A proposição inicial do uso de camisinha como prevenção de HIV/aids está vinculada à noção de sexo seguro, desenvolvida pela comunidade gay estadunidense no início da década de 1980. No Brasil, o sexo seguro foi incorporado nas primeiras respostas à epidemia e, com o desenvolvimento das ações preventivas, a camisinha foi adotada como a principal estratégia de proteção contra a transmissão do HIV por via sexual. Atualmente, o segmento populacional composto por gays e outros homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) configura um dos focos de concentração da epidemia e, portanto, um dos públicos-chave para o direcionamento da prevenção. Este trabalho tem como objetivo recuperar os discursos acerca da camisinha como estratégia de prevenção de HIV/aids entre gays/HSH, construídos pela política pública de saúde e pelos movimentos sociais no Brasil, buscando compreender seus significados no contexto dos impasses enfrentados pela prevenção ao longo de sua história. O estudo é fundamentado nas abordagens construcionistas da sexualidade e utiliza como referências a perspectiva da vulnerabilidade e a teoria dos scripts sexuais. Trata-se de investigação qualitativa, realizada com base em entrevistas em profundidade com 13 pessoas que mantêm/mantiveram envolvimento significativo com o enfrentamento da epidemia de HIV/aids no país e/ou com a reflexão acerca das questões relativas à prevenção, especialmente no âmbito dos cenários sexuais gays/HSH. Foram selecionados atores de destaque no trabalho relacionado à promoção do uso da camisinha: condução de políticas públicas, produção de pesquisa e atuação em movimentos sociais LGBT e de aids. A partir das narrativas colhidas e de referências associadas, é apresentada uma recuperação histórica da trajetória da camisinha como prevenção de HIV/aids. A análise ressalta que a convergência dos discursos preventivos na recomendação da camisinha resvalou no tecnicismo, característico do processo de medicalização do social. O uso tecnicista da prevenção consistiu em (a) uma abordagem prescritiva, expressa na progressiva reprodução da mensagem \"use camisinha\"; (b) na descontextualização dos discursos preventivos em relação ao conteúdo sexual inerente ao uso da camisinha, contestada especialmente nas propostas de erotização desse insumo; (c) na postura impositiva de profissionais e campanhas de prevenção. Adicionalmente, a prevenção tem esbarrado nas dificuldades de abordagem do homoerotismo em função do fortalecimento de resistências moralistas e conservadoras na política brasileira. Esse cenário, que compromete os direitos de gays/HSH à saúde, é agravado por uma crise na estrutura dos programas de aids e das organizações dos movimentos sociais. Desse modo, o avanço no enfrentamento da epidemia e, mais especificamente, a redução das taxas de infecção em gays/HSH dependem da superação dessas barreiras, que tendem a se reproduzir na abordagem das novas tecnologias de prevenção em HIV/aids / The initial proposal for the use of condoms to prevent HIV/AIDS is linked to the concept of safe sex, developed by the gay community in the United States in the early 1980s. In Brazil, safe sex was incorporated in the early responses to the epidemic and, with the development of preventive actions, condom promotion was adopted as the main strategy to protect against HIV sexual transmission. Nowadays, the population segment composed of gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represents one of the focuses of the epidemic concentration and therefore one of the key populations for targeting prevention. This work aims to recover the discourses on the use of condoms as an HIV/AIDS prevention strategy directed to gay/MSM population, built by both Brazilian public health policy and social movements, seeking to understand their meaning in the context of the impasses faced by prevention throughout his history. This study is based on constructionist frameworks of sexuality and uses as references the vulnerability perspective and the theory of sexual scripts. This is a qualitative research, carried out based on in-depth interviews with 13 people who keep/kept significant roles in fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country and/or in the reflecting on issues related to prevention, especially in the scope of gay/MSM sexual scenarios. The selected participants are prominent actors in the work related to the promotion of condom use: driving public policy, producing research and acting in LGBT and AIDS social movements. From the collected narratives and associated references, a historical recovery of the trajectory of the condom as an HIV/AIDS prevention is presented. The analysis points out that the convergence of preventive discourses on recommendation of the condom slipped on the technicism, characteristic of the process of social medicalization. The technicist use of the prevention consisted of (a) a prescriptive approach, expressed in the forward playback of the message \"use condom\"; (b) the decontextualization of preventive discourses in relation to sexual content inherent in the use of condoms, especially contested in proposals of eroticizing this device; (c) the impositive posture of professionals and prevention campaigns. Additionally, prevention has bogged down in difficulties on the approach of homoeroticism due to the strengthening of moralist and conservative resistances in Brazilian policy. This scenario, which undermines the rights of gay/MSM to health, is exacerbated by a crisis in the structure of AIDS programs and organizations of social movements. Thus, the progress in confronting the epidemic and, more specifically, in the reduction of infection rates in gay/MSM depend on overcoming these barriers which tend to be reproduced in the approach to the new HIV/AIDS prevention technologies

