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The focus of this study was the organizational working environment and existing partisanship evident in the United States Congress. There has been a reduction in the number of laws passed over the last 30 years from a high of over 1,000 to a low of around 120, with a period of complete government shutdown in 2013. This qualitative research utilized qualitative content analysis to discover the nature of partisan conflict as demonstrated by 6 members of Congress. The conceptual framework for this study was moral foundations theory. Different moral principles held by Democrats and Republicans were studied as a possible explanation for the inability of one end of the political spectrum to identify with, work with, and comprehend the belief systems of the other. Archival video data for each participant was viewed on C-Span and related transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Emerging themes were then inductively coded in order to understand the nature of the partisan conflict in Congress. Results demonstrate that Republicans and Democrats rely on different sets of moral foundations and that there is limited crossover between those who occupy the extreme ends of the ideological continuum. This lack of crossover essentially leads members with differing ideology and moral foundations to not comprehend the moral message of their opponents. With this knowledge, political strategists can help to develop communication and political approaches that take into consideration the moral foundations of ideological opponents. Social change implications include improved understanding of the ideological stance of members of the opposing party and improved working relationships in Congress, resulting in an organizational working environment that is less conflicted.

The essay explains why and how Latin American societies, during the period of1930 to 1980, accepted the different variants of populist regimes; why these political systems perpetuated for such a long time; what mechanisms were employed to manage internal order; why and how the destruction occurred in the decade of the 1980s; why at the beginning of the 21st century certain forms of populist-demagogicappeals in the Latin-American political panorama returned to the scene; why the State in Latin America reached such low levels of institutionalism halfway through the 20th century; why the discourse of mixed races transformed itself into the central element, capable of uniting the complex magma formed by structural heterogeneity; and why «old nationalisms» are giving way to new methods and alternative discourses about the concept of identity at the beginning of the 21st century. / El ensayo explica por qué y cómo las sociedades latinoamericanas aceptaron, entre 1930–1980, las diferentes variantes de los regímenes populistas; por qué estos sistemas políticos se perpetuaron durante tanto tiempo; qué mecanismos se emplearon para gestionar el orden interno; por qué y cómo llegaron a su derrumbamiento en la década de 1980; por qué a comienzos del siglo XXI han vuelto a hacerse presentes ciertas formas populistas-demagógicas en el panorama político latinoamericano; por qué el Estado en América Latina alcanzó cotas tan bajas de institucionalidad a mediados del siglo XX; por qué el discurso del mestizaje se convirtió en un elemento central capaz de aglutinar el complejo magma generado por la eterogeneidad estructural; y por qué los viejos nacionalismos están dando paso a comienzos del siglo XXI a nuevas formas y discursos alternativos de la identidad.

Cette thèse est une étude de la production des prises de position partisanes sur l'intégration européenne. Elle entend rompre avec la logique classificatoire privilégiée dans les travaux sur « l'euroscepticisme ». Pour ce faire, elle adopte une approche relationnelle de la compétition politique attentive aux contextes international, interpartisan et intrapartisan. A partir de ce cas particulier qu'est le Parti communiste français, il s'agit de restituer l'émergence progressive d'une catégorie « Europe » associée à la construction européenne, et la manière avec laquelle le problème communautaire et les enjeux afférents ont été construits, les grilles de lecture à travers lesquels ils ont été interprétés. Ainsi, elle interroge à nouveaux frais les changements occasionnés par l'intégration européenne sur les espaces nationaux en montrant des dynamiques de spécialisation et l'éclosion d'un personnel politique spécifiquement en charge de ces questions au sein d'un parti politique pourtant souvent classé