Ce document présente les travaux de thèse ayant pour objet la recherche et développement d’une technologie co-intégrée HEMT GaN normale-on/normally-off compatible avec les matériaux et procédés technologiques de la technologie normally-on hyperfréquence. Un exposé théorique et une revue de l’état de l’art permettent d’abord d’entrevoir les différentes solutions technologiques qui s’offrent à nous, tout en affirmant et en précisant les applications visées. Différentes briques technologiques sont ensuite développées pour la fabrication de MOS-HEMTs GaN à recess de grille sur des épi-structures à barrière AlGaN ou (Ga)InAlN dédiées aux applications hyperfréquences. Nous insistons sur la possibilité d’intégrer les 2 fonctionnalités normally-off et normally-on de manière monolithique. Les échantillons ainsi réalisés sont ensuite caractérisés électriquement de manière conventionnelle, mais aussi en utilisant des techniques avancées de spectroscopie de pièges comme les paramètres S à basse fréquence et la mesure du transitoire de RON. Bien que certains phénomènes de piègeage dans l’oxyde de grille soient mis en évidence, les résultats sont très satisfaisants : des composants normally-off sont obtenus pour les 2 structures, et les performances sont au niveau de l’état de l’art mondial, avec plusieurs pistes d’amélioration en perspective. / This document reports on research and development efforts towards a normally-on/normally-off integrated GaN HEMT technology that remains compatible with the material and processing dedicated to normally-on microwave devices. Following several theoretical considerations, the state-of-the-art is presented, which gives a perspective on the available technological solutions and helps define the specifications and the targeted applications. The development and optimization of new process steps enables the fabrication of gate-recessed MOS-HEMTs on epi-structures with AlGaN or (Ga)InAlN barrier, monolithically integrable with normally-on transistors. The samples are electrically characterized by means of standard measurements and more advanced trap spectroscopy techniques such as low-frequency S-parameters or RON transient monitoring. In spite of oxide-related trapping phenomena, the results are very promising: normally-off devices are obtained for both structures, and the performances are in line with literature accounts while identified possible improvements can be explored.

Cette thèse porte sur le diagnostic des systèmes à événements discrets modélisés par des Réseaux de Petri labellisés (RdP-L). Les problèmes de diagnostic monolithique et de diagnostic modulaire sont abordés. Des contributions sont proposées pour résoudre les problèmes d'explosion combinatoire et de complexité de calcul. Dans le cadre de l'analyse de la diagnosticabilité monolithique, certaines règles de réduction sont proposées comme un complément pour la plupart des techniques existantes de l'analyse de la diagnosticabilité, qui simplifient le modèle RdP-L tout en préservant sa propriété de diagnosticabilité. Pour un RdP-L sauf et vivant, une nouvelle condition suffisante pour la diagnosticabilité est proposée. Pour un RdR-L borné et non bloquant après l'occurrence d'une faute, l'analyse à-la-volée est améliorée en utilisant la notion d'explications minimales qui permettent de compacter l'espace d'état ; et en utilisant des T-semiflots pour trouver rapidement un cycle indéterminé. Une analyse à-la-volée utilisant Verifier Nets (VN) est proposée pour analyser à la fois les RdP-L bornés et non-bornés, ce qui permet d'obtenir un compromis entre efficacité du calcul et limitation des explosions combinatoires. Dans le cadre de l'analyse de la diagnosticabilité modulaire, une nouvelle approche est proposée pour les RdP-Ls décomposés. Les règles de réduction, qui préservent la propriété de la diagnosticabilité modulaire, sont appliquées pour simplifier le modèle initial. La diagnosticabilité locale est analysée en construisant le VN et le Graphe d'Accessibilité Modifié (MAG) du modèle local. La diagnosticabilité modulaire est vérifiée en construisant la composition parallèle du MAG et des graphes d'accessibilités d'autres modules du système. La complexité de calcul est inférieure à celles des autre approches dans la littérature. D'autre part, l'explosion combinatoire est également réduite en utilisant la technique de ε-réduction / This thesis deals with fault diagnosis of discrete event systems modeled by labeled Petri nets (LPN). The monolithic diagnosability and modular diagnosability issues are addressed. The contributions are proposed to reduce the combinatorial explosion and the computational complexity problems. Regarding monolithic diagnosability analysis, some reduction rules are proposed as a complement for most diagnosability techniques, which simplify the LPN model and preserve the diagnosability property. For a safe and live LPN, a new sufficient condition for diagnosability is proposed. For a bounded LPN that does not deadlock after a fault, the on-the-fly diagnosability analysis is improved by using minimal explanations to compact the state space; and by using T-invariants, to find quickly an indeterminate cycle. An on-the-fly diagnosability analysis using Verifier Nets (VN) is proposed to analyze both bounded and unbounded LPN, which achieves a compromise between computation efficiency and combinatorial explosion limitation. Regarding modular diagnosability analysis, a new approach is proposed for decomposed LPNs model. Reduction rules, that preserve the modular diagnosability property, are applied to simplify the model. The local diagnosability is analyzed by building the VN and the Modified Reachability Graph (MRG) of the local model. The modular diagnosability is verified by building the parallel composition of the MRG and the reachability graphs of other modules of the system. We prove in this study that the computational complexity of our approach is lower than existing approaches of literature. The combinatorial explosion is also reduced by using the ε -reduction technique.

