Ugdymo funkcijų siejimas su nevyriausybinėmis organizacijomis ir konkrečiai su savanoriška veikla pasitaiko retai. Šio darbo idėja yra aktualizuoti savanorystę kaip pagalbos priemonę sprendžiant paauglių psichosocialines problemas. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad savanoriška veikla užsiimantys ir ją organizuojantys asmenys paauglių psichosocialinių problemų atsiradimo priežastis įvardina kaip dvasinius išgyvenimus, nepatenkintą bendravimo poreikį, aplinkos ir žalingų įpročių veiksnius, neatitinkantį socialinių normų elgesį, savo tapatumo nebuvimą, užimtumo stoką ir socialinių įgūdžių stoką. Paauglių psichosocialinių problemų sprendimui didelės įtakos turi palanki socialinė aplinka, kurioje jaunas žmogus viliasi jaustis gerai, kuri jam padeda pasijusti reikšmingu, reikalingu ir t.t. Taip pat, įtakos turi savanorio asmeninės savybės, vertybinė orientacija, gebėjimai ir charakterio bruožai. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad savanoriams, sprendžiant paauglių psichosocialines problemas labiausiai reikalinga įstaigų/organizacijų ir bendruomenių pagalba, taip pat reikalinga kvalifikuotų specialistų pagalba. Savanorių organizacija per vykdomas programas ir edukacinės pagalbos teikimą padeda paaugliams spręsti psichosocialines problemas. / Linking educational functions with non-governmental organizations, especially volunteering, is rare. The idea of this work is to actualize volunteering as a way of help, while solving psychosocial problems of adolescents. Results of the study show that people who organize and participate in volunteering distinguish several reasons for psychosocial problem that the adolescents have, i.e. emotional experiences, lack of communication, environmental factors and bad habits, behavior that does not meet social norms, lack of understanding its identity, lack of activities and also lack of social skills. Adolescent psychosocial problem solving is strongly influenced by a favorable social environment in which a young person hopes to feel well, which makes him feel significant, necessary, etc. Personal qualities, values, skills and characteristics of a volunteer are also important. The research shows that while solving psychosocial problems of adolescents’ volunteers need help from organizations, communities and also qualified specialists. Volunteer organizations through programs and educational assistance help adolescents to solve their psychosocial problems.

The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (!GAD) has played a major role in conflict resolution in the Sudan. The strength of the !GAD Peace Initiative particularly has been its clarity in identifying the key issues at the core of the conflict in its Declaration of Principles (DoP). From that time the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/ Army (SPLM/A) and Government of Sudan (GoS), though later, embarked on a path to seek a negotiated settlement to the conflict. Another achievement had been IGAD's ability to help Sudan pool its resources that seemed to provide an answer to the perennial power constraints that bedevil African mediators. It is without doubt that the Machakos protocol signed in July 2002 was a breakthrough for the history of IGAD's conflict resolution in Sudan, because of the acknowledgement, for the first time, of the right of self-determination for the south, and the guarantee of the right to opt for self-determination through a referendum at the end of a six-year interim period. From this time IGAD's mediators became more flexible, the Sudan peace process moved speedily and to the highest level; and between 2002 and 2003, the substantive agreements were signed, leading to the final agreement in 2005. At the same time, the hard-pressed role of the United States cannot be undermined for real progress in the IGAD peace process in Sudan. Furthermore, though IGAD faced a lot of challenges as the parties' willingness to negotiate correlated with their military successes and failures, the organization commitment in the peace process assisted in achieving IGAD's stated objective. Its also worth noting that there was a lack of inclusivity in the IGAD negotiations and the mediators at times were unable to articulate common visions of their roles and sustain adequate attention to their intervention; however, despite several competing mediation attempts such as the "Joint Libya-Egyptian Initiative" (JLEI), IGAD has provided the by and large undisputed negotiation framework for the Sudan conflict since the mid-nineties. Crucial and worthy as this achievement is that, the IGAD Initiative will engross a continuing involvement in Sudan that would not end until the terms of the peace agreement are fulfilled and the necessary stability is achieved, because only then would there be confidence that peace would be secure. This objective is not realisable unless there are significant and continuing democratic reforms; IGAD must understand that this objective is an integral part of the peace process. Finally, IGAD's continued engagement with the Joint IGAD Partners and the international community as a whole to provide for support for peace building and reconstruction in Sudan is imperative. If peace is consolidated in the South, it will demonstrate the benefits of negotiated solutions to other parts of Sudan, such as Darfur and the East. / M.Soc.Sc. (Peace Studies International Relations) North West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2006

