Thesis (MComm (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Suppose a lottery draw consists of forming a winning ticket by randomly choosing t m distinct numbers from a universal set Um = f1; : : : ;mg. Each lottery participant forms a set of tickets prior to the draw, each ticket consisting of n m distinct numbers from Um, and is awarded a prize if k minfn; tg or more numbers in at least one of his/her tickets matches those of the winning ticket. A lottery of this form is denoted by the quadruple hm; n; t; ki, and the prize is known as a k-prize. The participant's set of tickets is also known as a playing set. The participant may wish to form a playing set in such a way that the probability of winning a k-prize is at least 0 < 1. Naturally, the participant will want to minimise the cost of forming such a playing set, which means that the cardinality of the playing set should be as small as possible. This combinatorial minimisation problem is known as the incomplete lottery problem and was introduced by Gr undlingh [16], who also formulated a related problem called the resource utilisation problem. In this problem one attempts to select a playing set of pre-speci ed cardinality ` in such a way that the probability of winning a k-prize is maximised. Gr undlingh [16] studied the incomplete lottery problem and the resource utilisation problem in the special case where n = t. In this thesis both problems are considered in the general case where n 6= t. Exact and approximate solution methods are presented and compared to each other in terms of solution quality achieved, execution time and practical feasibility. The rst solution method involves a mathematical programming formulation of both problems. Using this solution method, both problems are solved for small lottery instances. An exhaustive enumeration solution method, which uses the concept of overlapping playing set structures [5, 16], is reviewed and used to solve both combinatorial optimisation problems for the same small lottery instances. The concept of an overlapping playing set structure is further explored and incorporated in an attempt to solve both combinatorial optimisation problems approximately by means of various metaheuristic solution approaches, including a simulated annealing algorithm, a tabu search and a genetic algorithm. The focus of the thesis nally shifts to a di erent problem involving lotteries. An investigation is conducted into the probability, P(N; ), of participants sharing a k-prize if a total of N tickets are purchased by participants of the lottery hm; n; t; ki. Special attention is a orded in this problem to the jackpot prize of the South African national lottery, Lotto, represented by the quadruple h49; 6; 6; 6i and how the value of P(N; ) is a ected by the way that participants select their playing sets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gestel 'n lotery-trekking bestaan uit die ewekansige seleksie van 'n wenkaartjie bestaande uit t m verskillende getalle uit 'n universele versameling Um = f1; : : : ;mg. Elke lotery-deelnemer vorm 'n versameling kaartjies voor die trekking, wat elk uit n m verskillende getalle in Um bestaan, en wen 'n prys indien k minfn; tg of meer getalle in minstens een van sy/haar kaartjies ooreenstem met di e in die wenkaartjie. 'n Lotery van hierdie vorm word deur die viertal hm; n; t; ki aangedui, en die prys staan as 'n k-prys bekend. 'n Deelnemer se kaartjies staan ook as a spelversameling bekend. 'n Lotery-deelnemer mag poog om sy spelversameling s o te selekteer dat die waarskynlikheid om 'n k-prys te wen, minstens 0 < 1 is. Die deelnemer sal natuurlik die koste wat met so 'n spelversameling gepaard gaan, wil minimeer, wat beteken dat die kardinaliteit van sy spelversameling so klein as moontlik moet wees. Hierdie kombinatoriese minimeringsprobleem staan as die onvolledige lottery-probleem bekend en is vir die eerste keer deur Gr undlingh [16] bestudeer, wat ook die verwante hulpbronbenuttingsprobleem geformuleer het. In laasgenoemde probleem word daar gesoek na 'n spelversameling van vooraf-gespesi seerde kardinaliteit wat die waarskynlikheid om 'n k-prys te wen, maksimeer. Gr undlingh [16] het die onvolledige lottery-probleem en die hulpbronbenuttingsprobleem in die spesiale geval oorweeg waar n = t. In hierdie tesis word beide probleme in die algemeen oorweeg waar n 6= t. Eksakte en heuristiese oplossingstegnieke word vir beide probleme daargestel en met mekaar in terme van oplossingskwaliteit, oplossingstyd en praktiese haalbaarheid vergelyk. Die eerste oplossingstegniek behels 'n wiskundige programmeringsformulering van beide probleme. Die probleme word deur middel van hierdie benadering vir klein loterye opgelos. 