In this study, forced cooling of heat sinks mounted on CPU&rsquo / s was investigated. Heat sink effectiveness, effect of turbulence models, effect of radiation heat transfer and different heat sink geometries were numerically analyzed by commercially available computational fluid dynamics softwares Icepak and Fluent. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data and they were in good agreement. Conjugate heat transfer is simulated for all the electronic cards and packages by solving Navier-Stokes equations. Grid independent, well converged and well posed models were run and the results were compared. The best heat sink geometry is selected and it is modified in order to have lower maximum temperature distribution in the heat sink.

The restoration of livelihoods in the event of involuntary resettlement is commonly based on providing compensation to those who are displaced. The outcomes of these resettlements have been well documented around the world and provide a serial of recurring horror stories. For this reason, it is proposed that a new foundation for conducting involuntary resettlement is needed. Academics profess that by conducting resettlement as a development project in its own right, the performance of resettlements can be improved and the benefits will accrue to the local population. This concept is called Resettlement with Development (RwD). To this end, China was the first country to include RwD in its National policies on involuntary resettlement. However, it was not until the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River that the policy was translated into practice. / This research is an attempt to determine whether RwD is a suitable model for livelihood restoration and improvement. In exploring the primary research aim, a year was spent in the resettlement region of the Three Gorges Dam, visiting resettlers and undertaking questionnaires, interviews and policy analysis. Two counties in Hubei province were chosen for comparison - Badong county and Zigui county. The application of RwD in these two locales was variable, with an uneven level of development intervention. The investment environment and county policy of Zigui attracted a greater degree of investment and related development than that of Badong. The capacity of these development initiatives to generate sustainable livelihood outcomes for the resettlers was central to this research. / Through questionnaires, interviews and policy analysis, this research finds that although the RwD methods are applied more intensely in Zigui they do not necessarily translate into better outcomes for the resettlers at this locale. The data suggests that: (i) there is no difference in the degree of relative poverty in Zigui and Badong; (ii) Zigui is experiencing more relative poverty than Badong; (iii) there is no difference in vulnerability and resilience; (iv) the natural resource base is comparable in both counties; and (v) Badong and Zigui are both at risk of food insecurity. However, whilst the majority of households in all sites at Badong are experiencing declining incomes, there is no significant decline in incomes at Zigui. Although employment levels have declined at both Badong and Zigui, the decline is not so severe at Zigui. Finally, infrastructure in Zigui has improved in comparison to Badong after resettlement. Hence, although the RwD initiatives have not dramatically improved the situation for resettlers in Zigui, they have lessened the impoverishment effects that are synonymous with involuntary resettlement. Moreover, further analysis suggests that the outcomes seen in the TGP resettlement are not a consequence of the inadequacy of the RwD model. Instead, the RwD model is found to be only partially applied in the TGRA. Future attempts at RwD must endeavour to apply the RwD model more completely.

Master's thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-109).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Hamburg, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 365-374).

This dissertation is a detailed study of Chickasaw removal, based on correspondence and other documents from the period 1794-1844. In addition to National Archives microfilm, information has been gathered from correspondence sent by the Office of Indian Affairs and miscellaneous Chickasaw records of the period, both collections located at the National Archives. A thorough investigation has been conducted into the communications between the Chickasaw Nation and the United States Department of War. An attempt was made to include the opinions expressed by Chickasaw leaders, American field personnel, and Department of War officials involved during this period. Thus, the major sources consulted include the letters of the Office of Indian Affairs which were either to, from, or about the Chickasaw.

This is a study on how Somali and Oromo refugees manage under uncertain circumstances in Eastleigh, Nairobi. Fleeing from war, persecution and violence, the refugees expected to find protection and a quick transfer to a third country, which was not the case. Instead, they ended up in being stuck, unsafe, and questioned. The refugees aimed for resettlement to a third country; a decision depending on approval from the hosting state, a receiving state, and UNHCR. This process normally included 8-10 years or more of waiting and a positive answer was not guaranteed. The spatial realities in displacement in Eastleigh included a status of illegitimacy, socioeconomic hardships, and unpredictability of an eventual resettlement in a third country. In the protracted waiting for resettlement they struggle to become part of the place but in the state of transit, and in an excluding context, they are in-between – in a liminal state in both space and time.