parmi les partis hostiles ou critiques envers le processus d'intégration européenne. Par ce biais, elle met aussi en évidence les recompositions plus générales dont ce parti politique est l'objet. / This thesis is a study of the production of party positions about the European integration. It stands out from the classificatory approach of the research on « euroscepticism». It takes a relational approach of the political competition which takes account of the international context, external and internal party politics. By examining a specific case, the French Communist Party, it observes the progressive emergence of a category « Europe » which ties into the building of Europe, and the modalities of the construction of a EC/EU problem and political issues. It revisits the question of the changes caused by the European integration on the national spaces. It highlights process of specialization and the advent of a political staff in charge of these questions within a political party which is frequently classified as hostile towards European integration process. It brings to light the large recompositions affecting this political party.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objetivo empreender um estudo inicial sobre a Propaganda Partidária Gratuita, espaço disponibilizado pelo Estado brasileiro aos partidos políticos para que estes possam apresentar a si próprios e divulgar seus programas políticos. Segundo o levantamento feito para este trabalho, trata-se de um caso único no mundo, mas que vem sendo abordado apenas marginalmente pela Ciência Política do país. Dada a proximidade com o horário eleitoral, a análise foi feita tendo como base a literatura sobre campanhas políticas, de modo a verificar se processos a ela relacionados (em especial o de declínio partidário e a personalização da política) podem se aplicar ao objeto em questão. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento empírico das edições exibidas entre 2002 e 2007 de cinco siglas: PFL/DEM, PMDB, PSB, PSDB e PT. Nestes, foram observadas diferentes variáveis, como ênfases discursivas e temática dominante, bem como o conteúdo apresentado. Em função destes dados, oferece-se uma visão de como os programas são utilizados de modo geral e por cada partido, oferecendo ainda uma tipologia sobre seus usos. / This work aims to undertake an initial study on the Partisan Free Advertising, a public TV time available by the Brazilian State to political parties, to enable them to introduce themselves and promote their political agendas. According to the survey conducted, this is a unique case in the world, but that has been addressed only marginally by the Brazilian Political Science. Given the proximity to the election schedule, the analysis was based on the literature on political campaigns in order to verify that processes related to it (especially the decline of partisan politics and personalization of the politics) may apply to the object in question. Therefore, we carried out an empirical survey of the editions exhibited between 2002 and 2007 by five parties: PFL/DEM (Party of Liberal Front, today Democrats), PMDB (Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement), PSB (Brazilian Socialist Party), PSDB (Party Brazilian Social Democracy) and PT (Workers Party). In these different variables were observed as dominant thematic emphases and discursive as well as the content presented. In light of these data, it offers a vision of how the programs are used in general and by each party, still offering a typology on its uses.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is linked to the historiographical perspective of intellectual history. Based on that, it aims to analyze and to compare the content and form of the rhetoric of the partisan political discourse of the newspapers A Federação and Correio do Sul in the electoral process of Rio Grande do Sul in 1922. The analysis and the interpretation of partisan political discourse of the newspapers was carried out through the theoretical and methodological contributions of Pocock (2003), in the study of political discourse performance and the relationship between context and action; the operation modes of meaning and action of ideological symbolic strategies written by John Thompson (2009) and, particularly, the theory of argumentation of Perelman and Tyteca, with regard to the linking modes of argumentation. From the reading and interpretation of the rhetorical and ideological strategies applied in partisan political discourse of newspapers, it became possible to assume the way journalists perceived the events