In this dissertation, we discuss the Distributed Spacecraft Attitude Control System Simulator (DSACSS) testbed developed at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for the purpose of investigating various control techniques for single and multiple spacecraft. DSACSS is comprised of two independent hardware-in-the-loop simulators and one software spacecraft simulator. The two hardware-in-the-loop spacecraft simulators have similar subsystems as flight-ready spacecraft (e.g. command and data handling; communications; attitude determination and control; power; payload; and guidance and navigation). The DSACSS framework is a flexible testbed for investigating a variety of spacecraft control techniques, especially control scenarios involving coupled attitude and orbital motion. The attitude hardware simulators along with numerical simulations assist in the development and evaluation of Lyapunov based asymptotically stable, nonlinear attitude controllers with three reaction wheels as the control device. The angular rate controller successfully tracks a time varying attitude trajectory. The Modified Rodrigues Parmater (MRP) attitude controller results in successfully tracking the angular rates and MRP attitude vector for a time-varying attitude trajectory. The attitude controllers successfully track the reference attitude in real-time with hardware similar to flight-ready spacecraft. Numerical simulations and the attitude hardware simulators assist in the development and evaluation of a robust, asymptotically stable, nonlinear attitude controller with three reaction wheels as the actuator for attitude control. The MRPs are chosen to represent the attitude in the development of the controller. The robust spacecraft attitude controller successfully tracks a time-varying reference attitude trajectory while bounding system uncertainties. The results of a Global Positioning System (GPS) hardware-in-the-loop simulation of two spacecraft flying in formation are presented. The simulations involve a chief spacecraft in a low Earth orbit (LEO), while a deputy spacecraft maintains an orbit position relative to the chief spacecraft. In order to maintain the formation an orbit correction maneuver (OCM) for the deputy spacecraft is required. The control of the OCM is accomplished using a classical orbital element (COE) feedback controller and simulating continual impulsive thrusting for the deputy spacecraft. The COE controller requires the relative position of the six orbital elements. The deputy communicates with the chief spacecraft to obtain the current orbit position of the chief spacecraft, which is determined by a numerical orbit propagator. The position of the deputy spacecraft is determined from a GPS receiver that is connected to a GPS hardware-in-the-loop simulator. The GPS simulator creates a radio frequency (RF) signal based on a simulated trajectory, which results in the GPS receiver calculating the navigation solution for the simulated trajectory. From the relative positions of the spacecraft the COE controller calculates the OCM for the deputy spacecraft. The formation flying simulation successfully demonstrates the closed-loop hardware-in-the-loop GPS simulator. This dissertation focuses on the development of the DSACSS facility including the development and implementation of a closed-loop GPS simulator and evaluation of nonlinear feedback attitude and orbit control laws using real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulators. / Ph. D.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In this thesis, the ocean was modeled as a waveguide with an ideal pressure - release surface, and an ideal rigid bottom. The ocean waveguide was then treated as a linear, time - invariant, space - variant (TISV) filter or communication channel. The filter is time - invariant because no motion was modeled and because the properties of the ocean were assumed to be constant. The filter is space - variant because of the presence of the two boundaries, that is, the ocean surface and ocean bottom. This thesis investigates the ocean as a linear TISV filter by evaluating 1) the complex frequency response, 2) the impulse response, and 3) the transfer function of the ocean with respect to depth. It is shown that the TISV impulse response of the ocean contains information that can be used to help localize a target in range and whether the target is above or below the receiver. Computer simulation results were obtained by evaluating the three filter functions for several different test cases. / Ensign, United States Navy

This bachelors thesis presents a vision based control system for the quadrotor aerial vehicle,Crazy ie 2.0, developed by Bitcraze AB. The main goal of this thesis is to design andimplement an o-board control system based on visual input, in order to control the positionand orientation of the vehicle with respect to a single ducial marker. By integrating a cameraand wireless video transmitter onto the MAV platform, we are able to achieve autonomousnavigation and landing in relatively close proximity to the dedicated target location.The control system was developed in the programming language Python and all processing ofthe vision-data take place on an o-board computer. This thesis describes the methods usedfor developing and implementing the control system and a number of experiments have beencarried out in order to determine the performance of the overall vision control system. Withthe proposed method of using ducial markers for calculating the control demands for thequadrotor, we are able to achieve autonomous targeted landing within a radius of 10centimetres away from the target location. / I detta examensarbete presenteras ett visionsbaserat kontrollsystem for dronaren Crazy ie 2.0som har utvecklats av Bitcraze AB. Malet med detta arbete ar att utforma och implementeraett externt kontrollsystem baserat pa data som inhamtas av en kamera for att reglera fordonetsposition och riktning med avseende pa en markor placerad i synfaltet av kameran. Genom attintegrera kameran tillsammans med en tradlos videosandare pa plattformen, visar vi i dennaavhandling att det ar mojligt att astadkomma autonom navigering och landning i narheten avmarkoren.Kontrollsystemet utvecklades i programmeringsspraket Python och all processering avvisions-datan sker pa en extern dator. Metoderna som anvands for att utvecklakontrollsystemet och som beskrivs i denna rapport har testats under ett ertal experiment somvisar pa hur val systemet kan detektera markoren och hur val de olika ingaendekomponenterna samspelar for att kunna utfora den autonoma styrningen. Genom den metodsom presenteras i den har rapporten for att berakna styrsignalerna till dronaren med hjalp avvisuell data, visar vi att det ar mojligt att astadkomma autonom styrning och landning motmalet inom en radie av 10 centimeter.