'n Uitputtende enumerasietegniek, wat gebruik maak van die konsep van spelversameling oorvleuelingstrukture [5, 16], word daarna in o enskou geneem en beide kombinatoriese optimeringsprobleme word vir dieselfde klein loterye met behulp van hierdie tegniek opgelos. Die konsep van 'n spelversameling oorvleuelingstruktuur word verder ondersoek en in 'n benaderde oplossingstegniek vir beide kombinatoriese optimeringsprobleme ge nkorporeer deur gebruik te maak van verskeie metaheuristiese oplossingsbenaderings, insluitende 'n gesimuleerde afkoelingsalgoritme, 'n tabu-soektog en 'n genetiese algoritme. Die fokus in die tesis verskuif laastens na 'n ander probleem oor loterye. 'n Ondersoek word geloots na die waarskynlikheid, P(N; ), dat lottery-deelnemers 'n k-prys sal deel indien 'n totaal van N kaartjies in die lotery hm; n; t; ki gekoop word. Spesiale aandag word aan hierdie probleem geskenk in die geval van die boerpot-prys in die Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale lotery, Lotto, wat deur die viertal h49; 6; 6; 6i voorgestel word, en hoe die waarde van P(N; ) be nvloed word deur die manier waarop deelnmers hul spelversamelings selekteer.

Au cours des dernières quarante années un grand nombre d'études ont analysé les comportements de possession et utilisation des véhicules. Cependant, la plupart de ces études traitent le problème d'un point de vue statique, en omettant les dynamiques qui vraisemblablement guident ces décisions. Le caractère durable des véhicules suggère l'importance de ne pas ignorer l'aspect dynamique des problèmes d'achat, possession et utilisation automobile. Ce travail utilise une approche désagrégée structurelle, basée sur des choix. Le document est composé de trois parties. La première propose une description du problème, par l'analyse de la littérature existante. La seconde présente les opérations préliminaires effectuées sur la base "Parc Auto" pour pouvoir l'utiliser comme panel de véhicules. La dernière partie a pour objectif d'introduire les quatre applications réalisées au cours de ma thèse de doctorat. Une première application propose une approche hédoniste des prix des véhicules. Le deuxième chapitre de cette dernière partie estime un modèle de Rust pour des ménages mono-équipés (c'est à dire une seule voiture à disposition par année) les décisions concernant leur voiture. Un modèle dynamique discret\continu des choix de la durée de possession et d'utilisation des véhicules pour des agents tant myopes que prévoyants. Le dernier chapitre présente un programme dynamique tourné vers le futur pour le problème de la planification des achats. Dans les trois applications, un facteur d'actualisation est utilisé pour tester différents hypothèses de comportement dynamique. Mes résultats indiquent que la préférence temporelle d'un ménage est un élément crucial dans étude de ces décisions. / During the last fort Y years, a large number of studies have analyzed the behaviors related to car holding and use. However, the majority of these studies consider the subject from a static point of view, ignoring the household dynamics and the driver's needs, which are very likely to drive such decisions. The durable character of a vehicle suggests however that such a dynamic cannot be ignored in the study of the vehicle purchase, holding and use decisions. This work employs a disaggregated, structural approach based on real choice to address these dynamics. The document is composed of three parts. In the first part a description of the problem is provided through an analysis of the available literature. The second part includes the description of the operations which are performed on "Parc Auto". This database needs in fact some preliminary treatment if one wants to use it as a vehicle's Panel. In the last part the four applications considered are presented. A first application proposes a hedonic approach to the vehicles' prices. The second chapter of this last part estimates the Rust model for mono-equipped (Le. only one car owned each year) households' decisions concerning their car. A dynamic discrete\continuous choice model of car holding duration and use for both myopic and forward-Iooking agents follow. ln the last chapter a dynamic forward-Iooking program for the purchase planning problem is presented. ln the three dynamic applications, a discount factor tests different effects of dynamic behavior. My findings indicate that a household's time preference is a crucial element in studying these decisions.

