A la fin du Ve et au début du IVe millénaire, les communautés du nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique ont inhumé leurs morts dans des tombes élaborées, connues sous l'expression «Sepulcres de fossa ». Le complexe de la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus rassemble un tiers des sépultures attribuées à cet horizon. L'échelonnement des découvertes de 1921 à 2004 a abouti à un corpus inégal à la fois au niveau des squelettes et de la documentation. Les 169 tombes et les 197 individus répertoriés dans ce travail sont répartis en trois secteurs principaux d'effectif et de densité variables. Les analyses intra-sites montrent des différences au niveau de l'implantation des sépultures, de l'identité biologique des défunts et des modalités de dépôt du corps et du mobilier. Néanmoins, les trois secteurs ne peuvent être considérés indépendamment. Les datations Carbone 14 attestant de leur contemporanéité, il est probable que le fait d'avoir été inhumé dans l'un ou l'autre des secteurs soit lié à des différences sociales, au moins l'âge et peut-être les activités quotidiennes, voire la hiérarchie. Si le complexe de la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus est exceptionnel par la concentration de tombes, les mêmes gestes se retrouvent à l'échelle du littoral catalan. Inversement, les pratiques funéraires identifiées dans les cistes pyrénéennes sont distinctes. Parfois confondues avec les Sepulcres de fossa, les sépultures en fosse de l'horizon antérieur (Postcardial) appartiennent à un système funéraire différent. Plus largement, les Sepulcres de fossa détonnent dans le paysage funéraire néolithique ouest-européen et la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus en représente paradoxalement le site emblématique et un cas unique. / In the late 5th and early 4th millennium BC, the communities of the northeastern lberian Peninsula interred their dead within elaborate burial structures known as "Sepulcres de fossa". The Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus burial site alone yielded a third of all graves assigned to this horizon. The site's long history of research, reaching from 1921 to 2004 resulted in an uneven corpus of both osteological material and documentation. This work comprises a total of 169 graves, including 197 individuals, which can be attributed to three main clusters of variable size and density. Intra-site analyses have shown differences in terms of burial distribution, biological identity of the deceased, body treatment and grave good depositional practices. However, the three clusters cannot be considered independently. As radiocarbon data attests for the contemporaneity of burial events, social criteria (age, perhaps daily activities or even hierarchy) likely directed the attribution of individuals to one cluster or the other. If the burial site of Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus stands out by its remarkable number of graves, analogous features are also found alongside the Catalan coast. By contrast, the funerary practices identified in the Pyrenean cists are distinct. Also, incidentally thought to have functioned similar ly to the Sepulcres de fossa, the pit graves of the prior (Postcardial) horizon can now be considered as part of a different funerary system. The Sepulcres de fossa, of which the burial site of Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus is paradoxically both representative and exceptional, finally represent an unusual phenomenon within the general Neolithic burial landscape of Western Europe.

Le site des Ruelles, à Serris (Seine-et-Marne), émerge dans le cadre d’une création d’habitats au VIIe s. Il débute avec l’implantation d’une ferme domaniale et s’achève au début du XIe s. après une résurgence du pôle de pouvoir au Xe s. L’opération archéologique menée sur 16 hectares, s’inscrit dans un terroir largement exploré par l’archéologie ; elle révèle un habitat groupé bipolaire et un grand ensemble funéraire qui s’est développé autour de deux édifices religieux dont l’un est abandonné à la fin du VIIIe s. Avec les petits ensembles funéraires dispersés dans l’habitat, les Ruelles comptent un peu plus d’un millier de sépultures. Ce travail a pour objectif de classer et d’étudier les phénomènes taphonomiques du squelette afin d’identifier les architectures funéraires et de comprendre leur évolution (analyse typochronologique). Concernant cet aspect, la synthèse s’accompagne du catalogue analytique exhaustif des sépultures. Un second volet concerne l’analyse des pratiques funéraires, de manière à mettre en évidence les formes d’organisation sociale qu’elles transcrivent ; cette partie aborde l’analyse du recrutement (sexe et âge au décès) par phases chronologiques, la répartition spatiale des sépultures en fonction des choix architecturaux et du sexe et de l’âge au décès, les formes de regroupements et la gestion matérielle de l’espace, les continuités et les discontinuités spatiales, ainsi que les rapports entretenus par les différentes zones d’inhumation. Sont enfin discutés la genèse des pôles funéraires, les modalités de leur développement, le rôle des deux édifices religieux, le statut des différents groupes dégagés par l’étude des pratiques funéraires, la relation entre les lieux d’habitat et les espaces sépulcraux, et aussi les modalités de gestion et d’organisation des morts dans ce territoire. Ces conclusions s’inscrivent dans les questionnements relatifs à l’organisation et à l’évolution des sociétés rurales du haut Moyen Âge. / The site of Les Ruelles, at Serris (Seine-et-Marne, France), emerges within the framework of a creation of settlements in the 7th century. It begins with the establishment of a domanial farm and is abandoned at the beginning of the 11th century after the revival of the pole of power in the 10th century. The archaeological excavations covering16 hectares, fit in a territory largely explored by archaeology ; it reveals a bipolar agglomerated settlement and a major funerary unit which developed around two religious buildings of which one is destroyed at the end of the 8th century. By taking into account the small funerary units dispersed in the different parts of the “pre-village”, Les Ruelles add up to a little more than one thousand burials. This work aims to classify and study the taphonomic phenomena of the skeleton in order to identify funerary architectures and to understand their evolution (typochronological analyses). Concerning this aspect, the synthesis is accompanied by the exhaustive analytical catalogue of the burials. A second orientation relates to the analysis of the funerary practices, to highlight the shapes of social organization that they are supposed to transcribe. This part approaches the analysis of sex and age repartition by chronological phases, the spatial distribution of the burials according to the architectural choices and to the sex and the age at death, the forms of regroups and the material management of the funeral settlement, the spatial continuities and discontinuities, as well as the relations maintained by the various burial units between them. Are finally discussed the genesis of the funerary poles, the way in which they develop, the role of the two religious buildings, the status of the various groups revealed by the study of the funerary practices, the relation between domestic and sepulchralplaces, and also the patterns of management and organization in this territory. The conclusions fit in to the general questioning relating to the organization and the evolution of the rural societies of the Early middle ages.

