Tendo como referência principal a discussão sobre governança, a pesquisa buscou identificar quais tipos de práticas são consideradas mais exitosas no contexto da gestão da água. O trabalho apresenta a crítica ao modelo da ciência normal e apresenta a ciência pós-normal como alternativa para um fazer científico que legitima outras formas de conhecimento, e não apenas o especialista. O trabalho toma como referência o cenário político, social, econômico, cultural e ambiental descrito pela a abordagem da sociedade de risco. Foram revisadas abordagens recentes sobre os temas da governança, da governança ambiental, governança da água, da aprendizagem social e da análise do desenvolvimento das instituições. Toda a discussão suscitada pela literatura revisada é feita à luz do Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos no Estado de São Paulo- SIGRH. Apresentamos o modelo de análise da gestão participativa MAGEP, desenvolvido como síntese da literatura revisada e uma reflexão sobre as políticas de participação social da terceira geração. O trabalho conclui que a gestão da água no Estado de São Paulo é feita em consonância com o que a literatura tem apresentado como formas adequadas de gestão do recurso hídrico. No entanto, o SIGRH em São Paulo carece de práticas inovadoras que tornem o ambiente da gestão da água mais dinâmico e com mais participação social. / The governance approach represents the main discussion in this research that tried to identify how water can be managed in a sustainable way. We criticize the normal science model, to show that the pos-normal science is an approach able to recognize different kinds of knowledge. We took the risk society approach as the political, economic, social, cultural and environmental setting where the water management becomes an important question. We reviewed works from Governance, Environmental Governance, Water Governance, Social Learning and Institutional Analysis Development to understand the Integrated Management State of São Paulo. We present the Participative Management Analysis Model built as a synthesis of the reviewed literature and the reflection about the third generation of social participation polices. We concluded that the water management in São Paulo has been done in according with what we found in the research; however it needs to have more creative practices and more social participation.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-15T20:24:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jéssica Gabriela de Almeida Cunha - 2018.pdf: 3483915 bytes, checksum: 12c37e736c4d6f53761fc0255e6bff6d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-16T11:10:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jéssica Gabriela de Almeida Cunha - 2018.pdf: 3483915 bytes, checksum: 12c37e736c4d6f53761fc0255e6bff6d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T11:10:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jéssica Gabriela de Almeida Cunha - 2018.pdf: 3483915 bytes, checksum: 12c37e736c4d6f53761fc0255e6bff6d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This work brings the use of grid of points in the resolution of cutting and packing problems that consider rectangular shaped items. The grids can be considered for mathematical programming models and heuristics, and they are independent of the problem. The following grids that are defined by the literature are considered for this work: canonical dissections (also known as normal patterns), reduced raster points, useful numbers, corner points, regular normal patterns, extreme points, and meet-in-the-middle patterns. The objective is to assess the influence of each grid on the resolution of cutting and packing problems, before and after applying reduction procedures, as the one related to update the items size. Theoretical results are obtained from relations of set and size between the grids, showing that the grid of normal patterns and useful numbers are equivalent and, thus, proving formally that the grid of reduced raster points ensures an optimal solution (this result has been formally opened in the literature). In addition, we propose a new procedure to reduce the size of grids. In order to validate the proposed procedure and evaluate the grids, we perform experiments over instances from the literature, where it is possible to observe that the grids of reduced raster points and meet-in-the-middle patterns are the smallest. Experiments were also conducted in a two-dimensional packing problem that uses an integer linear programming model to pack the items in points of a grid. The results indicate that using the reduction procedures it is possible to obtain optimal solutions quicker. / Este trabalho traz o uso de malhas de pontos na resolução de problemas de corte e empacotamento para itens com formato retangular. As malhas podem ser consideradas em modelos de programação matemática e heurísticas, sendo independentes do problema tratado. As seguintes malhas definidas pela literatura, canonical dissections (também conhecida