Os deslocamentos forçados de pessoas em que presente causa ambiental são resultado de uma função complexa que envolve diversos fatores caracterizantes da vulnerabilidade. Em razão do potencial de agravamento da degradação ambiental e da exacerbação de eventos climáticos extremos, as mudanças climáticas apresentam-se como fator multiplicador de ameaças para o movimento de pessoas. O princípio da responsabilidade primária do Estado para a proteção de direitos humanos parece afastar a responsabilidade dos demais Estados para o enfrentamento do problema, mas o fato é que, muitas vezes, o próprio Estado de origem não é capaz de garantir proteção efetiva às comunidades vulneráveis mais impactadas, além de fluxos externos de deslocamentos por causas ambientais já serem observados. Por outro lado, os sistemas internacionais de proteção da pessoa humana, por meio do direito humanitário, do direito dos refugiados e dos direitos humanos, não enfrentam adequadamente a totalidade do problema. O tema aponta um novo momento de reconstrução dos direitos humanos, de natureza global, que deve enfrentar violações de direitos humanos por agentes indefinidos, conectados, cumulativos e globais. A interdependência das causas requer a interdependência para a solução. O enfrentamento adequado do problema necessita de uma mudança de foco, da responsabilização por dano transfronteiriço para a responsabilidade em cooperar. / The forced displacement of people with environmental causes result of a complex function that involves several factors characterizing vulnerability. Because of the potential for worsening environmental degradation and the exacerbation of extreme weather events, climate change presents itself as threat multiplier factor for the movement of people. The principle of primary responsibility of the State for the protection of human rights seems to exclude the responsibility of other States to deal with the problem, but the fact is that, often, the State of origin is not able to guarantee effective protection to vulnerable communities, which are the most impacted, as well as external flows of people with environmental causes are already be observed. Moreover, the international systems of protection of the human being, through humanitarian law, refugee law and human rights, do not properly face the problem. The theme indicates a new moment for human rights, global in nature, that must face human rights violations by undefined, connected, cumulative and global agents. Interdependence of causes requires the interdependence for the solution. The adequate confrontation of the problem requires a change of focus, from the accountability for transboundary damage to the responsibility to cooperate.

Este trabalho visa a determinação numérico-experimental de propriedades hidrodinâmicos em um cilindro de seção circular parcialmente submerso. A solução numérica do problema foi desenvolvida através do método dos painéis, o qual foi programado no pacote MATLAB®, sendo que o modelo do cilindro é excitado segundo os parâmetros de onda registrados a partir do ensaio de arrasto do cilindro, possibilitando a determinação da massa adicional e amortecimento hidrodinâmico. O desenvolvimento experimental foi efetivado através de ensaios em tanque de testes, com o uso de um carro de arrasto, tendo sido utilizado um sistema PIV (Particle Imagem Velocimetry) para mapear a não ocorrência da formação de vórtices na superfície submersa do cilindro. O cilindro foi fixado na base do carro, através de uma haste, na posição vertical, permanecendo parcialmente submerso nos ensaios de movimento oscilatório, com frequência e deslocamento longitudinal definidos. Nos ensaios, o conjunto de sensores no sistema detectou as variáveis de aceleração e carregamento na haste de sustentação do cilindro, deslocamento do carro e altura de onda, este último, realizado por dois wave probes simetricamente distanciados da posição inicial do cilindro. Os ensaios possibilitaram a obtenção da massa adicional e dos parâmetros necessários à solução numérica. O desenvolvimento da solução numérica hidrodinâmica via simulação em programa comercial foi realizado no pacote ANSYS® AQWATM, onde o cilindro foi modelado parcialmente submerso, sendo excitado pela frequência e velocidade de onda, os quais foram obtidos nos ensaios experimentais. Os resultados numéricos da programação e da simulação mostraram boa correspondência com os resultados experimentais. / This study involves the experimental and numerical determination of the hydrodynamic properties of a partially submerged cylinder with circular cross section. The numerical solution to the problem was developed using the panel method, which was programmed in the MATLAB® package, and the cylinder model was excited according to the wave parameters recorded during the cylinder drag test, enabling the determination of added mass and hydrodynamic damping. The experimental part of this study involved using a drag car in a test tank, with a PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) system to map the non-occurrence of vortex formation on the submerged surface of the cylinder. The cylinder was attached vertically to the bottom of the car base by a rod, remaining partially submerged in the oscillatory motion tests, with defined frequency and longitudinal displacement. In the tests, the system’s sensor array detected the variables of acceleration and loading on the cylinder support rod, the car’s displacement and wave height, the latter measured by two wave probes placed at symmetrical distances from the cylinder’s initial position. The experimental tests made it possible to determine the added mass and the parameters required for the numerical solution. The development of the numerical solution of the hydrodynamic problem via simulation with commercial software was performed using the ANSYS® AQWATM package, in which the modeled cylinder was partially submerged and was excited by the wave frequency and velocity that were determined in the experimental tests. The numerical results of the programming and simulation showed a good correspondence with the experimental results.