( esky) Základním úkolem je vyhodnocení archeologických výzkum provedených na ran st edov kém hradišti Vraclav (okr. Ústí nad Orlicí) do roku 1963. Základním pramenem budou nálezové vypracované L. Hrdli kou a L. Skružným uložené v archivu Archeologického ústavu AV R, Praha, v. v. i. Hlavním úkolem je shromážd ní dostupné terénní dokumentace z dosud provedených výzkum a vyhodnocení jednotlivých sídlištních a poh ebních komponent s cílem rekonstrukce jejich uspo ádání na akropoli hradišt . Diplomantka se zam í p edevším na rozsah poh ebišt a rekonstrukci zachycených stavebních konstrukcí. Zpracování a vyhodnocení terénních nálezových situací bude provedeno v prost edí GIS. P i zpracování movitých nález bude v nována pozornost zejména výb ru keramických soubor klí ových pro vývoj hradišt . Sou ástí celkového vyhodnocení bude srovnání s výsledky povrchových pr zkum detektory kov a geofyzikálního m ení a další nedestruktivních metod archeologického výzkumu provedených Regionálním muzeem ve Vysokém Mýt a Archeologickým ústavem AV R, Praha, v. v. i., které budou diplomantce k dispozici. Abstrakt (anglicky) The basic task is an analysis of the archaeological researches performed at early medieval fortification site Vraclav (Ústí nad Orlicí district) since 1963. The basic source is the documentation of the...

The aim of this diploma thesis was the initial genetic analysis of early mediaeval burial site from Mlekojedy polycultural locality (Litoměřice District, Czech Republic). Autosomal STR markers were chosen because of the following reasons. The high degree of polymorphism of these markers and the high extent of heterozygosity favor the use of STRs instead of mitochondrial DNA for the structural analysis of small populations. Usefulness of STR typing for validation purposes was demonstrated many times before. We used primers for miniSTRs to obtain the fullest results. Nuclear DNA was extracted from 35 % of bone samples and 91 % of teeth. We detected lower PCR amplification success rate of fragments longer than 150 bp and very high rate of allele drop-out which is sign of degraded DNA. Twelve reliable genotypes were determined for TH01 marker. Observed allele frequency and genetic diversity values were discussed in comparison with recent populations and other aDNA studies of burial sites. Keywords: ancient DNA, STR markers, miniSTR, early medieval burial site, Czech population