por normal patterns), reduced raster points, useful numbers, corner points, regular normal patterns, extreme points e meet-in-the-middle patterns, são consideradas neste trabalho. O objetivo é apresentar relações que existem entre as malhas e analisar a influência delas sobre o tempo gasto na resolução de problemas de corte e empacotamento, antes e após aplicar procedimentos de redução, como atualizar o tamanho dos itens. Resultados teóricos são obtidos envolvendo relações de conjunto e tamanho entre as malhas, mostrando que a malha de normal patterns e useful numbers são equivalentes e, assim, permitindo provar formalmente que a malha de reduced raster points garante uma solução ótima (resultado que estava em aberto na literatura). Além disso, propõe-se um novo procedimento visando reduzir o tamanho das malhas. Como forma de validar o procedimento proposto e avaliar a redução que ele proporciona nas malhas, executam-se experimentos sobre instâncias da literatura, sendo possível observar que as malhas de reduced raster points e meet-in-the-middle patterns são as menores. Experimentos também foram realizados sobre um problema de empacotamento bidimensional que utiliza um modelo de programação linear inteira para empacotar os itens em pontos da malha. Os resultados indicam que utilizando os procedimentos de redução é possível obter soluções ótimas mais rapidamente.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Antonio Nascimento.pdf: 1158809 bytes, checksum: 9485639682d667ca11eac94aa7fe4674 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / This research has the objective to understand, under the view of former students, the contribution of the Curso Normal Superior Fora de Sede [Early Childhood Education Graduate Program Outside the Campus] (CNSFS)named Programa Especial de Formação Pedagógica Superior [Special Childhood Education Graduate Program], by Hermínio Ometto University Center (Uniararas) which provides graduation for Early Childhood Educators (ECE) in the teaching network of the City of São Paulo from 2005 to 2007. The Program relies on the former teaching experience of non-graduate professionals in the public teaching network enabling them to achieve their graduation in the course of two years, with a setting of 2.800 hours which is equal to programs that offer graduation in the course of three years. 12 teachers, former students from this Program, collaborated with the research answering an application and being interviewed. The analysis of the data relied on a reference about distance education as long as the course is attended outside the campus and the graduation of educators. The data revealed that the course contributed to the personal lives of the students as long as to their Professional development, especially in the way they performed their work with children in their workplace. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender, sob a perspectiva de ex-alunas, a contribuição do Curso Normal Superior Fora de Sede (CNSFS) denominado Programa Especial de Formação Pedagógica Superior , do Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto (Uniararas) para a formação em nível superior das Atendentes de Desenvolvimento Infantil (ADI) da rede Municipal de Ensino de São Paulo no período de 2005 a 2007. O Programa aproveita a experiência docente e possibilita aos profissionais em exercício nas redes públicas de ensino, a realização do curso em nível superior em dois anos, com carga horária mínima de 2.800 horas - equivalente aos cursos de graduação com duração de três anos. Como colaboradoras a pesquisa contou com 12 professoras, ex-alunas do Programa, que responderam a um questionário e participaram de uma entrevista. A análise dos dados pautouse em referencial sobre educação a distância visto o curso ser fora de sede e formação de professores. Os dados revelam que houve contribuição do curso tanto para a vida pessoal como para o desenvolvimento profissional das participantes, especialmente no modo como passaram a conduzir o trabalho com as crianças nas instituições em que trabalham.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Antonio de Lima.pdf: 2129827 bytes, checksum: e41fc4037496877bf659e92892dcbe21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-04 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The purpose of this study was introducing the content of Normal Distribution to high school students, being an approach proposed, aiming at the interaction of two environments, classroom and computer lab. The study was held with 11 high school students, bearing in mind the presentation of Normal Distribution by data simulation, using an electronic worksheet (Excel). The theoretical referential was based on the Anthropological Theory of the Didactics ATD to accomplish the intended purpose by the researcher: ease the comprehension of the stochastic concepts involving Normal Distribution by the students, by means of experiment simulations, using the electronic worksheet (Excel) and, also, interactive exercises. With this