本研究旨在探討消息來源與媒介的互動過程如何創造出媒介議題。研究問 題包括：ぇ哪些消息來源有較多的機會來界定議題？針對這個問題，本研 究從消息來源的背景和媒體策略兩個因素來探討。え媒介立場與消息來源 建構議題的關係為何？本研究議題為「核四建廠爭議」。研究方法採內容 分析法，將核四議題週期分為四個階段，從民國69年4 月24日起，至81 年12月31日止，以中央日報、中國時報及自立晚報三家報紙的相關報導為 抽樣對像，共計抽出163 個樣本。研究結果發現以下現象：ぇ解嚴前，界 定者和第三者的近用媒介機率大於抗爭者；同時在受到媒介處理顯著性上 ，界定者和第三者亦大於抗爭者。但隨年代的轉移，不同背景的消息來源 近用媒介的機率上差異漸小；同時受到媒介處理的顯著性也漸不顯著。え 媒體策略愈具體的消息來源不一定愈易近用媒介。ぉ媒介對核四議題的處 理，會因媒介立場不同而強調不同的議題面向。お媒介對核四議題的處理 ，會因媒介立場不同而有不同的處理態度。か消息來源對議題所宣稱面向 與媒介著重之面向愈接近者，其近用機會愈大。が消息來源對議題所宣稱 態度與媒介處理態度愈接近，其近用機會愈大。

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-20T13:45:24Z No. of bitstreams: 4 RoseMaraSouza_Parte1.pdf: 2076122 bytes, checksum: 7d1b58d85a9cef7da1edcfd9ba35a8f3 (MD5) RoseMaraSouza_Parte2.pdf: 1765563 bytes, checksum: e25b1943b208e5ef36cd6cc996e75201 (MD5) RoseMaraSouza_Parte3.pdf: 2537069 bytes, checksum: 2c3cae706ee56a5533890ae76737b533 (MD5) RoseMaraSouza_Parte4.pdf: 146984 bytes, checksum: 5f71597a08654706187af6f15be6abe9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-20T13:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 RoseMaraSouza_Parte1.pdf: 2076122 bytes, checksum: 7d1b58d85a9cef7da1edcfd9ba35a8f3 (MD5) RoseMaraSouza_Parte2.pdf: 1765563 bytes, checksum: e25b1943b208e5ef36cd6cc996e75201 (MD5) RoseMaraSouza_Parte3.pdf: 2537069 bytes, checksum: 2c3cae706ee56a5533890ae76737b533 (MD5) RoseMaraSouza_Parte4.pdf: 146984 bytes, checksum: 5f71597a08654706187af6f15be6abe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This study aims to verify that the Access to Information Act is a channel for news source for journalists. The research was guided by exploratory study of quantitative and qualitative nature, delineated by bibliographical research, documentary, structured interviews and content analysis. At first an overview of LAI was presented in the five continents of the globe and which countries have and do not have the rules of access to information. Later there were two mappings: The first was about the requests made by journalists (in general) in the Electronic System of Citizen Information Services (e-SIC) of the Comptroller General of the Union (CGU) in 2014 and 2015. The second mapping was directed to articles published in the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, the policy of publishing in 2014 and 2015. Among the documents used is the 2nd performance Report Access Law to public information of the Brazilian Association of Investigative Journalism (ABRAJI) who interviewed 83 Brazilian journalists on LAI in 2015. from a theoretical point of view, the survey runs through democracy (Bobbio), the public communication concepts (Brandao), the right to public information (Mendel), data journalism (Machado), news sources (Lage / Charaudeau ) and hacker culture (Coleman), among others. The analysis showed that the LAI is used as a channel to the news source within the policy coverage, but with still low use by journalists. The survey also revealed that there are also no incentive mechanisms to use and measurement criteria on LAI as a channel to the news source, both by the federal government, as the National Federation of Journalists (FENAJ). / Este estudo visa verificar se a Lei de Acesso à Informação é um canal para obter fonte de notícia para jornalistas. A pesquisa foi norteada por estudo exploratório, de natureza quanti-qualitativa, delineado por pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, entrevistas estruturadas e análise de conteúdo. Em um primeiro momento foi apresentado um panorama da LAI nos cinco continentes do globo e quais países possuem e não possuem a legislação de acesso à informação. Posteriormente foram realizados dois mapeamentos: O primeiro foi acerca das solicitações feitas por jornalistas (em geral) no Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informações ao Cidadão (e-SIC) da Controladoria-Geral da União (CGU) em 2014 e 2015. O segundo mapeamento foi dirigido às matérias publicadas no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, na editoria de política, em 2014 e 2015. Entre os documentos utilizados está o 2º Relatório de desempenho da Lei de Acesso a informações públicas da Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (ABRAJI), que entrevistou 83 jornalistas brasileiros sobre a LAI em 2015. Do ponto de vista teórico, a pesquisa perpassa os conceitos de democracia (Bobbio), comunicação pública (Brandão), direito à informação pública (Mendel), jornalismo de dados (Machado), fontes de notícias (Lage/Charaudeau) e cultura hacker (Coleman), entre outros. A análise mostrou que a LAI é utilizada como canal à fonte de notícia no âmbito da cobertura política, porém com baixo aproveitamento pelos jornalistas. A pesquisa ainda revelou que tampouco existem mecanismos de estímulo ao uso e critérios de mensuração sobre a LAI como canal à fonte de notícia, tanto pelo Governo Federal, quanto pela Federação Nacional dos Jornalistas (FENAJ).