La réduction des apports alimentaires de phosphore (P) ainsi que l’optimisation de son utilisation par les animaux représentent des enjeux majeurs pour assurer la durabilité des filières avicole et porcine. Le développement de systèmes d’alimentation assurant une utilisation efficace du phosphore est donc crucial en particulier durant la période de finition. Ce travail de thèse a permis de redéfinir le besoin en P des animaux durant cette phase et ce en lien avec les autres constituants de la matrice alimentaire reconnus pour impacter de façon majeure sur l’utilisation globale de P (Ca, phytase microbienne). Ce travail a également permis de quantifier l’impact du Ca et de la phytase microbienne sur les flux digestifs et métaboliques de P. Les connaissances générées contribuent à développer d’une part, des modèles mécanistes simulant le devenir de P à l’échelle de l’animal et d’autre part, de nouveaux systèmes d’alimentation répondant aux enjeux de la durabilité. / The reduction of dietary phosphorus (P) and the optimisation of its utilisation by the animals represent major challenges for the sustainability of poultry and pig production. The development of new feeding strategies ensuring an efficient utilization of P appears crucial particularly during the finishing period. The present work contributed to redefine the requirement of P of the animals during this phase in conjunction with the other constituents of the feed matrix well-known to significantly impact on the overall utilisation of P (Ca, microbial phytase). Moreover, this work quantified the impact of Ca and microbial phytase on the digestive and metabolic flows of P. On one hand, generated knowledge helps developing mechanistic models simulating the fate of P in the scale of the animal and on the other hand new feeding systems to meet the challenges of sustainability.

Submitted by Itaiguara de Oliveira Bezerra (itaiguara.bezerra@fgv.br) on 2015-03-23T17:14:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Itaiguara Bezerra 2014.pdf: 1060573 bytes, checksum: 40718c7a0634b63bb8605a3f5008d76e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-03-26T13:38:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Itaiguara Bezerra 2014.pdf: 1060573 bytes, checksum: 40718c7a0634b63bb8605a3f5008d76e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-03-27T17:49:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Itaiguara Bezerra 2014.pdf: 1060573 bytes, checksum: 40718c7a0634b63bb8605a3f5008d76e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-27T17:49:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Itaiguara Bezerra 2014.pdf: 1060573 bytes, checksum: 40718c7a0634b63bb8605a3f5008d76e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-23 / A Non-Inflationary Rate of Capacity Utilisation (NIRCU) for the Brazilian Economy has been developed based on microdata from the Manufacturing Survey and the Producer Price Index (IPA-M) series, both provided by the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV). Three types of NIRCU were evaluated: Survey NIRCU, Coincident NIRCU and Leading NIRCU. The first, using survey data alone aims at verifying the absence of inflationary pressure when companies declare in the Survey not to raise prices within the next three months and that their number of shifts equals the industry average. By matching the companies’ declarations with the Survey and the IPA-M, the other two NIRCUs check if the variation of the respective price indexes reflect the companies' assertion not to change their prices. The difference between the two latter approaches is that the first, the Coincident NIRCU, draws on Survey and price index data of the same period, whereas the Leading NIRCU verifies the price indexes of the quarter after the Survey. The effiency of these inflation pressure indicators was assessed by introducing the different NIRCU output gaps into the Phillips Curve framework and applying the Ordinary Least Square Method (OLS). The Leading NIRCU produced the worst results, while Survey and Coincident NIRCU performed well, especially the latter. They are comparable to most traditional output gap estimates. / Esta dissertação baseia-se na criação de uma taxa não inflacionária da capacidade utilizada (NIRCU) para economia brasileira, utilizando microdados da Sondagem da Indústria de Transformação e Índice de Preços ao Produtor Amplo – M (IPA-M), pesquisas desenvolvidas pela FGV/IBRE. Foram criadas três taxas: NIRCU Sondagem, NIRCU Coincidente e NIRCU Antecedente. A primeira utiliza apenas dados da sondagem e a ideia é verificar que não há pressão inflacionária quando as empresas informam para sondagem que não irão variar os seus preços para os próximos três meses e que o número de turnos trabalhado é igual à média do setor. Já as demais, cruzam as informações das empresas que respondem tanto a Sondagem da Indústria de Transformação quanto no IPA-M e verifica se as que informam que não irão alterar os seus preços nos próximos três meses se concretiza quando comparados