El modelo de negocio de Sepulturas Temporales tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de implementar y ofrecer este servicio en los cementerios de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, como servicio adicional a las tradicionales sepulturas perpetuas y cremación. Este modelo permite atender la creciente demanda del servicio debido al aumento de la tasa de mortalidad sumado a las preferencias por las sepulturas perpetuas sobre la cremación, y una oferta limitada por la escasez de espacios disponibles para implementar nuevas áreas de sepulturas cuando la rentabilidad del terreno es más alta en otras áreas inmobiliarias. Se ofrecen Sepulturas Temporales por diez años siguiendo la normativa vigente; al final del plazo, se realiza una exhumación de restos para ser reducidos y trasladados a cinerarios, liberando así el espacio temporal para reutilizarlo en un nuevo servicio. La metodología de investigación aplicada fue una encuesta estructurada y estandarizada con alternativas de respuesta abierta y cerrada para analizar la aceptación o rechazo del mercado objetivo, dando como resultado que, de todo el universo encuestado entre quienes prefirieron sepulturas perpetuas, cremaciones o aún no se decidieron, el 22% tendría la intención de adquirir la Sepulturas Temporales, con esta participación se realizó la modelación financiera proyectando el flujo de ingresos y gastos a diez años: plazo para la primera reutilización de espacios e incluye el costo de oportunidad de reposición por la venta del servicio perpetuo. La demanda se consideró constante y no se ha considerado el efecto pandémico del COVID-19. / The Temporary Graves business model's objective is to analyze the feasibility of implementing and offering this service in the cemeteries of Metropolitan Lima and Callao, as additional service to the traditional perpetual graves and cremation. This model makes it possible to meet the growing demand for the service due to the increase in the mortality rate added to the preferences for perpetual graves over cremation, and a limited supply due to the scarcity of available spaces to implement new graves areas when the profitability of the land is higher in other real estate areas. Temporary Graves are offered for ten years following current regulations; at the end of the term, there is an exhumation of remains to be reduced and transferred to cineraries, thus freeing up the temporary space to reuse it in a new service. The applied research methodology was a structured and standardized survey with open and closed responses alternatives to analyze the acceptance or rejection of the target market, resulting in that, of the entire universe surveyed among those who preferred perpetual graves, cremations or still did not decide, 22% would have the intention of purchasing the Temporary Graves, with this participation the financial modeling was carried out projecting the flow of income and expenses over ten years: term for the first reuse of spaces and including the opportunity cost of replacement from the sale of perpetual service. The demand was considered constant, and the pandemic effect of COVID-19 has not been considered. / Trabajo de investigación

Anenský dvůr used to be a farm surrounded by fields just a few dozen meters from the Austrian border. It worked even during the fifties before the creation of the Iron Curtain. Agricultural activity slowly subsided, people disappeared. Nature began quietly but ceaselessly, in small portions, getting on its side after the interval division. Buildings and their surroundings started to change. Nature has changed in fifty years place unrecognizable. Clearly defined boundaries are erased, flash greenery spread to the surrounding area and has created a specific single entity defining the surrounding chaos. Such a situation is the basis for the layout of the new cemetery. Current enhanced peripheral borders are strengthened by planting oaks, while the interior is modified. Most of invasive acacia and other shrubs are removed. The original character of the place, floodplain meadow is reinforced by planting new trees, such as birch or cherry.  The new cemetery consists of two main areas - internal groomed lawn under clearly defined square walls, which leads to deposition of ash and vice versa in the outer belt informal grown meadows are individual pavilions cemetery.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the symbolic role of weapons, specifically axes in Viking age burials. The thesis will also discuss the axe´s role in relaion to the character of the grave and the grave goods. A total 18 graves will be studied and analysed with help from J. Petersen´s typology of Viking age weapons and Holger Arbman`s works on anout Birkas burials and their grave goods. Qualative and quantative research methods will be used used to answer the thesis`questions. First the thesis will discuss what a weapon grave is and explain Petersen`s typology of axes and explain what other types of axes that exist in Birka. It will further analyse weapon and axe symbolism, explain different characteristics and grave goods. Finally, I will discuss different interpretations and patterns surrounding the different practices, grave goods, the types of depsotied axes and the symbolic role of axes in graves. Axes buried with rich grave goods shows that some types of axes have higher status than others. The axes aesthetics do not play a pivotal role in the graves and their placements in the graves do not have a symbolic or deeper meaning.