Foram desenvolvidas metodologias de cromatografia a líquido de fase reversa baseadas em injeção sequencial (SIC) e em cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência (HPLC) para determinação de triclosan em amostras de produtos de higiene pessoal e em estudos de adsorção em argilominerais naturais e modificados, visando determinar parâmetros de adsorção de triclosan frente a alguns de seus metabólitos. A determinação de triclosan em enxaguadores bucais foi realizada por SIC com eluição isocrática usando fase móvel constituída por acetonitrila: tampão fosfato de trietilamina 70 mM pH 3,5 na proporção 70:30 (v v-1), obtendo-se limites de detecção e de quantificação de 0,22 e 0,72 mg L-1, respectivamente. Taxas de recuperação entre 96 e 98% foram obtidas da aplicação a amostras reais, sendo que os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto não apresentaram evidências de diferenças estatisticamente significativas em comparação a uma metodologia de referência baseada em HPLC com coluna empacotada. A separação de triclosan (TCS), 2-clorofenol (2-CP), 2,4-diclorofenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-triclorofenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4-triclorofenol (2,3,4-TCP) e metiltriclosan (MTCS) foi estudada por SIC, obtendo-se a separação de TCS, 2-CP, 2,4-DCP e 2,4,6-TCP com duas etapas de eluição isocrática, a primeira delas com fase móvel 60:40 (v v-1) metanol: tampão acetato de amônio 20 mM (pH 5,5) seguida de eluição com fase móvel 70:30 (v v-1) metanol : tampão acetato de amônio 20 mM (pH 5,5). Nesse caso, os isômeros 2,4,6-TCP e 2,3,4-TCP coeluem. Metiltriclosan, o menos polar desses compostos, pode ser separado de TCS com etapas subseqüentes de eluição. Os métodos foram aplicados para estudar a adsorção de triclosan e seus metabólitos 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP e metiltriclosan em montmorilonita homoiônica (K+) e modificada com sal de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (HDTMA), observando-se forte adsorção de triclosan e metiltriclosan em comparação a 2-CP, 2,4-DCP e 2,4,6-TCP. A incorporação de HDTMA no argilomineral causou significativo aumento da capacidade de adsorção desses metabólitos, determinada a partir do ajuste dos dados experimentais à equação linearizada de Langmuir, observando-se que a ordem de adsorção é 2,4,6-TCP > 2,4-DCP > 2-CP / Reversed-phase liquid chromatography methodologies based on sequential injection (SIC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been developed for determination of triclosan in samples of personal hygiene products and in studies of adsorption on natural and modified clay minerals aiming to determine kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of triclosan in comparison with some of its metabolites. The determination of triclosan in oral rinses with SIC was performed by isocratic elution using a mobile phase of acetonitrile : 70 mM triethylamine phosphate buffer pH 3.5 at the ratio 70:30 (v v-1), obtaining limits of detection and quantification of 0.22 and 0.72 mg L-1, respectively. Recovery rates between 96 and 98 % were obtained from the application to commercial samples, and the results obtained by the proposed method showed no evidence of statistically significant differences compared to the reference methodology based on HPLC with packed column. The separation of triclosan (TCS), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4 trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP) and methyltriclosan (MTCS) was studied by SIC, resulting in the separation of TCS, 2-CP, 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP with two isocratic elution steps, the first of them with a mobile phase 60:40 (v v-1) methanol: 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) followed by elution with 70:30 (v v-1) mobile phase of methanol : 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5). In this case, the isomers 2,4,6-TCP and 2,3,4-TCP coeluted. Methyltriclosan, the less polar of these compounds, can be separated from TCS with subsequent elution steps. The methods were applied to study the adsorption of triclosan and its metabolites 2-CP, 2,4-DCP, 2,4,6-TCP and methyltriclosan on homoionic montmorillonite (K+) as well as in hexadecyltrimethylammonium salt (HDTMA) modified montmorillonite, noticing a stronger adsorption of triclosan and methyltriclosan compared with 2-CP, 2,4-DCP and 2,4,6-TCP. Incorporation of HDTMA in the clay mineral caused significant increase in adsorption capacity of these metabolites. This capacity was determined by fitting the experimental data to the linearized Langmuir equation. The adsorption order was 2,4,6-TCP > 2,4-DCP > 2-CP.