This thesis presents an investigation of the modelling and optimal design of a particular 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) XYθz micro-motion stage. This stage provides micron-scale motion in X and Y directions and a rotation about the Z-axis. Such a stage can be used for applications where positioning of components with micrometre, or even nanometre positioning accuracy is required. Some applications are; the positioning of samples in a scanning-electron-microscope; the positioning of masks in lithography; aligning fibre-optics and lasers; and manipulation of micro-scale objects in micro-biology or micro-systems assembly. The XYθz micro-motion stage investigated in this study uses a particular topology of monolithic compliant mechanism and three stack piezoelectric actuators. The compliant mechanism used is a 3RRR (three revolute-revolute-revolute) parallel compliant mechanism using flexure hinges. This parallel mechanism uses three RRR linkages. Each of the three RRR linkages uses three circular profile flexure hinges. Each flexure hinge provides predominantly rotational motion about one axis. This topology of mechanism has a symmetrical structure and provides numerous advantages that make it appropriate for use in a micro-motion stage. However, as yet this topology of compliant mechanism has only been investigated by a handful of researchers and it has not been used in any commercially developed systems. The design methodology of a stage using the 3RRR compliant mechanism has not been investigated in detail. In this thesis a study is presented that investigates different approaches to model the 3RRR compliant mechanism and also considers the piezo-actuator modelling, to give the complete XYθz micro-motion stage. Three models are presented and compared; the Pseudo-Rigid-Body Model (PRBM); a two-dimensional Finite-Element-Model (2-D FEM); and a third model is developed that is similar to the PRBM, but uses analytical equations to model the multiple degree-of-freedom compliance of the flexure hinges. The models developed are then used in parametric study so that the relationship between design parameters and output behaviour can be understood. An optimal design approach is then presented to develop an XYθz micro-motion stage for a particular application in a Scanning-Electron-Microscope (SEM). Finally experimental validation of the models is presented. The results of this study indicate which modelling approaches are accurate enough to prove useful for design, while also considering which models are computationally simple enough to be efficient and easy to use. The kinematic and dynamic behaviour of the 3RRR compliant mechanism and XYθz micro-motion stage is discussed in detail. This includes; a comprehensive description of the stage workspace, defining reachable and constant-rotation workspace areas; a discussion of actuator coupling; and in depth investigation of the modes of vibration. The results of the parametric study provide useful insight to aid the design of the XYz micro-motion stage and help simplify optimal design. The parametric study also highlights the difference in trends predicted by different modelling methods, which demonstrates the importance of using an appropriate model in design. The experimental validation demonstrates the accuracy of some modelling approaches while highlighting the limited accuracy of others. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1272186 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mechanical Engineering, 2007

<p>A time-discrete formulation of the variational principle of mechanics is used to provide a consistent theoretical framework for the construction and analysis of low order integration methods. These are applied to mechanical systems subject to mixed constraints and dry frictional contacts and impacts---machines. The framework includes physics motivated constraint regularization and stabilization schemes. This is done by adding potential energy and Rayleigh dissipation terms in the Lagrangian formulation used throughout. These terms explicitly depend on the value of the Lagrange multipliers enforcing constraints. Having finite energy, the multipliers are thus massless ghost particles. The main numerical stepping method produced with the framework is called SPOOK.</p><p>Variational integrators preserve physical invariants globally, exactly in some cases, approximately but within fixed global bounds for others. This allows to product realistic physical trajectories even with the low order methods. These are needed in the solution of nonsmooth problems such as dry frictional contacts and in addition, they are computationally inexpensive. The combination of strong stability, low order, and the global preservation of invariants allows for large integration time steps, but without loosing accuracy on the important and visible physical quantities. SPOOK is thus well-suited for interactive simulations, such as those commonly used in virtual environment applications, because it is fast, stable, and faithful to the physics.