for her such a temptation that she never totally succumbs to, and that came back as an obsession to haunt and question her works. This temptation marks at first place her life that went through a harsh political generation that also dealt with criticism and thinking. This temptation would also be an important part of her creativity process and made her way unto literary and artistic technicals. The Theoretical temptation she dealt with went on two different ways. She went on a public adventure but without never belonging to the chorus of her times or explicitly belonging to the New Novel too. She stood as a solitary voice, a voice of her that expressed herself as a intimate confidence. This voice whispered in her writings her personal and conceptual thoughts that escorted modernity in literature. Her voice made of theoretical temptation would mingle at last with her poetical voice which reveals, through a reflexive game, the productive strengh of her writing. Vowed to a never-ending movment unto the last word, beyond the walls of all genres, the tremendous creativity of Marguerite Duras will give birth to a mesmerizing landscape in her works that goes unto the modern writing.