A introdução de separações cromatográficas expandiu a aplicabilidade de sistemas de análises em fluxo. No entanto, a seletividade e sensibilidade de procedimentos são restritos devido à escassa disponibilidade de fases estacionárias que operam a baixas pressões. Sendo assim, foram desenvolvidos quatro procedimentos analíticos visando a melhoria destes aspectos. A primeira proposta explorou pioneiramente colunas de núcleo fundido em sistemas de análises por injeção em fluxo. A separação de metil, etil e propil parabenos foi selecionada com aplicação. As eficiências cromatográficas de quatro colunas (C18, RPamida, F5 e fenil-hexil) foram avaliadas criticamente. Acetonitrila e uma solução de ácido fosfórico pH 2,5 foram utilizadas como fase móvel. A fase RP-amida apresentou melhor desempenho com a separação dos três analitos em 8,0 min, com resoluções > 1,72, simetrias de pico < 1,66, LOD entre 0,12 e 0,39 mg L-1, resposta linear até 5,0 mg L-1 (r > 0,996) e CV para altura dos picos < 3,5 % (n=10). O procedimento foi aplicado à determinação de parabenos em produtos de cuidados pessoais e os resultados concordaram com o procedimento de referência a 95% de confiança. Um procedimento envolvendo o acoplamento de extração em fase sólida (SPE) a um sistema de cromatografia por injeção sequencial (SIC) foi proposto para pré-concentração e separação de oito sulfonamidas. A fase estacionária pentafluorofenilpropil foi selecionada após comparação crítica da eficiência apresentada por três colunas de núcleo fundido e duas colunas de fases monolíticas. Acetonitrila e tampão fosfato (pH 5,0) foram utilizados como fase. Fatores de enriquecimento de até 39,2 foram alcançados com volume de amostra de 500 ?L. O procedimento apresentou tempo de análise < 10,5 min, resoluções > 1,83 com simetrias de pico <= 1,52, LOD entre 4,9 e 27 ?g L-1, faixa de resposta linear entre 30,0 e 1000,0 ?g L-1 (r > 0,997) e CV da altura dos picos, 2,9% (n=6). Um procedimento empregando fase estacionária micelar foi desenvolvido para determinação de melamina em leite. A fase móvel foi composta por uma solução aquosa de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e 1-propanol (92,5:7,5 v/v). O procedimento de preparo de amostra foi implementado em linha pela diluição da amostra com SDS. Resposta linear foi observada entre 2,0 e 6,0 mg L-1 de melamina com LOD estimado em 0,6 mg L-1 e CV da altura dos picos de 2,9% (n=6). Os resultados para diferentes amostras de leite foram concordantes com aqueles obtidos pelo procedimento cromatográfico de referência em um nível de 95% de confiança. Uma estratégia envolvendo pré-concentração on-column de parabenos em um sistema SIC foi proposta. Resposta linear foi observada entre 0,25 e 1,00 ?g mL-1 (r >= 0,999) e LODs estimados entre 40 e 60 ng mL-1. Tempos de retenção e altura dos picos apresentaram CV < 2,1%. Fatores de enriquecimento entre 30,0 e 34,8 foram alcançados. As estratégias propostas são viáveis para melhoria de seletividade e sensibilidade de separações cromatográficas em sistemas de análises em fluxo, além de apresentarem vantagens frente a procedimentos análogos na literatura / The introduction of chromatographic separations expanded the applicability of flow systems. However, selectivity and sensitivity of the procedures are limited due the poor options of stationary phases available for low-pressure. Therefore, four procedures were developed aiming the improvement of these aspects. The first proposal exploited pioneered fused-core columns in a flow injection analysis system. The separation of methyl, ethyl and propel parabens was selected as an application. The chromatographic efficiency of four columns (C18, RP-amide, F5 and fenyl-hexyl) were crítically evaluated. Acetonitrile and a phosphoric acid solution at pH 2.5 were used as mobile phase at different proportions for each column. The RP-amide phase presented the best performance by separating the analytes in 8.0 min with resolution > 1.72, peak symmetry < 1.66, LOD between 0.12-0.39 mg L-1, linear response range up to 5.0 mg L-1 (r > 0.996) and coefficients of variation of peak heights < 3.5% (n=10). The procedure was applied to parabens determination in personal