às variações do índice. A diferença entre as duas últimas abordagens é que a primeira, NIRCU Coincidente, verifica no mesmo período e a outra, NIRCU Antecedente, no trimestre seguinte. A forma encontrada para verificar a eficácia dos indicadores em mensurar a existência de pressão inflacionária foi inserir os diferentes hiatos de produto das NIRCU no modelo de Curva de Phillips, usando a metodologia de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). De acordo com as estimativas, a NIRCU Antecedente foi a única das três que não apresentou um bom desempenho no resultado; as NIRCU Sondagem e Coincidente tiveram uma performance muita boa, principalmente a última. Ou seja, esses dois indicadores tiveram um resultado tão bom quanto as mais tradicionais medidas de hiato de produto.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018. / Background ABSTRACT In the chiropractic profession, it has been an established goal to utilise evidence-based practice (EBP) in clinical practice in order to empower chiropractors to develop effective treatment protocols. However, the extent to which chiropractors are utilising EBP, and the factors associated with its implementation in practice is unknown. The lack of research in this regard suggests that further studies need to be undertaken within the chiropractic profession in South Africa in order to fully understand the relationship of factors which contribute to the adoption and application of EBP by chiropractors in clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge of, attitudes towards, perceptions of and perceived barriers towards EBP by chiropractors within the eThekwini municipality. Method A pre-validated cross sectional descriptive survey was administered to chiropractors practicing within the eThekwini municipality (n = 101) by hand delivery. The questionnaire was validated by means of a focus group and pilot testing. Participants gave informed consent prior to participation. Data were analysed using using SPSS Statistics 24.0 and Statgraphics Centurion 15.1 (2006) to determine the descriptive and inferential statistics while the open- ended questions were analysed qualitatively using manifest coding. Results A response rate of 51% (n=51) was obtained. The majority of respondents were male (51%), mean age of 37.8 years, practicing for less than 19 years, working in full time practice (76.5%) between 40 and 49 hours per week (45.1%). The majority of the respondents had a positive attitude and perception towards EBP with respondents showing a willingness to improve skills (72.6%) and utilisation (52.9%) of EBP. Respondent 15 explained that “it is very important to have the skills in order to utilise EBP. Once you have the skills, utilising EBP becomes easy”. Responses highlighted that respondents are engaging with scientific literature when necessary and possess the skills necessary to utilise EBP. The majority of respondents believe that they had a strong academic foundation in their knowledge and skills related to accessing and interpreting information, yet 47.1% reported not having received formal training in search strategies to access literature. However, most felt confident about their knowledge and skills to utilise EBP. Insufficient time (66.7%), lack of generalisability of the literature findings to their patient population (49.0%) and the inability to apply research findings to individual patients with unique characteristics (45.1%) were the three top barriers identified. Respondent 12 described: “most articles are vague or time consuming and searching for relevant, up to date and reliable articles is a difficult process that can take a lot of time” as a possible barrier to utilising EBP. Conclusion The respondents in this study had a favourable attitude towards, and perception of, EBP and its usefulness to chiropractic practice. However, like other healthcare professionals they felt that they had insufficient time to utilise EBP. This study also highlighted the importance of academic institutions providing the necessary skills required to utilise EBP. It is recommended that workshops focusing on EBP principles and training are arranged to assist practitioners in integrating EBP into practice / M

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / La criminalité féminine est une question complexe et pertinente puisqu'il n'y a encore très peu d'études sur le sujet. Le présent travail vise à analyser et décrire comment le parcours de femmes déviations par les trajectoires de vie des femmes emprisonnées dans la prison pour femmes de Nossa Senhora Socorro/SE (PREFEM). Il cherche également à comprendre la relation entre la femme et la pratique criminelle tout au long du temps et introduire le PREFEM de sa structure physique et le contrôle social des femmes à l'intérieur de la prison, instituant et légitimer les rôles sexuels. En ce sens, il révèle comment la déviation se passe dès le moment où la femme est confrontée à réglementation et coexistence avec vivant avec tout ce qu'ils sont