L'interdiction de l'esclavage constitue une norme fondamentale du droit international contemporain: figurant dans les principaux instruments de protection des droits de l'homme, elle est souvent citée comme l'exemple-type d'une obligation dont le respect intéresse la communauté internationale dans son ensemble et revêt un caractère impératif. La présente étude s'intéresse aux origines de cette interdiction, telle que reflétée par la pratique étatique et discutée par la doctrine, avant l'émergence d'un droit international des droits de l'homme à la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle soutient qu'au XIXe siècle et pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle, l'affirmation d'un droit international antiesclavagiste et la définition du cadre conceptuel dans lequel celui-ci s'effectuait était étroitement dépendante de la capacité des États occidentaux de se définir eux-mêmes, par rapport au reste du monde, comme des« nations civilisées ». Nos recherches démontrent qu'une question récurrente à cette époque fut de savoir si une« nation civilisée» ayant formellement aboli l'institution esclavagiste pouvait être accusée, en tolérant ou en imposant certaines formes de travail forcé non fondées sur la reconnaissance formelle d'un droit de propriété sur des êtres humains, de s'être livrée à des actes illicites au regard du droit international antiesclavagiste. Or ce n'est finalement qu'en 1945, au terme d'une remise en cause sans précédent de la notion même de« civilisation », que les signataires du Statut de Nuremberg adoptèrent le premier instrument conventionnel y apportant une réponse positive. / The prohibition of slavery is a fundamental rule of contemporary international law. It has been incorporated into all major international human rights conventions. The International Court of Justice cited it as an international obligation in whose protection all states have a legal interest. Most international law scholars refer to it as the very example of a peremptory norm. The present study examines the origins of the international prohibition of slavery, as reflected by state practice and scholarly writings. It focuses on the period prior to the emergence of international human rights law in the aftermath of the Second World War. Its main argument is that during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the emergence of international anti-slavery law and the definition of its conceptual framework was closely dependent on the capacity of Western states to define themselves, when compared to the rest of the world, as “civilized nations.” My research shows that a recurring question during that period was whether a “civilized nation” which had formally abolished slavery could still be accused of breaching international anti-slavery law by tolerating or exacting certain forms of forced labour not based on the recognition of property rights over human beings. It is only in 1945, after a period during which the very notion of “civilization” had largely fallen into disrepute, that the signatories of the Nuremberg Charter adopted the first treaty positively recognizing that this could indeed be the case.

This dissertation looks at the concept of “trafficking in persons” and how it has been created, interpreted and utilized in the international sphere and in Canada. Using the approach of Critical Legal Pluralism (CLP), it examines the legal regulation of trafficking as being created through a bi-directional constitutive process, with paradigmatic conceptions of trafficking having a hand in creating regulation as well as being influenced by it. Through a review of data retrieved using a variety of qualitative methods as well as classic legal analysis, this dissertation explores the operation of various social actors and their effect on the determination of what trafficking is, and who is worthy of protection from it. In Part One the international framework is outlined through a discussion of the creation of the dominant paradigm of trafficking and implementations of it. Chapter One traces the history of the anti-trafficking movement by looking at the development of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, and by examining the creation of dominant discourses around trafficking. Chapter 2 uses CLP to examine the influences of a variety of actors on the creation of these discourses and the repercussions the discourses have had on the implementation of anti-trafficking policies. Part Two then turns to the Canadian context. In Chapter Three, classical legal methodologies are employed to discuss Canada’s obligations under international law with respect to trafficking, as well as the creation of definitions of trafficking in the Canadian legal regulatory context. Chapter Four then reviews data from Canada to discuss the ways in which various actors have been involved in the creation and operation of the dominant paradigm and how it in turn affects the operation of trafficking-related legal constructs. Ultimately, it is found that due to the influence of the dominant paradigm and the motivations that aid in its operation, programs and policies framed under the rubric of “trafficking” necessarily fail to achieve meaningful redress for the groups they purport to benefit. On this basis, an alternative approach is suggested to address phenomena currently being dealt with through anti-trafficking frameworks. A move is suggested away from a focus on “trafficking” to a sectoral approach, accounting for the complexities and histories of individuals subject to exploitative circumstances.