and how they interacted with the audience and readers. In the political context of 1922, the content and form of political discourse were defined according to the discursive situations that arose from events and confrontation with the political opponent. On one side was A Federação, representing the Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense; and on the other side, the Correio do Sul, representing the Partido Federalista and Aliança Libertadora. Once they were in opposing political boundaries, they developed a combative and competitive discourse in order to face the opponent and convince readers to join their political cause. / Este trabalho está vinculado à perspectiva historiográfica da história intelectual e objetiva analisar e comparar o conteúdo e a forma da retórica do discurso político-partidário dos jornais A Federação e o Correio do Sul no processo eleitoral do Rio Grande do Sul em 1922. A Análise e a interpretação do discurso político-partidário dos jornais parte dos aportes teórico-metodológicos de Pocock (2003), no estudo da performance do discurso político e da relação entre contexto e ação; dos modos de operação do sentido e da ação das estratégias simbólica de caráter ideológico de John Thompson (2009) e, principalmente, da teoria da argumentação de Perelman e Tyteca, no que diz respeito aos modos de ligação da argumentação. A partir da leitura e da interpretação das estratégias retóricas e ideológicas empregadas no discurso político-partidário dos jornais, torna-se possível traduzir a maneira como os jornalistas perceberam os acontecimentos e como interagiram com os interlocutores e leitores. No contexto político de 1922, o conteúdo e a forma do discurso político foram definidos em função das situações discursivas que surgiram dos acontecimentos e do confronto com o adversário político. De um lado, estava A Federação, que representava o Partido Republicano Rio-Grandense; de outro, o Correio do Sul, que representava o Partido Federalista e Aliança Libertadora. Por estarem em fronteiras políticas adversárias, desenvolveram um discurso combativo e competitivo para enfrentarem o adversário e convencerem os leitores a aderirem à sua causa política.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objetivo empreender um estudo inicial sobre a Propaganda Partidária Gratuita, espaço disponibilizado pelo Estado brasileiro aos partidos políticos para que estes possam apresentar a si próprios e divulgar seus programas políticos. Segundo o levantamento feito para este trabalho, trata-se de um caso único no mundo, mas que vem sendo abordado apenas marginalmente pela Ciência Política do país. Dada a proximidade com o horário eleitoral, a análise foi feita tendo como base a literatura sobre campanhas políticas, de modo a verificar se processos a ela relacionados (em especial o de declínio partidário e a personalização da política) podem se aplicar ao objeto em questão. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento empírico das edições exibidas entre 2002 e 2007 de cinco siglas: PFL/DEM, PMDB, PSB, PSDB e PT. Nestes, foram observadas diferentes variáveis, como ênfases discursivas e temática dominante, bem como o conteúdo apresentado. Em função destes dados, oferece-se uma visão de como os programas são utilizados de modo geral e por cada partido, oferecendo ainda uma tipologia sobre seus usos. / This work aims to undertake an initial study on the Partisan Free Advertising, a public TV time available by the Brazilian State to political parties, to enable them to introduce themselves and promote their political agendas. According to the survey conducted, this is a unique case in the world, but that has been addressed only marginally by the Brazilian Political Science. Given the proximity to the election schedule, the analysis was based on the literature on political campaigns in order to verify that processes related to it (especially the decline of partisan politics and personalization of the politics) may apply to the object in question. Therefore, we carried out an empirical survey of the editions exhibited between 2002 and 2007 by five parties: PFL/DEM (Party of Liberal Front, today Democrats), PMDB (Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement), PSB (Brazilian Socialist Party), PSDB (Party Brazilian Social Democracy) and PT (Workers Party). In these different variables were observed as dominant thematic emphases and discursive as well as the content presented. In light of these data, it offers a vision of how the programs are used in general and by each party, still offering a typology on its uses.