proposal, it was realized that the High School students began to recognize the characteristics and the graphical representation of a Normal Distribution, and from the analyses held in the classroom, it was verified that it was possible to relate the descriptive statistical contents with the probability ones and, this way, the students began to bear a sense of the relation between statistics and probability. Summarizing everything, the use of the electronic worksheet (Excel) with the interactive exercises enabled to guide the students towards the identification of concepts involving Normal Distribution, easing its interaction with the study object. Therefore, the students realized the idea of the existing relation between statistics and probability, which in this essay, was named as stochastic / O objetivo deste estudo foi introduzir o conteúdo da Distribuição Normal para alunos do Ensino Médio, sendo proposta uma abordagem, buscando a interação de dois ambientes, sala de aula e laboratório de informática. O estudo foi realizado com 11 alunos egressos do ensino médio, tendo em vista apresentar a Distribuição Normal pela simulação de dados, utilizando uma planilha eletrônica (Excel). O referencial teórico apoiou-se na Teoria Antropológica do Didático TAD para alcançar o objetivo pretendido pelo pesquisador: facilitar a compreensão dos conceitos estocásticos envolvendo a Distribuição Normal pelos alunos, por meio de simulação de experimentos, utilizando a planilha eletrônica (Excel) e, também, exercícios interativos. Com essa proposta, percebeu-se que os alunos do Ensino Médio passaram a reconhecer as características e a representação gráfica de uma Distribuição Normal, e a partir das análises realizadas em sala de aula, verificou-se que foi possível relacionar os conteúdos da estatística descritiva com os de probabilidade e, dessa forma, os alunos passaram a ter uma noção da relação entre estatística e probabilidade. Em síntese, o uso da planilha eletrônica (Excel), com os exercícios interativos possibilitaram encaminhar os alunos a identificação dos conceitos envolvendo a Distribuição Normal, facilitando sua interação com o objeto de estudo. Assim, os alunos perceberam a idéia da relação existente entre a estatística e a probabilidade, que neste trabalho, foi denominado como estocástica

A complexidade dos problemas socioambientais atuais enfrentados pela humanidade tem demandado abordagens mais participativas de produção científica, como a Ciência Pós-Normal, e de gestão, como a Gestão Baseada em Ecossistemas e a Gestão Costeira Integrada. Todas essas abordagens têm como um de seus princípios a Interdisciplinaridade, reconhecendo que o desenvolvimento de pesquisas científicas que busquem integrar diversas disciplinas, múltiplos sistemas de conhecimento e aproximar ciência e gestão são de fundamental importância em prover soluções às complexas questões postas pela sociedade. Apesar disso, a prática da interdisciplinaridade ainda encontra resistência no meio político-acadêmico onde se insere. Assim, o presente trabalho buscou abordar os desafios e as potencialidades de se desenvolver esse tipo de ciência, com foco em ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, a partir de duas escalas de planejamento e execução científicas (top-down e bottom-up, respectivamente): i) da perspectiva de agências de fomento à pesquisa no Brasil; e ii) da análise de um projeto de pesquisa oceanográfico que objetivou ter uma abordagem interdisciplinar, como estudo de caso. A partir de entrevistas e análises documentais, buscou-se ainda fornecer subsídios ao desenvolvimento de futuros projetos científicos interdisciplinares e aprimoramento da interface ciência-gestão costeira. / The complexity of current socioenvironmental problems faced by humanity has pushed scientific endeavors towards more participative approaches, such as Post-Normal Science, and management, such as Ecosystem Based Management and Integrated Coastal Management. Interdisciplinarity is understood as one of the key elements of these approaches. Thus developing scientific researches that intend to integrate different disciplines, multiple knowledge systems and bring together policy and science is essential to provide answers to the complexities of societal issues. Nevertheless, the development of interdisciplinary research still faces many political and academic obstacles. Therefore, this study presents the challenges and potential of developing integrated science, focusing on coastal and marine ecosystems. We did that from two different planning and execution scales (top-down and bottom-up, respectively): i) from the perspective of research funding agencies; and ii) from the perspective of researchers of an oceanographic research project that intended to work in an interdisciplinarity manner as a study case. From interviews and document analyses, we provide contributions to the development of future interdisciplinary scientific research projects and to the improvement of science-policy interfaces in coastal zones.