O trabalho elabora a etnografia de uma relação de parceria entre três grupos populares que trabalham com crianças e adolescentes de seus bairros em Recife e Olinda o Galpão dos Meninos e Meninas de Santo Amaro, o Grupo Comunidade Assumindo suas Crianças e o Grupo Sobe e Desce de Olinda e a agência católica de desenvolvimento internacional com sede em Londres, CAFOD (Catholic Agency for Overseas Development), que os financia desde o final da década de 1980. A parceria é intitulada pelos próprios atores de Projeto Tarrafa, em homenagem à pequena rede usada por pescadores em Pernambuco. A pesquisa valeu-se de extenso trabalho de campo em cada um dos três grupos em Recife e Olinda, junto a educadores populares; no escritório da seção da América Latina na CAFOD em Londres, junto a funcionários que gerenciam os programas do Brasil; e no escritório regional da CAFOD na diocese de Westminster, no norte de Londres, junto a voluntários católicos. O deslocamento pelos canais institucionais que ligavam doadores a beneficiários revelou que a apreensão da singularidade de cada parceria transnacional depende da identificação de quais partes das organizações estão conectadas imediata e mediatamente à parceria, ou seja: a) de que atores específicos os emaranhados institucionais de longo alcance são constituídos; e b) como um ponto distante afeta, mesmo que involuntariamente, outros pontos do mesmo emaranhado institucional. A etnografia explora os efeitos que a conexão através de emaranhados institucionais opera nos seus diferentes pontos. Demonstra-se, em primeiro lugar, como emaranhados institucionais de longo alcance se constituem concretamente através da conexão entre fragmentos de organizações; em segundo lugar, como canais institucionais alimentam reciprocamente as composições de mundo dos atores neles envolvidos; e em terceiro lugar, como são tais composições enleadas que permitem que a relação se sustente. A Tarrafa mantém-se quando a luta dos educadores populares pelos meninos do seu bairro torna-se parte da estratégia dos funcionários de desenvolvimento para a redução da pobreza e violência no continente, e da promessa do Reino de Deus na terra para os católicos doadores. / This work offers an ethnographic account of a long-term partnership between London-based Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD) and three grassroots organizations, one in Recife and two in its neighbouring town Olinda. The three groups Galpão dos Meninos e Meninas de Santo Amaro, Grupo Comunidade Assumindo suas Crianças and Grupo Sobe e Desce de Olinda have been working with young people in their own neighbourhoods since the late 1980s when the numbers of street children in poor areas of the Greater Recife rose significantly. CAFOD has funded them since the early stages of their work through its connection with a parish priest, as was the case of many partnerships facilitated by priests supporting social movements in Brazil in the 1980s and 1990s. In the early 2000s the partnership underwent changes as a consequence of CAFODs adoption of a programmatic approach, an attempt to push its international work into becoming more result-oriented. Funding was directed to wider programmes instead of individual projects and there were more demands on partners for a higher standard in programme design, implementation and accountability. As part of the process, CAFODs Brazil programme officer encouraged the groups to work more closely in a network which they dubbed Tarrafa, in a poetic reference to a small fishing net used by local fishermen. This research is based on extensive fieldwork, first, among educators and coordinators in each of the groups in Recife and Olinda; second, among the Brazil team staff at CAFODs head office in Brixton, London; and third, among Catholic volunteers in one of CAFODs regional offices, CAFOD Westminster. Following institutional paths that connect beneficiaries to donors proved to be, rather than a movement within a development chain, one through what could be described as institutional entanglements. An ethnographic approach reveals how partnerships are sealed and kept between interconnected teams and departments across different organizations, which may hold closer bonds than they would with other teams in their own organizations. Every development partnership entails institutional entanglements of different shapes and forms, depending on the specific cross-organizational links involved. Thus in order to comprehend a development partnership in its singularity, one is faced with the task of identifying: a) what teams across organizations are connected; and b) how different nodes in these institutional entanglements, often beyond the view of the actors immediately involved in the partnership, affect one another. The entanglements of the Tarrafa network are of two kinds. One is the concrete institutional entanglements which it originates. These contribute to another sort of entangling, that of the symbolic realm of actors connected by these relationships. The Tarrafa network is maintained when the fight of grassroots educators for the children in their neighbourhoods becomes part of the strategy of development experts for the reduction of poverty in Latin America, and part of the promise of Gods Kingdom on Earth for Catholic donors in England and Wales.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir sobre a importância da concomitância entre a regulamentação e o acesso ao que foi regulamentado na área de direitos sociais, em especial os de saúde e assistência social, a partir do estudo de caso de uma Organização Não-Governamental que atua com saúde e assistência complementando a ação de um Hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Focamos nossa análise nas possibilidades de ações complementares entre público e privado nestas áreas, visando fortalecer o Sistema de Proteção Social brasileiro. / [en] This dissertation aims to discuss the importance of concomitant actions between the regulation of human rights and the eventual acess to what has been regulated, mainly the ones about healthcare and social assistance, having as study case an ong which works with health care and social care complementing the actions of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Our analysis focused on the possibilities of complementary actions between the private and the public systems in these areas, having in mind that such proximity between the guarantee and the acess to social rights may strengh the Brazilian Social protection system.