The development of the Eros-Vuyani-Neptune 400 kV transmission powerline has seen some of the people of Ingquza Hill Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape relocated from their original place of residence. This research evaluated the process that was implemented when relocating the affected people in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality, covering villages within Lusikisiki and Flagstaff towns. This study provides a response to the research question, which was: “Did the relocations improve the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of the people in Ingquza Hill Local Municipality?” The evaluation process of the study followed a systematic methodology, which entailed i) investigating and analysing the social impact indicators identified during the relocations; ii) evaluating and comparing key socio-economic and environmental indicators in Ingquza Hill Local Municipality; and iii) making recommendations to improve the relocation process. The study also formulated five key indicators of relocations, utilised to compare the social receptors before and after the relocation phase of the project. The utilised key indicators are: 1) quality education; 2) quality health care; 3) affected age groups; 4) community linkage; and 5) employment conditions. The results of the research highlighted the need for a comprehensive and, most importantly, inclusive process when relocating people from their homes. This research concluded that the relocation process needs to be formalised and adopted hand in hand with development instead of being treated as a separate process. The research study further recommends that the process of relocating communities, as a companion of development, needs to be effectively monitored and managed in order to curb the socio-environmental impacts thereof. / Environmental Science / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T12:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 13.pdf: 3290087 bytes, checksum: c2534f744ed7289fbdbed582eaabac44 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T22:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 13.pdf.txt: 358391 bytes, checksum: 4a43403217e6829dc1ae5000589499cf (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 13.pdf: 3290087 bytes, checksum: c2534f744ed7289fbdbed582eaabac44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / A leflunomida (LF) é um pró-fármaco antireumático pertencente ao grupo de fármacos modificadores do curso da doença, sendo empregada no tratamento da artrite reumatóide. Encontram-se disponíveis no mercado e medicamentos referência ARAVA produzido pela empresa Sanofi Aventis e as versões genéricas fabricadas pelas indústrias farmacêuticas Aché, Biosintética, Cristália, Marinha do Brasil e Zodiac. Para registro de um produto farmacêutico no Brasil, deve-se seguir as exigências da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, que requer, dentre vários documentos, o estudo de estabilidade do medicamento e questão. Este estudo deve incluir diversos testes, sendo que a determinação do teor do fármaco e suas substâncias relacionadas são fundamentais para se compreender e determinar o prazo de validade de um produto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar uma metodologia analítica de teor e substâncias que permitisse avaliar a estabilidade dos comprimidos de L.F. Foram realizados estudos de degradação forçada no insumo farmacêutico ativo e no protótipo de comprimidos de L.F. proposto pela Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), empregando a hidrólise ácida, hidrólise alcalina, oxidação, degradação térmica e fotolítica. As amostras degradadas deram subsídio para o desenvolvimento e validação de um método, por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência, para determinação do teor e suas substâncias relacionadas. Uma coluna C18 (125x4,0mm, 5µm, a 25° graus Celcius), uma fase móvel em eluição, gradiente de acetato de amônio 10mM:acetonitrila (0 min-70:30; 15min-20:80; 16min-70:30 e 20 min-70:30) e um detector no ultravioleta (261nm) foram empregados para se atingir uma resolução adequada na separação da L.F. e suas substâncias relacionadas. Foram realizados os testes de degradação forçada, sendo que a hidrólise básica gerou apenas um produto de degradação (r=0,33), enquanto a ácida proporcionou o surgimento de dois(r=0,33 e 0,77); onze substâncias surgiram