La pérennité du compostage est cautionnée à une meilleure maîtrise de la qualité des composts ainsi que des émissions gazeuses. Ces deux critères dépendent en partie des conditions de compostage. Néanmoins, le contrôle des émissions gazeuses et des odeurs ne peut se circonscrire à une seule stratégie préventive. L'identification des composés responsables de l'odeur apparaît comme un enjeu permettant d'augmenter l'efficacité des solutions curatives. Cette thèse a eu pour double objectif d'évaluer l'influence des déterminants des procédés de compostage par aération forcée sur la qualité des composts, les émissions gazeuses et les odeurs en compostage et stockage ainsi que d'investiguer les corrélations entre composition chimique (CC) et concentration d'odeur (CO)des gaz émis. Le déchet et le structurant utilisés ont été des boues d'abattoir de porcs et des plaquettes de bois. L'influence des conditions opératoires a été évaluée en réacteur de compostage au regard des critères que sont la stabilisation, l'hygiènisation, le séchage et la conservation de l'azote. Un taux d'aération intermédiaire, un ratio structurant/déchet (S/D) >1 et une granulométrie >10mm semblent être les conditions répondant au mieux aux attentes d'un traitement par compostage. L'étude de l'influence des conditions sur les composés gazeux suspectés les plus contributrices des odeurs a conduit à une caractérisation exhaustive des émissions d'ammoniac, d'hydrogène sulfuré, des mercaptans par piégeage chimique et des COV par TD-GC-MS. L'identification des composés potentiellement contributeurs de l'odeur s'est basée sur le calcul d'unité d'odeur (UO) de chacun des composés i.e. le rapport de leur concentration chimique sur leur seuil olfactif, à leur pic d'émission. Les conditions opératoires générant le moins d'émissions sont un faible taux d'aération, un ratio S/D >1 et une granulométrie >10mm. Le potentiel des conditions opératoire à diminuer les émissions de composés odorants est toutefois limité. Les travaux venant d'être décrits ont été complétés d'une part par des mesures olfactométriques des émissions et leur corrélation à leur CC et d'autre part par la mise en œuvre de simulations de stockage en vue de comparer leurs émissions et odeurs à celles du compostage. Ces caractérisations ont montré que les pics d'odeurs en compostage sont 50 fois supérieurs à ceux du stockage. Deux types de corrélations entre la CC et la CO des gaz issus du compostage et du stockage ont été investiguées. Le premier type présume que la CO correspond à la somme des UO des composés du mélange. Le second suppose que la CO du mélange corresponde à l'UO la plus élevée (UOMAX) parmi l'ensemble des composés du mélange. Une analyse qualitative et quantitative des types de corrélations testés a indiqué qu'UOMAX est plus proche de la CO mesurée. Seuls trois composés, l'hydrogène sulfuré, le méthanethiol et la triméthylamine rendent compte des odeurs mesurées. / Compost sustainability requires a better control of its compost quality and its gaseous emissions. Both were influenced by composting conditions. Nevertheless, controlling gaseous emissions and their odour can’t be assumed by a single preventive approach. The identification of the compounds involved in odour is also a way to improve the efficiency of curatives solutions. This thesis has been the dual objectives to assess the influence of the principal process conditions for the forced aeration composting on compost quality, gaseous emissions and odours during composting and storage, as well as find out a correlation between the chemical composition (CC) and the odour concentration (OC) of the emissions. The waste and the bulking agent used were pig slaughterhouse sludge and wood chips. The influence of the composting process conditions was studied on stabilization, disinfection, drying and nitrogen conservation during composting in pilot reactors. An intermediate rate, a bulking agent/ waste (BA/W) ratio >1 and a particle size >10mm seemed to be the optimal conditions which satisfy composting treatment expectations. The study of the composting process influence on the gaseous compounds supposed as main potential odour contributors led to an gases exhaustive characterizations, including: ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans were quantified by chemical traps while TD-GC-MS was used for VOC. Compounds were screened as main odour contributor based on the compute of their odour unit (OU) of each compounds i.e. dividing their chemical concentration by their odour threshold, at their events of peak emission. The composting process conditions which reduced the emissions were, a low aeration rate, a high BA/W ratio and a particle size > 10mm. Composting process conditions had a limited impact on reducing emissions of odorous compounds. Further works were performed for establish a more accurate odour emission evaluation. On a first hand, olfactometric measurements were carried out in order to be correlated with their CC. On a second hand, experiments were designed to simulate storage with a view to compare their emissions and their odours with that in composting. These characterizations showed that the peaks of the odour emissions were found 50 folds higher during composting than during storage. Two types of correlations were investigated between the CC and the OC of gas samples from composting and storage. The first one assumed that, the OC of gas sample was equal to the sum of the OU of every odorous compound. The second one consisted to consider the OC was equal to the highest OU (OUMAX) of the most odorant compound in the sample. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were tested for the both correlation types, indicating that OUMAX is the expression which can provide the most accurate prediction of OC. Only three main odorous compounds were identified: trimethylamine, hydrogen sulphide and methanethiol.

Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques de déplacement des populations rurales pendant la guerre d’indépendance algérienne. Au cours de ce conflit, la création de « zones interdites » par l’armée française se solde par le transfert de plus de deux millions d’Algériens vers ce que l’armée appelle alors des « centres de regroupement ». L’objectif de ce travail consiste à comprendre les dynamiques de diffusion de cette pratique et son intégration dans l’arsenal stratégique mobilisé par l’armée française dans la lutte contre le Front de Libération National. Il s’agit aussi de cerner la figure de l’une des institutions majeures de ce conflit, le camp de regroupement. Essentiellement créé à des fins de contrôle social, il génère dans la plupart des cas une crise économique pour les populations visées, déracinées et privées de l’accès à leurs terres, désormais dépendantes de l’État. Il s’agit enfin de comprendre comment l’État et l’armée réagissent à cette crise, en développant notamment une politique dite des « Mille villages » censée transformer les camps en autant de nouvelles entités semi-rurales – et les effets de cette politique. Dans cette perspective, ce travail vise à étudier la mise en œuvre de cette double politique sur le terrain militaire, politique et administratif, en analysant les relations entre les principaux acteurs de l’État dans la conduite de l’action publique. Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux activités sécuritaires, sociales et économiques des officiers des Sections Administratives Spécialisées (SAS), alors chargés de l’encadrement des populations déplacées. Elle cherche ainsi à contribuer à l’écriture d’une histoire de l’État colonial dans ce contexte où il connaît ses ultimes transformations. / This PhD concerns the displacement of rural population during the Algerian war for independence. During this conflict, the creation of “forbidden zones” by the French army ends in the transfer of nearly two million Algerians towards some camps that the militaries then called “regroupment centres”. The objective of this work consists to study the dynamics of this practice’s diffusion and its integration in the militaries strategy implemented against the National Liberation Front. Its aim is also to define the specificity of one of the major institution of this conflict: the “regroupment” camp. Essentially created for Social Control purposes, it generated in most of the cases an economic crisis for the rural population, uprooted and deprived of the access to its land, and most part of the time depending on State’s food distribution. This work try to understand how some actors, civilian or militaries, try to react to this crisis, by developing a particular policy: the “One thousand villages”, that was supposed to transform the camps into some “new villages”. This work aims to study the implementation of this double policy, on the local military, political and administrative ground, by analysing the relations between the main actors of the State. It is focused in particular on the security, social, economic activities of the officers of the Specialized Administrative Sections, which were in charge of the camp. In such a perspective, it tries to contribute to the writing of a history of Colonial State in its last algerian manifestation.

No description available.

The diploma thesis deals with the determination of the self-excited and forced pulsation of the real fluid in the cylindrical area and in the annulus. It also focuses on a case of resonance that has an unfavorable effect on the hydraulic circuit. The result of the thesis is the analytical relations for determination of self-excited and forced shapes of flow and pressure in the closed cylindrical area, for two selected variants of kinematic excitation. In the first variant, excitation is performed in the form of a sinus function. The second variant is expressed as a sawtooth function. A pulsation of the fluid caused by the movement of the body is described for the annulus. Further, in this area, the shapes of fluid pulsation are solved without external excitation.

This thesis consists of description of design and construction of device for measuring air velocity created in it´s practical part. In introduction is mentioned basic theoretical information related to given problem, in the next chapters is descripted design and construction of measuring device along with description of calibration proces. At the end is placed chapter about testing the final device.

The diploma thesis is focused on the design of heating and forced ventilation for the project of the family house Doubrava. In the first two chapters is briefly described the theory and there is also described the project of the family house. The next chapter deals with the design of the forced equal pressure ventilation with the heat and moisture recovery. Than the heat loss are calculated according to the norm ČSN EN 12831-1. The next part is focused on the design of heating system and the heat source for the family house Doubrava. There is described detailed design of the floor heating, including necessary calculations, and also the type of the heat pump, as the heat source and source for hot water heating, is chosen. This part also contains a selection of expansion tank and safety valve and approximate calculation of the size of the primar circuit. The last part deals with the possibilities of using renewable energy sources. At the end of the thesis, there are more detailed results of the calculations and the mechanical drawings of individual designs of the ventilation and heating system and also there are tables of the acquisition costs.

The subject of this thesis is the application of personalized ventilation in air. The main aim of the work is to construct physical models of artificial ventilation outlets for personal and their experimental verification in the laboratory. The information obtained from experimental measurements are applied in the design of forced personal ventilation to the specified building. Result of this work is to evaluate the use of personalized ventilation for practice with these advantages and disadvantages.

This Thesis deals with the fans, their properties and characteristics. The Project part is about design of the HVAC equipment in the centralised and decentralised option for the assigned building. The Project part is focused on the design and evaluation of the fans more specifically. The Experimental part is about measurement of parameters and characteristics of the fans. The results are analyzed and compared. The results are compared with current energy efficiency reguirements for fans.