Since 1994, the South African Government embarked on an ambitious Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) to correct the injustices of the past. One of the major programmes, which the government is implementing within the RDP framework, is the ―Integrated National Electrification Programme‖ (INEP) with the aim to address the electricity backlog by 2012. Recent figures from Statistics SA, indicate substantial progress with regard to access to electricity throughout the country and especially in previously disadvantaged areas. This study is an investigation of the impact of access to free basic electricity (FBE) on the welfare of indigent households in Buffalo City Municipality (BCM). This study aims at better understanding ways in which indigent households use electricity and to what extent access to electricity is improving the level of poverty in the households. Empirical evidences from pro-poor electrification programmes worldwide and especially in Asia suggest that greater access to electricity by poor people leads to economic and social development at both micro and macro levels. This study investigates the impact of electricity on household poverty, with focus on household income, household health and children‘s education. This study used mixed research methods to investigate the research problem. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using survey questionnaires, focus group discussions and interviews of key informants.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Social welfare services are essential for development of human capital and eradication of poverty in South Africa generally. Social welfare plays a pivotal role in enabling the impoverished and vulnerable communities and households to lead their lives through provision of care, social relief, stability and human resource development. Non-Governmental Organisations form an integral part of the welfare system through their formal and informal welfare and residential and non-residential welfare services. The role of the NGOs becomes imperative precisely because of their inherent empathy and proximity to the communities they serve. Government itself has been engaged in the process of transformation and the same challenges of transformation, governance, and effectiveness still profound the NGO sector. Notwithstanding the contribution of the NGOs in the welfare system, it is crucial to scrutinise the nature of their work and the rate of transformation to flourish in the democratic dispensation. To enhance the process of transformation in the NGO sector, government passed a plethora of policies and legislative requirements, inter alia, White Paper for Social Welfare 1997, Non-Profit Organisations Act of 1997. The intent of this research therefore, was to establish the significance of transformation and inherent issues of governance, effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery and sustainability of the nature of social welfare services rendered by the NGO sector in the Western Cape, particularly the Worcester district. / South Africa

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy: Management Sciences (Peace Studies), Duban University of Technology, 2017. / Local peacebuilding practices require a systematic and reflective analysis in order for them to bring an impact. Successful peacebuilding pivots on the development of a set of skills to attend to the challenges presented by the conflict. The study was inspired by an observation that the emergence of CSOs working on peacebuilding in Zimbabwe was happening in a context where there was no proper training and organisational capacity development. Using an action-research design, and a case study of two CSOs operating in Bindura and Mazowe Districts in Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe, the study involved a sample group of fifty-seven participants, and included a core Action Research Team (ART) of twelve participants to initiate the process of capacity development related to peacebuilding in Zimbabwe. Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, Document studies were used in a triangulation approach to enhance validity and reliability of the process. The preliminary assessment revealed that the peacebuilding environment in the two districts is highly polarised. There is a combination of both direct and indirect violence in the area. The state as well as traditional institutions are active perpetrators of both direct and indirect violence in the two district. The use of Local Peace Committees and the workshop method has not reaped the desired outcomes owing to the polarization. After a preliminary assessment of the peacebuilding environment in the area as well as a critique of the peacebuilding models being used by the two organisations, we then set out on a process of identifying strengths and weaknesses in both the programming as well as the delivery of the projects in the communities. A series of focus group discussions and organisational document analysis of the two organisations, we eventually agreed on the development of a training module for the Action Research Team. Five thematic issues were identified as forming the basis of the intervention programme. The five thematic issues were on the conceptual issues of conflict, violence and peace in a local context, conflict analysis skills, conflict sensitive programming, culture, conflict and change and lastly basic counselling skills for peacebuilders. A three-day training workshop was then held in order to develop capacity relating to the thematic issues. The short term evaluation of the intervention showed that the training was successful as the participants had already started implementing some of the new knowledge and skills. / D