Penstemon gibbensii and Penstemon haydenii are two rare, perennial forbs inhabiting remote areas of the western United States. P. gibbensii is listed as a sensitive species by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming (Heidel, 2009). P. haydenii was designated as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1987 (Heidel, 2012). This thesis research was geared toward helping land managers in their efforts to protect and rehabilitate these species by providing understanding on different aspects of their seed ecology. My first study was a laboratory experiment performed on P. gibbensii and P. haydenii seed germination response to moist chilling and dry after-ripening. Wild harvested seeds were subjected to moist chilling at 2-4 °C for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks and held in dry storage for approximately 2 years to determine effective methods for breaking primary dormancy. P. gibbensii seed germination increased consistently with increased length of chilling up to 16 weeks and exhibited habitat-correlated variation in this response. P. haydenii seed germination increased from 1 to 100% germination with 4 weeks of chilling. P. haydenii germination was greatest (96%) when incubated under a cool, diurnally-fluctuating temperature regime (10-20 °C) and responded positively to dry storage, increasing germination from 0 to 15%. My second study was an in situ field study designed to characterize the active seed bank of P. haydenii. We set up a transect line across a P. haydenii population and measured the number of seeds entering the seed bank, lost to predation post-dispersal, and persisting in the seed bank. P. haydenii does not appear to form an ecologically significant seed bank. Approximately 140 seeds/ 10m2 could potentially enter the seed bank but only 1 seed in the upper 10cm of sand persisted. Heavy post-dispersal insect predation resulted in a decrease in viability of nearly 30% in exposed P. haydenii seeds after just 12 hours. My third study explored the effects of burial by sand on P. haydenii. Wild-harvested seeds were planted in pots at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10cm deep in sand and incubated at 10-20 °C. Seed germination and mortality and seedling emergence were measured. The response of dormant seeds to post-burial incubation was determined. Burial depth decreased seedling emergence and seed germination. Shallow burial appears to induce secondary dormancy for seeds that don't germinate quickly, whereas deep burial appears to impose enforced dormancy in burial.

The costume design for the University of Central Florida Conservatory Theatre‘s production of Seamus Heaney‘s The Burial at Thebes: A Version of Sophocles’ Antigone took an ancient Greek classic by Sophocles and infused it with influences from avant-garde theatre. This thesis documents the process of designing the costumes from academic, artistic, and technical aspects. Through this process, I explored how to communicate abstract ideas about humanity into actual costumes and how multiple cultural heritages can be intertwined in a united visual which pushes the audience to think more critically about the story. The recurring themes of duality are central to the final costume design: silk chiffon chitons draped over seemingly nude tattooed bodies, representing the ever-present competing allegiances to the will of the gods or to the law of man. Working backwards through the process, this thesis discusses the avant-garde aims of the production and how they were achieved in design. The historical and cultural research, and how it directly influenced the costume design, is discussed for both Seamus Heaney and The Burial at Thebes, as well as for Sophocles and Antigone. Moving through a thorough script analysis and text-to-text comparison of Antigone and The Burial at Thebes illuminates the character and situation traits that are expressed in the design. Script-to-script comparisons reveal the heightened political language Heaney has created to make a story readily accessible to modern audiences. This gives Creon more humanity, thus magnifying the conflict, which is analyzed using conflict theory

Gender research in archaeology is a complex topic that puzzled scholars for decades. The past 50 years of it has seen a lot of theorizing, heated discussions, and requests for new additions to the archaeological toolkit so that this type of research can get a proper launch. Humans' approach to gender has changed drastically over the course of history and will probably always continue to change. This is why archaeology needs to stay up to date with current gender discourses, but also study the differences of it in the past. This thesis will approach the topic of gender in a couple of different ways. The first half of the thesis will provide a theoretical deep dive, followed by a trip around the globe where different views on gender are explored from a historical as well as a modern perspective. The second half of the thesis consists of two case studies where gender will be approached trough two 12th-century burial assemblages once located in separate areas of modern-day Sweden. The first one is grave 9 from the Sámi grave field at Vivallen, Härjedalen, and the second one is grave A6 from Klinta, Köpingsvik, Öland. These graves were chosen because they share many similarities and provide interesting analytical parallels to each other. They were also chosen because they make good examples of just how complex archaeological gender research can be, even when geographically confined to a small area like modern-day Sweden. / Genusforskning inom arkeologin är ett komplext ämne som har förbryllat forskare under många årtionden. De senaste 50 åren av arkeologisk genusforskning har kantats av teoribildning, åsiktsfyllda diskussioner och en begäran om nya verktyg så att den här typen av forskning kan sjösättas ordentligt. Människans inställning och uppfattning om vad genus är har skiftat kraftigt under historien och kommer förmodligen alltid att skifta. Detta är varför det är viktigt för arkeologin att hålla sig ajour med samtida genusdiskurser, men också genom att studera hur genus har förändrats i det förflutna. Den här uppsatsen ämnar att närma sig ämnet genus genom olika vinklar. Första halvan av uppsatsen består av en teoretisk djupdykning, följt av olika globala uppfattningar om hur genus har uppfattats både historiskt sett, men också hur inställningen till det är idag. Den andra halvan av uppsatsen består av två fallstudier där ämnet genus kommer att behandlas genom två tidigmedeltida gravar från 1100-talets 'Sverige'. Den första är grav 9 från det samiska gravfältet Vivallien i Härjedalen och den andra är grav A6 från Klinta i Köpingsvik på Öland. Dessa gravar valdes ut då de delar många likheter med varandra, men också för att de demonstrerar just hur komplex arkeologisk genusforskning kan vara även med en geografisk begränsning till ett litet område som nutida Sverige.