This dissertation view a sample of projects conducted by two different non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Dharavi, a slum-area in Mumbai, India, and examines how they con-tribute to children and youth ́s social development and empowerment. Due to the large global population of children and youths, as well as that a large percentage of the world ́s inhabitants reside in slum-areas, it is considered of importance to gain information regarding the social work that isbeing conducted with the focus. The field work is carried out through interviews and observations in the area. The focus is five different projects that are conducted by two different NGOs in Mumbai. This dissertation display how the two theories, empowerment and social development, are connected to each other as well as the positive impact the NGOs have on the participating childrenand youths. The findings of the field work lead to an understand-ing in which ways NGOs can help children and youths to reachempowerment and how they contribute to the social development of the participants. The research shows the impact the organizations activities have on the children and youths lives. / Denna uppsats granskar ett urval av projekt som genomförs av två olika icke-statliga organisationer i Dharavi, ett slumområde i Mumbai, Indien, och undersöker hur de bidrar till barn och ungdomars sociala utveckling och empowerment. Då en stor del av världens befolkning består av barn och ungdomar, samt att en stor del av den globala populationen lever i slumområden, anses det viktigt att inhämta information gällande det sociala arbete som bedrivs i dessa områden. Data till uppsatsen har inhämtats genom intervjuer och observationer från två icke-statliga organisationer i det valda området. Uppsatsen visar hur de två teorierna, empowerment och social utveckling, är kopplade till varandra och påvisar även det positiva inflytande de icke-statliga organisationerna har på sina deltagare. Resultaten av fältarbetet leder till en förståelse för på vilket sätt de enskilda organisationer kan bidra till att barn och ungdomar uppnår empowerment samt hur de bidrar till deltagarnas sociala utveckling. Forskningen visar den effekt organisationerna har på barnen och ungdomarnas liv.

The importance of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) during programme implementation has driven many governments, organisations and donors to invest substantial means in developing comprehensive M&E and tools. However, research reveals that, while some of these comprehensive M&E systems have been successfully implemented, others could not be used to achieve the purposes for which resources were utilised in designing them. Some writers have explained that, even though great effort is invested in the development of M&E systems, not all of them actually get implemented, or even if they do, they are only partially implemented. One reason cited was the complexity of M&E systems, which makes implementation difficult. The Non-Governmental (NGO) sector in its implementation of social programmes, uses M&E systems and frameworks to monitor programmes for various reasons, including accountability and organisational learning purposes. A case study approach, using in-depth qualitative methods, was used to analyse the implementation of the M&E systems in SaveAct, an NGO based in Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect primary data. Interviews were conducted with various role-players within the system to gather information about their experiences of implementing M&E systems. Documents and reports were analysed to investigate the nature of the M&E systems, and their purposes and uses and implementation successes and challenges. The findings of the study revealed that in SaveAct the M&E is done for the purpose of accountability to donors and for organisational learning and improvement in programmes. Two previous frameworks were designed for intensive evaluation purposes, but could not be fully implemented. Challenges that emerged include the comprehensive nature of the frameworks, lack of human capacity and limited finances for implementation. However, regular data collection for monitoring was being successfully undertaken. Some of the success factors identified include the simple and easy-to-understand data collection tools and the inclusion of M&E activities in the routine work of staff (mainstreaming). M&E systems that have simple tools which clearly outline the goals and where the functions are included in the daily routine of the staff, are more likely to be implementable. The conclusions of the study were that M&E systems can be made more implementable if they are designed with an understanding that the system components are interrelated and an attempt is made to see to it that each component is functional, to ensure the mode of action of the entire system. M&E systems and frameworks should be designed to be simple and clear. They should contain fewer tools and should be easily understood by the people who do the actual data collection. The tools with fewer questions were easier to implement than those with many questions. M&E functions in SaveAct were more successful when included in normal routine work of the staff, or mainstreamed, and not undertaken as a separate activity and also when they are located within planning and budgeting functions of the organisation. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