Evo Morales, leader du Movimiento al socialismo (MAS), arrive au pouvoir en décembre 2005. Sa victoire électorale, sans précédent depuis le retour de la démocratie (53 % des voix), acquiert une signification historique particulière du fait de son identification comme le premier président indigène bolivien. Le MAS se convertit en la première force politique du pays.Notre analyse se fonde sur deux études de terrain réalisées principalement à La Paz et à Sucre au moment de l'arrivée au pouvoir du MAS, puis alors que se tient l'Assemblée Constituante. Nous avons assisté à de nombreuses manifestations et événements politiques, réalisé des entretiens auprès de dirigeants sociaux, cadres du parti et militants de base ou responsables d'ONG. L'expérience du terrain a permis d'appréhender les « horizons du monde » des partisans du MAS ainsi que les « réseaux de concepts et de récits » (Daniel Cefaï) dans lesquels ils se meuvent.Comme la plupart des partis ethniques, le MAS présente toutes les caractéristiques d'un Parti-Mouvement (Benoît Rihoux). Issus de mouvements sociaux, sa légitimité repose sur son engagement à mettre en oeuvre les revendications dont ces derniers sont porteurs. Si l'analyse de ces liens génétiques le rapproche de nombreux autres partis en Bolivie et ailleurs, nous proposons de rendre compte des spécificités de cette articulation à partir d'une interrogation sur le rôle et l'influence de l'identité indigène en son sein.Pour cela, une distinction est établie entre, d'une part, la référence partisane à l'identité indigène et d'autre part, au-delà de cette revendication, la façon dont la fabrique partisane masiste est informée par la culture politique indigène. Cette double entrée inscrit notre travail dans la discussion qui entoure le statut épistémologique de l'identité indigène et en particulier le constructivisme. Le but de cette étude est de montrer que la dimension indigène du MAS ne renvoie pas seulement à une stratégie électorale mais également à une certaine façon de faire de la politique, dont il faut tenir compte si l'on veut saisir la singularité de ce parti. / Evo Morales, leader of the Movimiento al socialismo (MAS), came to power on december 2005. His electoral victory, unequaled since the transition to democracy (53% of votes), has acquired a particular historical significance from the fact he is identified as Bolivia's first indigenous President.This research is based on two field works, mainly in La Paz and Sucre. The first field work took place when the MAS came to power, the second when the Constitutional Assembly took place. This has involved going to many political events, such as demonstrations and meetings, interviewing social leaders, ONG's workers, cadre partisan as well as rank-and-file members of the party. The field work has enabled me to comprehend the MAS's followers perspectives, and the « chains of concepts and narrative » (Daniel Cefaï) in which they circulate.As most ethnical parties, the MAS shows all the features of a mouvement-party (Benoît Rihoux). Built up from social movements, its legitimacy is based on commitment to implement their claims. Although the analysis of those genetical links makes the MAS comparable to many other political parties in Bolivia and elsewhere, we propose to grasp the specificities of this articulation, starting from the question of the rôle and influence of indigenous identity in the party.A distinction is then made between the reference to the party's indigenous identity and, further, to the way in which the MAS's party-factory is shaped by the indigenous political culture. This double-entry places our research in a discussion about the epistemological status of indigenous identity and constructivism in particular.The purpose of this research is to show that the MAS's indigenous dimension is not only an electoral strategy but a proper way of being in politics, and this should be taken into consideration to get a clear idea of the singularity of this party.

La présente recherche porte sur la ligne mince que les communicateurs municipaux dits non partisans ont fréquemment à respecter lors de leurs représentations devant les citoyens, les médias, et leurs supérieurs au sein de l’administration municipale. L’objectif est d’aller au-delà de l’encadrement éthique professionnel ou administratif, et de se pencher sur les expériences et influences vécues par les communicateurs municipaux. Le cadre théorique s’insère dans la politisation de l’information d’Alain Lavigne et dans le modèle interactionniste de Georg Simmel. La problématique générale consiste à cerner la ligne apolitique ou non partisane que les communicateurs municipaux doivent respecter, et comment ils vivent cette influence politique. Les méthodes de recherche utilisées sont le sondage et les entrevues semi-dirigées réalisées auprès de six communicateurs municipaux de quatre villes québécoises de populations différentes. Nous avons ainsi constaté une quasi-inexistence de ligne directrice et de politique de communication interne dans ces administrations municipales québécoises, mais surtout, que les communicateurs sont souvent en pouvoir d’influence par rapport à leurs supérieurs politisés.

In many federal countries, local governments run large deficits, even when fiscal supervision by state authorities is tight. I investigate to which extent party alignment of governments and fiscal supervisors influences budget deficits. The dataset includes 427 German local governments for the period 2000–2004. I exploit a period after a far-reaching institutional reform that entirely re-distributed political powers on both the government level and the fiscal supervisor level. Results do not show that party alignments of governments and supervisors (co-partisanship) drive short-term deficits. Instead, I find that the ideology of partisan governments and supervisors matters: left-wing local governments run higher deficits than their right-wing counterparts; left-wing supervisors tolerate higher deficits than right-wing supervisors. These findings imply that political independence for fiscal supervisors is recommended.