insérés dans l'unité de la prison. La recherche a analysé 40 cartes leurs proies alors que 13 ont été sélectionnés Répétez les délinquants et primaire 01 (était en prison pour la première fois). Comme critères pour la sélection de ces femmes sont les crimes de trafic de drogue, vol, meurtre, armés vol augmenté étant donné que les crimes qui sont censés être pratiqués par les femmes (il y avait seulement l'inclusion d’une femme pour vol à l'étalage). J’ai choisi la perspective ethnographique pour une observation directe du contexte institutionnel dans son ensemble, y compris avec l'utilisation de l'enregistrement photographique et l'analyse des entrevues en profondeur de l'enregistrement des récits de vie et l'analyse des documents fournis par l'institution. Ce travail se compose de quatre chapitres discuter: la criminalité féminine, associant la discussion sur le genre porte sur la prison, par le biais de l'approche théorique de Goffman et Foucault et d'autres chercheurs sur les prisons féminins; et presènt les données extraites de l'analyse des entrevues caractérisée par quatre types d'itinéraire de contournement dont chacune a ses particularités liées à trajectoire de vie, les motivations pratiques déviantes, insertion dans le monde du crime, ainsi que les possibilités de détournement au sein de la prison. Un des chemins trouvés sont: 1) associées à des besoins de survie en raison de la situation socio-économique précaire ; 2) liées à l'ascension sociale résultant de l'ambition et le désir d'enrichissement ; 3) incorporée à l'état de dégradation de la vie par les conséquences de la jouissance effrénée par le sexe, alcool et drogues et 4) ajouté à la révolte contre les normes établies par le contrôle exercé par le giron familial et par la société. J'ai utilisé l'approche de Howard Becker, obéir à des préceptes de la rédaction proposée par l'ethnographie anthropologique, à l'analyse des entrevues. Je pourrais souligner que ces femmes confronter les caractéristiques considérées comme stéréotypes féminins ainsi que sont semblables aux mâles de pratiquer les mêmes types de crimes. / A criminalidade feminina é um tema complexo e relevante visto que ainda há poucos estudos sobre a temática. O presente trabalho visa analisar e descrever como se dá o percurso dos desvios femininos a partir das trajetórias de vida das mulheres presas no Presídio Feminino de Nossa Senhora do Socorro/SE (PREFEM). Ele busca também compreender a relação entre a mulher e a prática criminosa ao longo do tempo e apresentar o PREFEM a partir de sua estrutura física e controle social sobre as mulheres dentro da prisão, instituindo e legitimando papeis sexuais. Nesse sentido, ele revela como o desvio acontece a partir do momento em que a mulher se depara com a convivência normativa da instituição e com a convivência com todos que estão inseridos na unidade prisional. Para a realização da pesquisa analisei 40 prontuários das presas de modo que foram selecionadas 13 reincidentes e 01 primária (estava na prisão pela primeira vez). Como critérios para a seleção dessas mulheres estão os crimes de tráfico de drogas, roubo majorado, homicídio, latrocínio visto que não são crimes que se esperam que sejam praticados pela mulher (só houve a inclusão de apenas 01 mulher por furto). Privilegiei a perspectiva etnográfica para a realização da observação direta do contexto institucional como um todo, inclusive com o uso do registro fotográfico, e análise das entrevistas aprofundadas a partir da gravação das trajtórias de vida e análise documental disponibilizada pela instituição. Este trabalho consiste em quatro capítulos que tem a finalidade de: discutir a criminalidade feminina, associando à discussão sobre gênero e sobre a prisão através da abordagem teórica de Goffman e Foucault e demais pesquisadores que tratam sobre as prisões femininas; de apresentar o campo da pesquisa no PREFEM; e de apresentar os dados extraídos da análise das entrevistas caracterizados por 4 tipos de percurso do desvio no qual cada um possui suas particularidades relacionadas à trajetória de vida, motivações para as práticas desviantes, inserção no mundo do crime, bem como possibilidades de desvio dentro da prisão. Dentre os percursos encontrados estão: 1) associado às necessidades de sobrevivência decorrente das precárias condições socioeconômicas; 2) relacionado à ascensão social resultante da ambição e do desejo de enriquecimento; 3) incorporado ao estado de degradação da vida em virtude das consequências provocadas pela curtição desenfreada através de sexo, álcool e drogas e 4) agregado à revolta contra as normas estabelecidas pelo controle exercido pelo seio familiar e pela sociedade. Utilizei a abordagem do desvio de Howard Becker, obedecendo aos preceitos da escrita proposta pela etnografia antropológica, para a análise das entrevistas. Ressalto que essas mulheres confrontam as características consideradas como esterótipos femininos bem como são semelhantes ao gênero masculino ao praticarem os mesmos tipos de crimes.