Striving towards service excellence, a public entity can embark on various service and product delivery strategies as well as functional management strategies or management tools. The primary objective of this study is to indicate to what extent a public entity such as Gerotek can meet the different approaches to economically viable service delivery to the government and commercial environments respectively, where different rules, regulations, means and ways of contracting apply. In order to realise this objective, the characteristics of public entities and those of private entities competing in the same market were explored and comparisons made between the different entities to indicate the level of success each one is able to achieve. Public-Private Partnerships, Project- Partnering and Management, as well as Black Economic Empowerment involvement, as different forms of partnership agreements or other forms of business models, were investigated to distinguish best practice in service and product delivery strategies. The effectiveness of various management tools was discussed, such as the South African Excellence Model, Total Quality Management, and the Balanced Scorecard, which can be applied to assist management in improving service delivery. Interviews were conducted according to an interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain information pertaining to the literature study of the above, in order to determine the effectiveness of service delivery within a public entity competing in government and commercial environments. The respondents agreed that a public entity could meet best practice to deliver economically viable services and products to both environments, with the reservation that continuous improvements should be made. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This article reports on the results of the identification of potential business opportunities for Non Governmental Organizations as an extra income to face the present funding challenge. Few research studies have been done on business opportunities as sources of income for NGO's. The aim of this study was to explore potential business opportunities as sources of income and it focused on the research of different possibilities. In this exploratory research study a qualitative approach was followed through interviews with business people and a focusgoup discussion to investigate potential business opportunities. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling techniques, eleven business men and a focusgroup consisting of five business men and six personnel of The Dutch Reformed Ministry or Caring. The eleven business men were recruited from the congregations of the Highveld Sinod. Data were collected through interviews with the business men and the focusgroup interview. Data were analysed according to themes. The following eight potential business opportunities were identified: government contracts, donations, improved marketing, fundraising strategies, buying of a business or shareholding in a business, partnerships, selling of therapeutic services and additional information and proposals. This offers business opportunities for NGO's to use as sources of income to sustain them and ensure that they can continue with their service delivery. The recommendation from the focus group was for more donations, an improved marketing strategy, the requirement or government contracts and selling of therapeutic services as potential opportunities. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Peace bonds are a legal tool of governance dating back to 13th c. England. In Canada, a significant change in the application of peace bonds took place in the mid-1990s, shifting their purpose from governing minor disputes between individuals to allowing for persons who have not been charged with a crime to be governed as if they had. Given the legal test for a peace bond has always been the determination of ‘reasonable fear’, the advent of these ‘specialized’ peace bonds suggests that the object of reasonable fear has changed. Despite their lengthy history, peace bonds have limited coverage in academic literature, a weakness compounded by a predominant doctrinal approach based in a liberal framework. The central inquiry of this thesis moves beyond this predominant perspective of ‘peace bonds as crime prevention’ by developing a governmental criminology, which deepens our understanding of the role of specialized peace bond law in contemporary society. Specifically, governmental criminology takes a Foucaultian critical legal studies approach, which acknowledges legal pluralism and sets out the historical context required for analysis. Ultimately, by unearthing underlying social, economic, and political power relations it is possible to critique the accompanying modes of calculation of fear and risk, thus challenging the regimes of practices that make specialized peace bonds possible. Specialized peace bonds merely manage the consequences of a criminal justice system limited by social, political, and economic circumstances, in a broader biopolitical project of integrating risky populations.

This thesis argues that current environmentalist initiatives aimed at creating a stable regime of ecological governance in Canada’s northern boreal forest are structurally complicit with the forces driving its exploitation. Through the negotiation of the Canadian Boreal Framework Agreement and the aggressive institutionalization of Forest Stewardship Council certification, environmental organizations participate in the erection of a regime of ecological production predicated on the maintenance and delivery of ecosystem services. Through the creation of a stable, uniform field of exchange of natural functions, these initiatives deepen the entanglement of capital with new vestiges of nature. I trace the production of this ecologized, boreal capitalism through the concepts of fixed capital and real subsumption, arguing that this organization of nature constitutes a ‘fixing’ of value and thus a determining factor in the trajectory of capitalist development in the region. In this, I assert that environmental organizations have become essential institutions in the functioning of processes of accumulation. They ensure an articulation between the epistemic realms of a burgeoning ecological science and capital, and secure the communication of value down the commodity chain for ecological services and certified products. Further, they take on some responsibility for the organization of consumption, and thus the modes of possible political engagement. I conclude by finding that despite this deep identity between market and environmentalist institutions the possibility for productive – rather than protective – resistance is opened up alongside the more lamentable consequences of these developments.

The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has sparked increased interest in recent years as they have grown in prominence and international activity. The thesis looks at British and Canadian NGOs concerned with overseas development assistance, and asks what influence they have wielded in the formulation of their own governments' development policies. Based on recent policy community writing, a "conceptual map" is devised which suggests that six elements are important for any analysis of influence: context, content, motivations, resources, tactics, and channels. Chapters two to five use these elements to look at the broad "policy communities" in which official development policy is formulated, and to examine the increasing roles and activities of NGOs as lobbyists. Chapters six and seven take a closer look at two specific "policy networks" within those communities: the relationships created around the World Food Conference in 1974 are compared with those existing at the time of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit). The thesis concludes that NGOs have had an increasing but limited influence on government policy, given (1) an increase in the activity and influence of NGOs, (2) the greater relevance of certain "elements of influence" over others, and (3) the comparatively stronger influence of Canadian NGOs in relation to their British counterparts. The thesis' contribution to knowledge is based on its use of extensive and original primary sources and interviews in both countries, its application of a policy community approach to a new field in international relations, and its systematic attempt to answer evolving questions about this growing, international, and non-governmental force.

In Senegal, rural communities depend on natural resources close to their settlement. Therefore,Natural Resource Management efforts require the effective participation of communities, specifically memberswhose socio-economic activities have the biggest impact on the resource. While men's participation is not anissue, social and cultural norms still govern women's participation and may prevent women from beinginvolved. Non-Governmental Organisations working in NRM have to evaluate the importance of this genderimbalance and its impact on the sustainability of their projects. Open-ended questions during semi-structuredexploratory interviews with NGO project staffs as well as the results of analyses using Progressive Focussinghighlight the role of a project staff’s perception of gender as a concept and its utility in achieving the project’sobjectives. The study concludes that project staff members interpret the concept of “gender integration” asmeaning “women integration”. The gender-sensitivity of the project staff is important if gender aspects are to beincluded in the project cycle. Finally, gender integration ensures the sustainability of NRM projects in Senegalwhen socio-cultural factors are taken into consideration.