Orientador: Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima Parada / Resumo: A assistência ao parto ainda é permeada por muitas intervenções sem evidências científicas e de maneira rotineira, tornando o cuidado desumanizado e sem qualidade. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi analisar a atenção ao parto normal em maternidades de referência para o atendimento ao parto pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, com foco na humanização do cuidado. Trata-se de estudo misto: descritivo e analítico, com amostra quantitativa composta por 344 puérperas e qualitativa, com 25 puérperas que tiveram parto normal em duas maternidades públicas do município de Londrina-Pr. Constituíram fonte de dados: a observação em visita às maternidades; a análise dos prontuários; as Declarações de Nascidos Vivos; as Declarações de Óbitos maternos e as entrevistas com as puérperas. Os dados quantitativos foram processados no Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, versão 22.0 e para análise dos fatores associados utilizou-se a regressão multivariada de Poisson, considerando p crítico <5%. A medida de efeito utilizada foi a razão de prevalências. Para organização dos resultados qualitativos utilizou-se o referencial metodológico do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, sendo os dados discutidos à luz das boas práticas de atenção ao parto. Os resultados dessa pesquisa são apresentados na forma de três manuscritos científicos. O primeiro teve por objetivo analisar a associação entre cuidado recebido durante o trabalho de parto e parto e a qualidade da assistência. A prevalênc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The birth care is still permeated by many interventions without scientific evidence and routinely, making care dehumanized and without quality. With this context, the general objective of this research was to analyze the attention to normal birth in reference maternity hospitals for care delivery by the SUS, focusing on humanization of care. This is a mixed study: descriptive and analytical, with a quantitative sample consisting of 344 puerperal and qualitative with 25 puerperal women who had normal birth in two public maternity hospitals in Londrina-Pr. The following were a source of data: observation visiting maternity hospitals; analysis of medical records; the declarations of live births; the declarations of maternal deaths and the interviews with the mothers. Data collection took place in five stages, from January to September 2017. Data were obtained through visiting maternity hospitals; analysis of medical records, declarations of live births and declarations of maternal deaths and by interviews with the mothers. The quantitative data were processed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences®, version 22.0 and for the analysis of associated factors, Poisson multivariate regression was used, considering p critical <5%. The measure of effect used was the prevalence ratio. The organize the qualitative results we used the methodological framework of the Collective Subject Discourse, and the data discussed in the light of good childbirth care practices. The results ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

I mitt examensarbete har jag undersökt om det lämpar sig att använda en manuell metod för att skapa normal maps till icke-organiska polygonmodeller avsedda för datorspel. Jag har använt mig av Photoshop för att måla normal maps som jag sedan applicerar på lågdetaljerade modeller jag skapat, för att höja detaljgraden avsevärt.   Då icke-organisk modellering inbegriper modeller som ska representera hårda ytor, och därmed inte animeras med deformation, så antog jag att denna metod skulle lämpa sig väldigt väl åt dessa ytor som ofta har extremt mjuka former och precisa vassare kanter.   Min metod har varit att studera litteratur om Normal Mapping och hur man använder Photoshop för detta. Jag har sedan utfört praktiskt arbete för att utvärdera hur effektiv metoden är samt vilka fördelar den bidrar med. Jag går igenom teori för normal mapping som jag stödjer med hjälp av faktatexter och instruktions-DVDer i ämnet för att sedan redovisa metoden jag använt i mitt arbete. Jag avslutar sedan med en diskussion kring mitt resultat och redovisar vad jag kommit fram till genom mina experiment.   Jag kommer fram till att Normal Mapping med Photoshop är mycket väl lämpat åt hårda ytor och även bidrar med optimeringar i arbetsflödet både vad gäller organisering, tidsåtgång samt kontroll över resultatet. Ytterligare så ges förslag på förbättringar i pluginets funktionalitet för att öka användarvänligheten.