Para a conservação de água existem medidas convencionais e medidas não convencionais. O sistema de aproveitamento de água da chuva para consumo não potável é uma medida não convencional. Atualmente o aproveitamento de água da chuva é praticado em países como Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Japão, entre outros. No Brasil, o sistema é utilizado em algumas cidades do Nordeste como fonte de suprimento de água. A viabilidade do uso de água da chuva é caracterizada pela diminuição na demanda de água fornecida pelas companhias de saneamento, tendo como conseqüência a diminuição dos custos com água potável e a redução do risco de enchentes em caso de chuvas fortes. No processo de coleta de água da chuva, são utilizadas áreas impermeáveis, normalmente o telhado. A primeira água que cai no telhado, lavando-o, apresenta um grau de contaminação bastante elevado e, por isso, é aconselhável o desprezo desta primeira água. A água de chuva coletada através de calhas, condutores verticais e horizontais é armazenada em reservatório podendo ser de diferentes materiais. A água armazenada deverá ser utilizada somente para consumo não potável, como em bacias sanitárias, em torneiras de jardim, para lavagem de veículos e para lavagem de roupas. Este trabalho trata da avaliação da qualidade da água da chuva, juntamente com o estudo da viabilidade econômica da utilização de um sistema de coleta e aproveitamento da água da chuva. A partir de um sistema experimental, análises da composição física, química e bacteriológica da água da chuva foram realizadas para caracterizar a água e verificar a necessidade de tratamento, diminuindo riscos à saúde de seus usuários. A viabilidade do sistema depende basicamente de três fatores: precipitação, área de coleta e demanda. O reservatório de água da chuva, por ser o componente mais dispendioso do sistema, deve ser projetado de acordo com as necessidades do usuário ecom a disponibilidade pluviométrica local para dimensioná-lo corretamente, sem inviabilizar economicamente o sistema. Baseado nos resultados das análises realizadas e na utilização do sistema de coleta e aproveitamento de água da chuva, seu uso para fins não potáveis deve ser estimulado. / There are conventional and non-conventional ways for water conservation. The rainwater catchment system for non-drinking use is a non-conventional way. Nowadays, the exploitation of the rainwater is found in the United States, Germany, Australia and Japan, among others. In Brazil, the system is used in some northeast cities as water supplement supply source. The feasibility of rainwater use is characterized by the reduction of the demand on water supplied by the sanitation company and, as a consequence, the reduction of costs and the reduction of flood risk in case of storm rain. In the process of rainwater catchment impermeable areas are used, in most of cases, the roof. The first water that falls and washes the roof has sufficiently high degree of contamination and therefore it is a advisable to discharge it. The rainwater caught by gutters, vertical and horizontal conductors, is stored in a rainwater reservoir, which can be made of different materials. The stored rainwater should be used only for non-drinking consumption like in the toilet, in garden taps, in car washing and in clothes laundering. This paper evaluates the rainwater quality and develops the feasibility study for rainwater catchment for non-drinking use. From an experimental system, physical, chemical and microbiological analyses of the rainwater were made to qualify and verify the need of treatment avoiding the risk of illness to users. The feasibility of the system depends firstly on three factors: precipitation, catchment area and demand. The rainwater reservoir, as the most expensive part of the system, should be designed accordingly to the consumption and the local precipitation availability to set it accordingly, without making it economically unfeasible. Based on the results of the analysis and on the rainwater catchment system, its application for non-drinking use should be stimulated.