</p><p>New results include a stable discretization of highly oscillatory terms of constraint regularization; a linearly stable constraint stabilization scheme based on ghost potential and Rayleigh dissipation terms; a single-step, strictly dissipative, approximate impact model; a quasi-linear complementarity formulation of dry friction that is isotropic and solvable for any nonnegative value of friction coefficients; an analysis of a splitting scheme to solve frictional contact complementarity problems; a stable, quaternion-based rigid body stepping scheme and a stable linear approximation thereof. SPOOK includes all these elements. It is linearly implicit and linearly stable, it requires the solution of either one linear system of equations of one mixed linear complementarity problem per regular time step, and two of the same when an impact condition is detected. The changes in energy caused by constraints, impacts, and dry friction, are all shown to be strictly dissipative in comparison with the free system. Since all regularization and stabilization parameters are introduced in the physics, they map directly onto physical properties and thus allow modeling of a variety of phenomena, such as constraint compliance, for instance.</p><p>Tutorial material is included for continuous and discrete-time analytic mechanics, quaternion algebra, complementarity problems, rigid body dynamics, constraint kinematics, and special topics in numerical linear algebra needed in the solution of the stepping equations of SPOOK.</p><p>The qualitative and quantitative aspects of SPOOK are demonstrated by comparison with a variety of standard techniques on well known test cases which are analyzed in details. SPOOK compares favorably for all these examples. In particular, it handles ill-posed and degenerate problems seamlessly and systematically. An implementation suitable for large scale performance and accuracy testing is left for future work.</p>

<p>The weight of a heavy duty vehicle plays an important role when dealing with different control systems. Examples of control units in a truck that need this parameter are the ones used to control the brakes, the engine and the gearbox. An accurate estimation of the weight leads not only to a more fuel efficient and safer transport, but also assures the driver that current law limits are not exceeded. The weight can be estimated with pretty good accuracy if the truck is equipped with air suspension. In trucks that lack this type of suspension other methods are used to estimate the weight. At present these methods are inaccurate. In this thesis a new method where the weight is to be estimated through frequency analysis of the truck's driveline is developed and evaluated.</p>

A time-discrete formulation of the variational principle of mechanics is used to provide a consistent theoretical framework for the construction and analysis of low order integration methods. These are applied to mechanical systems subject to mixed constraints and dry frictional contacts and impacts---machines. The framework includes physics motivated constraint regularization and stabilization schemes. This is done by adding potential energy and Rayleigh dissipation terms in the Lagrangian formulation used throughout. These terms explicitly depend on the value of the Lagrange multipliers enforcing constraints. Having finite energy, the multipliers are thus massless ghost particles. The main numerical stepping method produced with the framework is called SPOOK. Variational integrators preserve physical invariants globally, exactly in some cases, approximately but within fixed global bounds for others. This allows to product realistic physical trajectories even with the low order methods. These are needed in the solution of nonsmooth problems such as dry frictional contacts and in addition, they are computationally inexpensive. The combination of strong stability, low order, and the global preservation of invariants allows for large integration time steps, but without loosing accuracy on the important and visible physical quantities. SPOOK is thus well-suited for interactive simulations, such as those commonly used in virtual environment applications, because it is fast, stable, and faithful to the physics. New results include a stable discretization of highly oscillatory terms of constraint regularization; a linearly stable constraint stabilization scheme based on ghost potential and Rayleigh dissipation terms; a single-step, strictly dissipative, approximate impact model; a quasi-linear complementarity formulation of dry friction that is isotropic and solvable for any nonnegative value of friction coefficients; an analysis of a splitting scheme to solve frictional contact complementarity problems; a stable, quaternion-based rigid body stepping scheme and a stable linear approximation thereof. SPOOK includes all these elements. It is linearly implicit and linearly stable, it requires the solution of either one linear system of equations of one mixed linear complementarity problem per regular time step, and two of the same when an impact condition is detected. The changes in energy caused by constraints, impacts, and dry friction, are all shown to be strictly dissipative in comparison with the free system. Since all regularization and stabilization parameters are introduced in the physics, they map directly onto physical properties and thus allow modeling of a variety of phenomena, such as constraint compliance, for instance. Tutorial material is included for continuous and discrete-time analytic mechanics, quaternion algebra, complementarity problems, rigid body dynamics, constraint kinematics, and special topics in numerical linear algebra needed in the solution of the stepping equations of SPOOK. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of SPOOK are demonstrated by comparison with a variety of standard techniques on well known test cases which are analyzed in details. SPOOK compares favorably for all these examples. In particular, it handles ill-posed and degenerate problems seamlessly and systematically. An implementation suitable for large scale performance and accuracy testing is left for future work.