após a oxidação (r=0,16; 0,21; 0,41; 0,48; 0,58; 0,64; 0,67; 0,73; 0,78; 0,82 e 0,86). O método em eluição gradiente foi então validado de acordo com as diretrizes da RE n° 899 de 05/2003 da ANVISA e do DOQ-CGCRE-008 do INMETRO. A linearidade, na faixa de 10-60 µg/mL, foi demonstrada utilizando ANOVA (Fcalculado < Fcrítico). Comprovou-se as precisões intra-corrida (DPR≤3,3%) e intra-corrida (DPR≤5,0%) nas concentrações de 20; 40 e 60 µg/mL aplicando ANOVA. A exatidão variou de 98, 30% a 102,36% e a robustez foi satisfatória em todas as condições avaliadas. Aestabilidade dos comprimidos de LF, nas embalagens blíster de cloreto de polivinilideno e frasco de polietileno, foi então avaliada utilizando o método validado, sendo que em ambas foram quantificados os produtos da hidrólise alcalina (r=0,33) e da hidrólise ácida (r=0,77). Os resultados do estudo de estabilidade da formulação foram insatisfatórios para a LF devido à queda no seu teor superior a 5% no estudo acelerado e de longa duração em ambas embalagens. Pode-se concluir que o método indicativo de estabilidade foi desenvolvido e validado com sucesso para a quantificação do teor e substâncias relacionadas. Portanto, este método pode ser empregado na indústria farmacêutica tanto para o controle de qualidade quanto para avaliação dos estudos de estabilidade de comprimidos de LF. / Leflunomide (LF) is a prodrug of the disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used in rheumatoid arthritis. It is commercially available in tablet presentations of 10, 20 and 100 mg. The reference drug ARAVA reference manufactured by Sanofi Aventis and generic versions manufactured by pharmaceutical companies Aché, Biosintética, Cristália, Brazil's Navy and Zodiac are available in the market. For registration of a pharmaceutical product in Brazil it must follow the requirements of Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, which demands, among many documents, the stability study of the product concerned. This study should include several tests, and the determination of drug content and its related substances are fundamental to determine the shelf life of a product. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an assay and related substances analytical methodology that allow to evaluating the stability of the LF tablets. Forced degradation were perfomed on active pharmaceutical ingredient and LF tablets prototype proposed by FUNED, employing acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, photolytic and thermal degradation. The degraded samples allowed the development and validation of a liquid chromatography high efficiency method to determine the drug and its related substances. A C18 column (125x4,0mm, 5μm, 25 ° Celcius), a gradiente mobile phase of 10mM ammonium acetate: acetonitrile (0 min-70: 30; 15 min, 20: 80; 16min-70: 30 and 20 min-70: 30), and a ultraviolet detector (261nm) were used to achieve adequate resolution in the separation of LF and its related substances. Forced degradation test waere performed, which generated only one basic hydrolysis degradation product (r = 0.33), while the acidic gave the rise of two (r = 0.33 and 0.77); eleven substances arose after oxidation (r = 0.16; 0.21; 0.41; 0.48; 0.58; 0.64; 0.67; 0.73; 0.78; 0.82 and 0 , 86). The gradient method was then validated accordance to ANVISA RE No. 899 05/2003 and INMETRO DOQ-CGCRE-008 guidelines. The linearity in the range of 10-60 mg / mL was demonstrated using ANOVA (Fcalculado <Fcrítico). Intra-run precisions (DPR≤3,3%) and intra-run (DPR≤5,0%) at concentrations of 20; 40 and 60 ug / ml were satisfatory by applying ANOVA. The accuracy ranged from 98, 30% to 102.36% and robustness was satisfactory in all conditions evaluated. The stability of LF tablets polyvinylidene chloride blister and polyethylene vial packaging was then assessed using the validated method. Degradation products were found from alkaline hydrolysis (r = 0.33) and acidic hydrolysis (r = 0.77). The stability results of the formulation were unsatisfactory for LF due to its content drop exceeding 5% in both packages on accelerated and long term studies. It can be concluded that stability indicating method has been successfully developed and validated for assay and related substances measurement. Therefore, this method can be used for both quality control and stability studies evaluation of LF tablets in the pharmaceutical industry.