《中文摘要》 近年來政府對「電視新聞置入」十分熱衷，但兩極化的爭議也隨之而起；不過在現實狀況下，媒體早已是主動出擊，與行銷公關公司搶食政府置入新聞的大餅。本研究透過兩個代表性個案的分析、從「置入流程」、「內容呈現」與「媒體立場」三個面向來還原目前政府究竟是如何將其宣傳置入電視新聞。研究發現，政府置入電視新聞已達供不應求的「量產」規模，不但形成特殊的置入新聞產製標準化流程與專業的「接案族」，甚至媒體工作者的心態也與過去大不相同。而政府花錢透過媒體包裝後所呈現出來的政府置入新聞，卻往往不符合最基本的新聞報導原則，消息來源太集中於政府官員，無法達到客觀與平衡的基本要求，在文稿與畫面呈現等新聞處理的技巧上均有待加強。此外，本研究亦顯示，在政府置入電視新聞後，原本是媒體監督對象的「政府」如今變成了重要金主，電視新聞的立場幾乎都一面倒向對政府有利，只有極少數新聞秉持報導中立，顯見新聞置入已箝制了媒體監督政府、為民喉舌的功能。 關鍵詞：置入式行銷、電視新聞、消息來源、新聞客觀 / The process and presentation of government oriented product placement on TV news 《Abstract》 In recent years, government oriented product placement on TV news is very popular, but also controversial. In fact, television and public relations companies are fighting for this business. The author selected two cases to examine how Taiwan government placed its propagandas and policies on TV news. The results showed that product placement on television news has reached "mass production" scale, not only create a special SOP sequence and even the mentality of media workers was different from the past. However, the TV news placed by government used government officials as news source, did not fulfill the requirement for objectivity and balance,and violatd the basic principle of news reporting. In addition, through product placement on television news, government has now become the major client of TV. As a result, the placed TV news was heavily in favor of the government. The results of the study indicated that government oriented product placement has paralyzed the surveillance function of television news . keywords：product placement, TV news, news source, news objectivity

The rise of social media platforms has had a significant impact on the conventional model of gatekeeping. With increased access to information--as well as the ability to contribute to the public discourse--individuals no longer need to rely on the mass media for news. These realities have led to increased conversations surrounding credibility in the digital age. Although not a new concept, fake news has become increasingly common in recent years. The web--particularly social media outlets, like Twitter--have enhanced the spread of misinformation. To combat this, social media platforms have introduced gatekeeping features like verification marks and warning labels. However, questions remain regarding the credibility and effectiveness of these features. Furthermore, little information exists regarding the perceptions of these features. For this study, the researcher examined the perceptions of fake news, verification, and Notices (i.e., warning labels) as they relate to Twitter. These perceptions were captured through a survey that was distributed to Twitter users through MTurk. Results were examined generally as well as in the light of political orientation, ranging from very liberal to very conservative on a 4-point scale. Within the scope and limitations of this study, results indicate that the majority of Twitter users believe that fake news on the platform is a major problem. Additionally, results show that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of verification and the effectiveness of Notices in slowing the spread of fake news, and neither feature is perceived as strongly credible or effective.

The free press is an invaluable part of the democratic society and a pillar stone in the creation of ideas, opinions and norms. According to theories such as agenda-setting and framing the media have a significant influence on people’s perspectives and opinions. With this view of media along with the gender system provided by Yvonne Hirdman as a framework, this study intends to examine the gender representation in Swedish domestic news journalism. The study consists of a quantitative analysis of two major Swedish morning papers, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, where the gender representation regarding journalists, main news sources and pictures are being accounted for. The material being used consists of a total of 241 articles taken from the first domestic news article in each third paper 2012. Furthermore the study contains a supplementary qualitative part consisting of two interviews with female journalists working on the examined newspapers. The analysis of these interviews takes on a Bourdieuan approach, which focuses on the journalistic field, it’s doxa and the symbolic values within the field. The questions at issue in this study are whether it exists a male interpretive precedence within the Swedish domestic news, what type of norms within the journalistic culture that potentially can affect the representation regarding journalists and main sources and lastly we intend to assess the impact of the gender system on the media and subsequently the medias reproductive affect on the gender system as a whole. The core, quantitative, study indicates a substantial difference regarding gender related representation within the examined material concerning journalists, pictures and main sources. The results reveal a significant female underrepresentation both amongst journalists (36,5 percent) and main sources (34,9 percent). Our quantitative study as well as our interviews prove a pattern where an elite orientated praxis, when it comes to choosing sources, is dominant. Since the elite sources are predominantly male this has a negative impact on the female representation amongst the sources. The underrepresentation of women, both as sources and journalists, combined with theories such as agenda-setting and framing indicates the presence of a male interpretive precedence. The gender related structures of society are reflected in the media, and as a consequence of this occurrence the structures themselves are also reproduced, and consolidated, through medias impact on popular values and opinions.