The weight of a heavy duty vehicle plays an important role when dealing with different control systems. Examples of control units in a truck that need this parameter are the ones used to control the brakes, the engine and the gearbox. An accurate estimation of the weight leads not only to a more fuel efficient and safer transport, but also assures the driver that current law limits are not exceeded. The weight can be estimated with pretty good accuracy if the truck is equipped with air suspension. In trucks that lack this type of suspension other methods are used to estimate the weight. At present these methods are inaccurate. In this thesis a new method where the weight is to be estimated through frequency analysis of the truck's driveline is developed and evaluated.

Η βιομηχανία παραγωγής ρούχων, ακόμα και σήμερα, αποτελεί ένα βιομηχανικό κλάδο όπου η αυτοματοποίηση είναι εν μέρει σχεδόν ανύπαρκτη και εν γένει σε εμβρυικό στάδιο. Ένα μεγάλο τμήμα της γραμμής παραγωγής αποτελεί το τμήμα κατά το οποίο κομμάτια υφάσματος ράβονται σε μία ραπτομηχανή. Το στάδιο της ραφής, παρόλο που είναι το μεγαλύτερο σε χρονική διάρκεια και το σημαντικότερο στην τελική ποιότητα, παραμένει σχεδόν εξολοκλήρου μία χειρονακτική εργασία. Οι ιδιαιτερότητες των υφασμάτων όπως: η πολύ μικρή αντίστασή τους σε κάμψη, οι μεγάλες παραμορφώσεις τους, η απρόβλεπτη στατική/δυναμική συμπεριφορά τους, η ανισότροπη και μη-γραμμική φύση τους και η ανομοιογένειά τους είναι οι κύριοι παράγοντες των έντονων δυσκολιών κατά τον χειρισμό τους. Η ρομποτική ραφή είναι ένα σχετικά νέο ερευνητικό πεδίο αλλά και εξαιρετικά πολύπλοκο πρόβλημα, όπου ελάχιστοι ερευνητές έχουν προσπαθήσει να προσεγγίσουν. Αυτή τη στιγμή, από όσο είναι δυνατόν να είναι γνωστόν, μόνο τρία ερευνητικά κέντρα ασχολούνται, σε διεθνή επίπεδο, ενώ το ένα από αυτά είναι η Ομάδα Ρομποτικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Στόχος της διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη ενός ευέλικτου συστήματος το οποίο ενσωματώνει όλα εκείνα τα ευφυή χαρακτηριστικά ώστε να συμβάλει στη ρομποτική αυτοματοποίηση της ραφής υφασμάτων. Η επίτευξη αυτού του στόχου στηρίζεται σε μεθόδους υπολογιστικής νοημοσύνης, σε τακτικές εμπνευσμένες από τον τρόπο εργασίας του ίδιου του ανθρώπου και στην ποιοτική διαχείριση της γνώσης/δεδομένων που εμπεριέχουν ασάφεια. Ταυτόχρονα, επιτυγχάνεται ο έλεγχος της ραφής χωρίς τη χρήση αναλυτικών μοντέλων τόσο των υφασμάτων όσο και της διαδικασίας. Ο συντονισμός όλων των προηγουμένων επιτυγχάνεται από ένα ευέλικτο ευφυές ιεραρχικό σύστημα ελέγχου της διαδικασίας της ραφής. Στην παρούσα διατριβή αναπτύχθηκε ένα σύνολο νέων μεθόδων για την αυτοματοποιημένη ραφή υφασμάτων με ένα βιομηχανικό ρομπότ εφοδιασμένο με έναν αισθητήρα δύναμης και μία κλασσικού τύπου ραπτομηχανή. Η πρωτότυπη προσέγγιση που αποτελεί το πλαίσιο της διατριβής αποτελείται από ένα ιεραρχικό σύστημα εκτιμήσεων, αποφάσεων και ελέγχου της διαδικασίας ραφής. Γίνεται μία συστηματική μελέτη, καταγραφή και αξιολόγηση όλων των χειρισμών του υφάσματος, πριν και κατά τη διάρκεια της ραφής, ως προς τις απαιτήσεις τους σε συστήματα αισθητήρων αλλά και στρατηγικών ελέγχου. Αναπτύσσεται μία πρωτότυπη βάση δεδομένων και ένα έμπειρο σύστημα που ενσωματώνουν όλη αυτή την προγενέστερη γνώση και εμπειρία. Παρουσιάζεται η ιδέα της εφαρμογής μεθόδων υπολογιστικής νοημοσύνης στο επιστημονικό πεδίο της ραφής υφασμάτων και εφαρμογής μεθόδων ευφυούς ελέγχου, για την τάνυση των υφασμάτων, βασισμένες σε νευρωνικά δίκτυα οι οποίες, για πρώτη φορά, χρησιμοποιούν ποιοτικές εκτιμήσεις των ιδιοτήτων και των χαρακτηριστικών των υφασμάτων. Έτσι, εισάγεται η έννοια των λεκτικών μεταβλητών για την ποιοτική περιγραφή των ιδιοτήτων των υφασμάτων. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, εκφράζεται για πρώτη φορά, ποιοτικά σαν ποσοστό, η έννοια της “εκτατότητας” (extensibility) των υφασμάτων, που είναι μία βασική και καθοριστική ιδιότητά τους κατά την εργασία της ραφής τους. Επίσης περιγράφεται η ανάπτυξη μιας νέας μεθόδου αυτοματοποιημένου πειραματικού προσδιορισμού της “εκτατότητας” των υφασμάτων. Η πρωτότυπη αυτή προσέγγιση εφαρμόστηκε σε μονά και διπλά υφάσματα ενώ τα πειράματα εφελκυσμού ενσωματώθηκαν “έξυπνα” στην ίδια τη ραπτομηχανή και λίγο πριν τη διαδικασία της ραφής. Παρουσιάζεται ένα ασαφές σύστημα εξαγωγής της επιθυμητής τάνυσης, κατά τη ραφή του κάθε υφάσματος, το οποίο βασίζεται στην ποιοτική εκτίμηση της “εκτατότητας” του υφάσματος και διαμορφώθηκε από την εμπειρία του έμπειρου χειριστή και την ασαφή συνεπαγωγή που κάνει αυτός ανάμεσα στην “εκτατότητα” και την επιθυμητή τάνυση. Αναπτύχθηκε μία νέα μέθοδος ελέγχου της τάνυσης του υφάσματος κατά τη ραφή του. Σε αυτή χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένας νευρωνικός ελεγκτής ευθείας τροφοδότησης για τον έλεγχο του ρομποτικού άκρου εργασίας με σκοπό τη διατήρηση της τάνυσης του υφάσματος σύμφωνα με την εκάστοτε επιθυμητή. Επιπροσθέτως, παρουσιάζεται η επέκταση της προτεινόμενης προσέγγισης, του νευρωνικού ελέγχου της τάνυσης, η οποία έδειξε τη δυνατότητα γενίκευσής της και σε άλλες παραπλήσιες εργασίες. Επίσης, καταγράφονται τα νέα ερευνητικά πεδία που ανοίγουν στο χώρο της συνεργασίας ανθρώπου-ρομπότ για τον χειρισμό υπερ-εύκαμπτων και εύκαμπτων αντικειμένων. Τελικά, παρουσιάζεται μία συστηματική εργαστηριακή εκτέλεση ραφών, σε μία μεγάλη ποικιλία τόσο μονών όσο και διπλών υφασμάτων, με ρομπότ ενώ συγκρίθηκαν αυτές με ραφές από έμπειρους. Μέσα από τις πειραματικές ραφές αναδεικνύεται, η αναζητούμενη ευελιξία του συστήματος και η ικανοποιητική απόκρισή του σε μία μεγάλη ποικιλομορφία υφασμάτων. / The clothing industry, even today, is an industry where automation is partly almost nonexistent and generally in their infancy stages. A large part of the production line is the part in which pieces of fabrics are sewn using a sewing machine. The sewing process, while being the largest in duration and the most important to the final quality of the cloths, remains almost entirely one handiwork. The specifics of fabrics like: their very little bending resistance, their large deformations, their unpredictable static / dynamic behavior, their anisotropic and non-linear nature and heterogeneity are the main factors of acute difficulties in their handling. The robotized sewing of fabrics is a relatively new research field but it is also an extremely complex problem, where few researchers have tried to investigate it. Right now, as far as can be known, only three research centers in international level are involved this field, while one of them is the Robotics Group of the University of Patras. The aim of this thesis is to develop a flexible system which incorporates all those intelligent features in order to help automate robotic sewing of fabrics. This objective is based on computational intelligence methods, in approaches inspired by the way a human works and finally in the qualitative management of the knowledge/data that involve uncertainties. Simultaneously, the sewing control is achieved without using analytical models of both the fabrics and process. The coordination, of all of the previous mentioned, is achieved by a flexible hierarchical intelligent control system of the sewing process. This thesis developed a set of new set of methods for automated sewing of fabrics using an industrial robot, equipped with a force sensor, and a conventional sewing machine. The novel approach, which composes the main framework of this thesis, consists of a hierarchical system of estimations, decisions and process control of the sewing task. It is a systematic study, of recording and evaluating all the fabric handling tasks before and during the sewing process, according to the necessary requirements in sensor systems