Die Untersuchung hat das Ziel, die Notfallversorgungsstruktur in der Landeshauptstadt Dresden im Ganzen aufzeigen. Im Fokus stehen eine fehlgeleitete Inanspruchnahme der KNA des UKD und deren Motive. Ist der Patient selbst zuständig für eine Fehlleitung oder bringen äußere Einflüsse ihn dazu, die KNA aufzusuchen. Mit Hilfe einer strukturellen Analyse der Akut- und Notfallversorgung in Dresden anhand fünf ausgewählter Kernelemente werden die Ziele untersucht. Dies sind die Aufbauorganisation, Ablauforganisation, Interne Steuerung und Transparenz, Externe Steuerung und Transparenz sowie Finanzierung und planungsrechtliche Vorgaben. In der empirischen Analyse werden die Patienten in der KNA sowie Mitarbeiter ausgewählter Pflegeeinrichtungen in Dresden u. a. zum Wissen über die Akut- und Notfallversorgung befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Patienten zum einen durch die niedergelassenen Vertragsärzte in die KNA des UKD gelenkt, zum anderen selbst zuständig für eine fehlgeleitete Inanspruchnahme sind. Außerdem ist das Informationsangebot zur Akut- und Notfallversorgung in Dresden unzureichend. Der Patient ist nicht in der Lage, seine Symptome so einzuschätzen, dass er immer die richtige Behandlungsmöglichkeit wählt. Auch die Mitarbeiter ausgewählter Pflegeeinrichtungen konnten nicht eindeutig zuordnen, welche Leistungserbringer für die Behandlung welcher Patienten zuständig sind. Eine standardisierte Abfrage zur Unterscheidung von Akut- und Notfällen erfolgt zudem nicht in der Leitstelle des Rettungsdienstes. Die ambulante Versorgung in den Notaufnahmen kann nicht verhindert, trotzdem spürbar reduziert werden. Aus den gewonnenen Ergebnissen konnten Verbesserungsvorschläge für eine bedarfsgerechte Akut- und Notfallversorgung erstellt werden. Für jene Vorschläge ist eine detaillierte Ausgestaltung erforderlich. Die Analyse hat gezeigt, dass eine strukturelle Anpassung eines Kernelements Einfluss auf die Übrigen ausübt. Folglich sollte es für alle beteiligten Akteure sowie Institutionen wesentlich sein, das Änderungsvermögen der Akut- und Notfallversorgung stets mit Blick auf alle fünf Kernelemente voranzubringen. Dabei sind auch zeitliche Aufwendungen und Investitionen zu berücksichtigen.