<p><p>I mitt examensarbete har jag undersökt om det lämpar sig att använda en manuell metod för att skapa normal maps till icke-organiska polygonmodeller avsedda för datorspel. Jag har använt mig av Photoshop för att måla normal maps som jag sedan applicerar på lågdetaljerade modeller jag skapat, för att höja detaljgraden avsevärt.</p><p> </p><p>Då icke-organisk modellering inbegriper modeller som ska representera hårda ytor, och därmed inte animeras med deformation, så antog jag att denna metod skulle lämpa sig väldigt väl åt dessa ytor som ofta har extremt mjuka former och precisa vassare kanter.</p><p> </p><p>Min metod har varit att studera litteratur om Normal Mapping och hur man använder Photoshop för detta. Jag har sedan utfört praktiskt arbete för att utvärdera hur effektiv metoden är samt vilka fördelar den bidrar med. Jag går igenom teori för normal mapping som jag stödjer med hjälp av faktatexter och instruktions-DVDer i ämnet för att sedan redovisa metoden jag använt i mitt arbete. Jag avslutar sedan med en diskussion kring mitt resultat och redovisar vad jag kommit fram till genom mina experiment.</p><p> </p><p>Jag kommer fram till att Normal Mapping med Photoshop är mycket väl lämpat åt hårda ytor och även bidrar med optimeringar i arbetsflödet både vad gäller organisering, tidsåtgång samt kontroll över resultatet. Ytterligare så ges förslag på förbättringar i pluginets funktionalitet för att öka användarvänligheten.</p></p>

Résumé: L’objectif général de la thèse était de caractériser les déficits de reconnaissance mnésique dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et le trouble cognitif léger. La thèse comprend trois articles. Le premier article propose une recension des écrits portant sur les déficits cognitifs dans le trouble cognitif léger, alors que les deux articles suivants rapportent les résultats d’études expérimentales portant sur la reconnaissance. Le but de la première étude empirique était d’évaluer l’impact du type de matériel sur la reconnaissance à long terme et la reconnaissance à court terme dans la maladie d’Alzheimer en comparant l’atteinte pour des stimuli verbaux et musicaux. Nos analyses de groupe ont révélé que les atteintes des personnes avec maladie d’Alzheimer s’étendaient à toutes les épreuves et que les déficits étaient d’une ampleur comparable en reconnaissance musicale et verbale. Les analyses corrélationnelles appuient, bien que partiellement, une certaine spécificité d’atteintes par domaine, particulièrement en reconnaissance à long terme, mais suggèrent également que les deux domaines puissent partager certains mécanismes. L’objectif de la seconde étude était de caractériser les processus utilisés en reconnaissance dans le vieillissement normal et le trouble cognitif léger en fonction de la nouveauté et du type de matériel. L’étude évaluait la recollection et la familiarité à l’aide de la méthode remember/know. Les tâches étaient composées d’items connus et d’items nouveaux faisant partie du domaine verbal ou du domaine musical. Les résultats ont révélé que la recollection était atteinte dans le vieillissement normal et le trouble cognitif léger, mais uniquement pour la reconnaissance de stimuli connus, ce qui est compatible avec le fait que les deux groupes ont de la difficulté à encoder l’information de façon élaborée. D’autre part, la familiarité était compromise dans le vieillissement normal, sans impact additionnel du trouble cognitif léger, et seulement pour la reconnaissance de stimuli inconnus. Cette atteinte peut être associée aux difficultés des aînés dans les tâches d’amorçage perceptif impliquant des items inconnus. Les résultats découlant de ces études s’avèrent pertinents dans une perspective clinique, en plus de pouvoir contribuer à certaines questions d’ordre théorique. / Abstract: The main objective of this thesis was to characterize recognition memory deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. The thesis includes three articles. The first paper proposes a literature review on the cognitive deficits observed in mild cognitive impairment, whereas the following articles report results from experimental studies on memory recognition. The goal of the first empirical study was to assess the impact of the type of material on long-term recognition and short-term recognition in Alzheimer’s disease comparing deficits in the verbal and musical domains. Results indicated that musical long-term recognition and short-term recognition were impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, musical deficits were of the same magnitude as those found in the verbal domain. A positive correlation was however observed between musical and verbal short-term recognition, whereas it was not the case in long-term recognition. These data thus partially support the presence of domain-specific impairments, particularly in long-term recognition, but also suggest that musical and verbal memory could share some mechanisms. The goal of the second study was to evaluate the impact of the novelty and the type of material on recognition processes in normal aging and mild cognitive impairment. The study assessed two processes that contribute to recognition memory: recollection and familiarity. These processes were measured using the remember/know procedure. Recognition tasks were composed of well-known stimuli and novel stimuli in the verbal domain and in the musical domain. Results revealed that recollection was impaired by normal aging and mild cognitive impairment, but only for the recognition of well-known items. This is compatible with the fact that both groups have difficulty encoding information in an elaborate manner. In turn, familiarity was impaired by normal aging, with no additional impact of mild cognitive impairment, and only for the recognition of novel items. This deficit could be associated with impaired perceptual priming effects for novel stimuli that are reported in normal aging. The results reported in this thesis are relevant from a clinical perspective, and could also contribute to theoretical issues.