and control strategies. An original database and an expert system incorporating all this prior knowledge and experience is developed. The idea of applying methods of computational intelligence to the scientific field of sewing fabrics is presented. Also, the application of intelligent control methods, for stretching the fabrics during the sewing, which is based on neural networks while using qualitative assessment of the properties and characteristics of fabrics, is presented. Therefore, the concept of using linguistic variables for the qualitative description of the properties of fabrics, is introduced. In this context, it is the first time where the concept of the "extensibility" of a fabric is expressed quantitatively as a percentage. This is an essential and determining property of a fabric that should be taken into account during the sewing process. Also, the development of a new method for the automated experimental determination of "extensibility" of fabrics is described. This original approach has been applied to single and double layers of fabrics, while the tensile experiments are ‘intelligently’ incorporated into the same sewing machine and just before the sewing process. A fuzzy system for determining the desired tension for each of the fabrics is presented. This system is based on a qualitative assessment of "extensibility" of each fabric and it is initialized by the experience of the experts and the fuzzy implication they make between "extensibility" and desired tension. A new method to control the tension of the fabric during the sewing is developed. A feedforward neural controller, to control the robotic gripper to maintain the tension of the fabric according to the respective desired, has been used. Additionally, an expansion of the proposed approach is presented, for the case of the neuro-control of the tension, which showed the controller’s ability of generalization to other similar tasks. Also, new research areas that have been opened in the field of human-robot cooperation for handling non-rigid and very flexible objects are stated. Finally, there is presented a systematic experimental robotic execution of seams in a wide variety of both single and double layers of fabrics, while the, produced by the robot, seams are compared with the seams produced by the experts. Through experimental phase and the results of the stitched fabrics it is highlighted the desired flexibility of the system and its satisfactory response in a wide variety of fabrics.

One of the main problems in neurosurgery is knowledge about human brain. It's very important to see the whole brain with its critical neurostructures in virtual reality. This document is about three dimensional human brain visualization strategies. Review most recently used three dimensional objects building strategies from two dimensional medical MRI images. This task was split into 4 significant problems: image segmentation, point-sets correspondence, image registration and its frequently used transformation functions with image matching measurements. All these problems were addressed reader to show most recently used algorithms with advantages and disadvantages. Atlas types, patterns and maps survey was introduced with widely popular brain model coordinate systems. In order to find a better correspondence between two point sets it was modeled a new robust and accurate Overhauser spline points location optimization algorithm. Instead of deletion outlier points from overloaded point set, this algorithm generates more points in other set at optimized points locations. Determination of an accurate point location and choosing the correct transformation function are the key steps in registration process. Whereas registration is vital task in precise human brain visualization for neurosurgeries at preoperative and intraoperative process.