Le complexe Scc2-Scc4 est essentiel pour l’association du complexe cohésine sur l’ADN. Les proteines Cohésine génèrent la cohésion entre les chromatides sœurs, ce qui est essentiel pour la ségrégation des chromosomes. Scc2 (également connu sous le nom NIPBL) est muté chez les patients atteints du syndrome de Cornelia de Lange, une maladie multi-organique caractérisée par des anomalies du développement du visage, de la developpement mental cardiaque et du tractus gastro-intestinal. Comment les mutations localisées au niveau du gène codant pour la proteine Scc2 conduisent à des anomalies du développement chez les patients n’a pas encore été élucidé. Une des hypothèses est que la liaison de Scc2 / cohésine à différentes régions du génome a une incidence sur la transcription. Chez la levure de bière, il a été montre que Scc2 se lie aux genes transcrits par l'ARN Pol III (les ARNt et spliceosomals) , ainsi qu‘aux gènes transcrits par l'ARN Pol II codant pour des petits ARN nucléolaires et nucléaires (snARN et snoARNs ) et des gènes de protéines ribosomiques. Nous rapportons ici que Scc2 est important pour l'expression de ces gènes. Scc2 et le régulateur transcriptionnel Paf1 collaborent pour promouvoir la production de Box H / ACA snoARNs qui guident la pseudouridylation des ARN y compris l'ARN ribosomal. Une mutation de Scc2 a été associée à des défauts dans la production d'ARN ribosomal, la biogenèse des ribosomes, et del’épissage. Alors que le mutant Scc2 n'a pas de défaut général de la synthèse protéique, il montre un déphasage accrue et une réduction de l’utilisation du site interne d'entrée ribosomale (IRES)/ coiffe-indépendante. Ces résultats suggèrent que Scc2 favorise normalement un programme d'expression génétique qui prend en charge la fidélité de la traduction. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que le dysfonctionnement de traduction peut contribuer au syndrome de Cornelia de Lange, qui est causé par des mutations dans Scc2. / The Scc2-Scc4 complex is essential for loading the cohesin complex onto DNA. Cohesin generates cohesion between sister chromatids, which is critical for chromosome segregation. Scc2 (also known as NIPBL) is mutated in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome, a multi-organ disease characterized by developmental defects in head, limb, cognition, heart, and the gastrointestinal tract. How mutations in Scc2 lead to developmental defects in patients is yet to be elucidated. One hypothesis is that the binding of Scc2/cohesin to different regions of the genome will affect transcription. In budding yeast, Scc2 has been shown to bind to RNA Pol III transcribed genes (tRNAs, and spliceosomal), as well as RNA Pol II-transcribed genes encoding small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs (snRNAs and snoRNAs) and ribosomal protein genes. Here, we report that Scc2 is important for gene expression. Scc2 and the transcriptional regulator Paf1 collaborate to promote the production of Box H/ACA snoRNAs which guide pseudouridylation of RNAs including ribosomal RNA. Mutation of Scc2 was associated with defects in the production of ribosomal RNA, ribosome biogenesis, and splicing. While the scc2 mutant does not have a general defect in protein synthesis, it shows increased frameshifting and reduced internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) usage/cap-independent translation. These findings suggest Scc2 normally promotes a gene expression program that supports translational fidelity. We hypothesize that translational dysfunction may contribute to the human disorder Cornelia de Lange syndrome, which is caused by mutations in Scc2.

Dans l’ensemble de la thèse, nous avons appliqué des techniques de ‘mesure des variations spatiales’ pour l'étude des variations géographiques de taux d'hospitalisation en France. La thèse est composée de 4 études :Étude 1 : « Variation géographique des recours aux procédures chirurgicales en France en 2008-2010 et comparaison avec les États-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ».Étude 2 : « Variation géographique des admissions pour les prothèses du genou, de la hanche et la fracture de la hanche en France : existence d’une demande induite dans le secteur des hôpitaux à but lucratif et dans les hôpitaux public et privés à but non-lucratif »Étude 3 : « Caractéristiques et tendances des admissions non urgentes à but lucratif et sans but lucratif hôpitaux en France en 2009 et 2010 ». Étude 4 : « Taux d'admission pour des ’hospitalisations évitables par le système ambulatoire’ (ACSC) en France en 2009-2010 : tendances, variation géographique, coûts et comparaison internationale ». / For all of this work, we applied ‘small-area variation’ techniques to the study of geographic variations in hospitalization rates in France. We conducted four studies:Study 1: Geographic variation in rates of common surgical procedures in France in 2008-2010 and comparison to the US and BritainStudy 2: Geographic variation in admissions for knee replacement, hip replacement, and hip fracture in France: evidence of supplier-induced demand in for-profit and not-for profit hospitalsStudy 3: Characteristics and patterns of elective admissions to for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals in France in 2009 and 2010Study 4: Rates of admission for ambulatory care sensitive conditions in France in 2009-2010: trends, geographic variation, costs, and an international comparison