Le vieillissement normal est souvent associé à des changements cognitifs négatifs, notamment sur les performances cognitives. Cependant, des changements comportementaux et cérébraux positifs ont aussi été observés. Ces modifications indiquent l’existence d’une plasticité cérébrale dans le vieillissement normal. Ainsi, plusieurs facteurs ont été étudiés afin de mieux connaitre les modulateurs de cette plasticité dite positive. La plupart des études évaluant ce phénomène ont utilisé la technique d’imagerie par résonance magnétique alors que la technique des potentiels évoqués a été beaucoup moins utilisée. Cette technique est basée sur les enregistrements de l’activité électrique cérébrale très sensible aux changements anatomiques associés au vieillissement et permet donc d’observer de manière précise les variations du décours temporel des ondes éléctrophysiologiques lors du traitement des informations. Les travaux de cette thèse visent à étudier les modifications de plasticité cérébrale induites par des facteurs protecteurs/préventifs du vieillissement normal et notamment lors de la réalisation de tâches impliquant le contrôle attentionnel, grâce à l’analyse de signaux électroencéphalographiques en potentiels évoqués. Dans un premier temps, une description de l’analyse des données EEG en potentiels évoqués sera fournie, suivie d’une revue de littérature sur le contrôle attentionnel et les facteurs de plasticité dans le vieillissement normal (Chapitre 1). Cette revue de littérature mettra en avant, d’une part la diminution des capacités de contrôle de l’attention dans le vieillissement et d’autre part, les facteurs protecteurs du vieillissement ainsi que la plasticité cérébrale qui leur est associée. Ces facteurs sont connus pour avoir un effet positif sur le déficit lié à l’âge. La première étude de ce projet (Chapitre 2) vise à définir l’effet d’un facteur de réserve cognitive, le niveau d’éducation, sur les composantes des potentiels évoqués chez les personnes âgées. Cette étude mettra en avant une composante des potentiels évoqués, la P200, comme indice de plasticité lorsqu’elle est liée au niveau d’éducation. Cet effet sera observé sur deux tâches expérimentales faisant intervenir des processus de contrôle attentionnel. De plus, une différence d’épaisseur corticale sera observée : les personnes âgées ayant un plus haut niveau d’éducation ont un cortex cingulaire antérieur plus épais. La deuxième étude (Chapitre 3) cherche à déterminer, chez les personnes âgées, les modifications comportementales et en potentiels évoqués induites par trois entraînements cognitifs, entrainements visant l’amélioration de processus attentionnels différents : l’attention focalisée, l’attention divisée, ainsi que la modulation de l’attention. Au niveau comportemental, les entraînements induisent tous une amélioration des performances. Cependant, l’entraînement en modulation de l’attention est le seul à induire une amélioration du contrôle attentionnel. Les résultats éléctrophysiologiques indiquent la N200 comme composante sensible à la plasticité cérébrale à la suite d’entraînements cognitifs. L’entraînement en modulation de l’attention est le seul à induire une modification de cette composante dans toutes les conditions des tests. Les résultats de ces études suggèrent que les facteurs protecteurs du vieillissement permettent des changements positifs observés en potentiels évoqués. En effet, nous mettons en évidence des phénomènes de plasticité cérébrale des personnes âgées qui diffèrent selon leurs origines. L’impact de ces résultats ainsi que les limites et perspectives futures seront présentés en fin de thèse (Chapitre 4). / Normal aging usually has a negative connotation for cognitive functioning. However, positive changes have been reported in the literature concerning the elderly. Indeed positive plasticity associated with protective factors has been found to have an impact on cognition. This plasticity was observed using magnetic resonance imaging which gives precise information concerning the localization of cerebral activations, but event-related potentials have not been used to evaluate this plasticity. Certain factors have been found to induce positive changes in the elderly; cognitive reserve factors, such as education, have been found to protect against deleterious effects of aging. Additionally, training programs aiming to improve various cognitive processes, such as attentional control, have been described to increase performance in the elderly and to induce changes in cerebral activity. The following thesis describes two studies that use event-related potentials (ERP) in which we evaluate the impact of education and attentional control training on cerebral plasticity in normal aging. Based on a literature review, Chapter 1 will describe ERP techniques, attentional control in aging as well as the different protective factors in aging and their impact on plasticity. This literature review will also highlight the lack of studies using the ERP technique. To address this dearth, chapter 2 will present a study that uses ERP to evaluate the effect of educational level on cerebral plasticity in aging populations. This reserve factor was studied using two tasks involving attentional control while recording ERPs to define the plasticity associated with it. Results indicate that the P200 component of event-related potentials serves as an index of plasticity, when this plasticity is related to the level of education. Additionally, cortical thickness analyses show a thicker anterior cingulate cortex with higher education. Chapter 3 examines the impact of three attentional training formats: focused attention, divided attention and attentional modulation formats. These formats have been reported to improve performance in the elderly in different attentional processes. Before and after being assigned to one of the training formats, participants underwent an EEG recording while performing an attentional control task. Behaviorally, all groups improved, but only attentional modulation training induces changes in attentional control. Event-related potentials reveal the N200, as an index of plasticity associated with cognitive training. Changes in the N200 component after training were shown in all testing conditions only for the group having received attentional modulation training. Results confirm that positive plasticity exists in aging and that some ERP components can serve as indexes of plasticity. However, this index differs depending upon factors responsible for the plasticity. Chapter 4 discusses the impact and limitations of the findings, as well as future areas of research.