The international dilemma of child soldiers is a humanitarian concern throughout the world. The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (CSUCS) began in 1998 and is currently the leading collaborative movement to address the issue. However, because of its emphasis on a universal 'Straight 18' approach and support of the Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Rights of a Child (CRC), the CSUCS ignores contextual realities that affect the implementation ofthe international legislation and the development of norms concerning child soldiers. This research project will examine the current international nongovernmental organization (INGO) response to child soldiers- focusing on the CSCUS - and formulate suggestions for potential avenues to further INGO involvement with policies and projects. The argument is based on a neoliberal institutionalist platform that argues in favour ofiNGOs' ability to successfully influence actions taken by state actors to address human right issues. Highlighting the successful INGO influence on states during the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, I will present this example as a potential model for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, and explore the feasibility of this model whilst making suggestions for more effective involvement of INGOs with regard to the issue of child soldiers.

The phenomenon of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Zambia is a consequence of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Many of these children are orphaned at a critical developmental stage of their lives when parental care and nurture is most needed. In the African world view, children’s opinions in matters concerning them including care are rarely sort or heard. The main aim of this research was to gain a holistic understanding of the silent voices of children affected and/or infected by the HIV and AIDS, and specifically about their experiences of care and/or lack of it. The other aims were: 1) to research alternative means of getting the silent stories of the marginalized children heard by the Zambian society; and 2) to disseminate the research findings to policy makers. Ten children orphaned by AIDS and vulnerable children, who are the core-searchers, drawn from three Lusaka urban based NGOs participated in the study. The research process and experience was reflected upon by the researcher, co-researchers and the care givers. The research was carried out from a Practical Theology perspective and the narrative approach within the postmodern social-constructionist paradigm. The ABDCE model for fiction writing as a metaphor for doing narrative research was used. This approach enabled the researcher to carry out the research in a systematic manner. It also allowed the researcher and the co-researchers to begin and work together throughout the research process, as the researcher listened to the co-researchers’ stories and experiences of care and/or lack of it and was drawn into them. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

The problem this research seeks to address concerns related to the role allocated and strategies implemented by HIV and AIDS education NGOs, in mitigating the impact of HIV and AIDS in Nelson Mandela Bay. The problem is approached as a development challenge and examples are drawn from the undertakings of South African Partners (SAP), an NGO operating in the education field. The study adopted qualitative research, relative unstructured interviews, direct observation and literature review as methods of data collection. The study further identified specific roles that education NGOs play in response to HIV/AIDS and delineated the strategies that HIV and AIDS education NGOs employ in responding to HIV/AIDS. The research found that HIV/AIDS education NGOs have become important channels through which people affected and living with HIV/AIDS participate in development, share their experience and access information and resources. Further noted was that HIV/AIDS results in a diminished workforce and a higher allocation of state funds to public healthcare. The research findings showed that an education NGO in a prison context serves to mobilise the prison community and sensitise it to HIV and AIDS issues. This, through its addressing of the needs and causes of HIV infections in prison. SAP aid recipients were found to be satisfied for the most part, with the service rendered them by the education NGO. The study found that HIV prevention educational sessions were quite effective in disseminating HIV and AIDS basic information and that SAP achieves their goals through their training of facilitators who employ the STEPS curriculum. The trained facilitators facilitate group discussions, distribute condoms and lubricants through partnerships, and solicit behavioural change through the use of theatre to disseminate HIV prevention information. Key recommendations of the study are that HIV and AIDS education NGOs must integrate poverty reduction interventions in their activities and that further, they would do better to form coalitions in order to strengthen their capacity to sustain their activities and manage partnerships. Education NGOs should form partnerships that provide social protection. Ruther recommended is that education NGOs should further their curriculum in consideration for sexual preferences.

Human trafficking is a social problem that has left no state or country immune to its effects. Literature indicates that human trafficking causes economic social and physical disruptions. Families are left broken and communities divided and children left homeless. Its victims are mostly women and children who come from low socio-economic status. Studies have been conducted on the roles of Non-Governmental Organisation`s across the globe but reports on the roles of NGOs in the Eastern Cape are unknown. This study reports on the roles of Non-Governmental Organisation`s (caregivers) in the Eastern Cape. This investigation is an exploratory qualitative study. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to recruit the Non-governmental organization (caregivers). In depth open ended interviews were conducted. The theories of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and socio-ecological theory were used to discuss the findings of the study. The findings of the study were categorized into four main themes including; knowledge of human trafficking, causes of human trafficking, roles of non-governmental organization (caregivers) in the Eastern Cape and strategies available in the Eastern Cape Province. The findings showed that human trafficking is present in the Eastern Cape. Abused and neglected children are more likely to become potential victims of human trafficking. The caregivers play a huge vital role in the fight against human trafficking. Lastly, the strategies implemented are not as effective as they would have been if adequate legislation was passed against human trafficking.