care products and the results agreed with the HPLC reference procedure at the 95% confidence level. A procedure coupling solid phase extraction (SPE) to a sequential injection chromatography (SIC) was proposed for preconcentration and separation of eight sulfonamides. The pentafluorophenylpropyl (F5) phase was selected after a critical comparison of the performance achieved by three fused-core columns and two monolithic columns. Acetonitrile and acetate buffer pH 5.0 were used as mobile phase. Enrichment factors up to 39.2 were achieved with a 500 ?L sample volume. The developed procedure showed analysis time < 10.5 min, resolutions > 1.83 with peak symmetry <= 1.52, LODs between 4.9 and 27 ?g L-1, linear response ranges from 30.0 to 1000.0 ?g L-1 (r > 0.997) and CV of peak heights < 2.9% (n=6). Micelar chromatography was for the first time exploited in SIC and the performance was demonstrated by determination of melamine in milk. Mobile phase was composed by a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution and propanol (92.5:7.5). The sample pretreatment procedure was on-line implemented by dilution of the sample with SDS. A linear response was observed within 2.0 and 6.0 mg L-1 of melamine with a LOD estimated at 0.6 mg L-1 and coefficients of variation at 2.9% (n=6). Results for different milk samples agreed with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography at the 95% confidence level. A procedure involved on-column preconcentration of parabens in a SIC system was based on the injection of relatively high volume of an aqueous sample in a reversed-phase column. After preconcentration, a suitable mobile phase was inserted to perform chromatographic separation (acetonitrile/phosphoric acid pH 2.5 (75:25, v/v)). A linear response was achieved from 0.25 to 1.00 ?g mL-1 (r > 0.999) and LOD estimated within 40 and 80 ng mL-1. Coefficients of variation for retention time and peak heights were below 2.1%. Enrichment factors within 30.0 and 34.8 were achieved. The proposed strategies are feasible for improving selectivity and sensitivity of chromatographic separations in flow analysis systems, besides having advantages compared to similar procedures in the literature

Dans cette thèse on a développé des algorithmes semi-implicites procédures partagées et monolithiques pour l'interaction entre un fluide gouverné par le modèle de Navier Stokes et une structure. Dans le premier chapitre, on présente un algorithme semi-implicite procédures partagées pour l'interaction entre un fluide et une structure gouvernée soit par les équations d'élasticité linéaire ou soit par le modèle de Saint-Venant Kirchhoff non linéaire. Dans le second chapitre, on propose un algorithme semi-implicite procédures partagées pour l'interaction entre un fluide et une structure de modèle linéaire et on montre un résultat de stabilité inconditionnelle en temps de l'algorithme. Un problème d'optimisation est résolu dans les deux algorithmes précédents, afin de satisfaire les conditions de continuité des vitesses et d'égalité des contraintes à l'interface. Durant les itérations de BFGS pour résoudre le problème d'optimisation, le maillage fluide reste fixe et la matrice fluide n'est factorisée qu'une seule fois, ce qui réduit l'effort de calcul. Dans le troisième chapitre, un algorithme semi-implicite monolithique pour l'interaction entre un fluide et une structure de modèle linéaire est proposé. L'algorithme utilise un maillage global pour le domaine fluide structure. La condition de continuité des vitesses à l'interface est automatiquement satisfaite et celle de l'égalité des contraintes n'apparaît pas explicitement dans la formulation faible. A chaque pas de temps on résout un système monolithique d'inconnues vitesse et pression définies sur le domaine global. Le temps CPU est réduit quand l'approche monolithique est utilisée à la place des procédures partagées. / Our aim was to develop some partitioned procedures and monolithic semi-implicit algorithms for solving the interaction between a fluid governed by Navier Stokes equations and a structure. In the first chapter, we propose a partitioned procedures semi-implicit algorithm for solving fluid-structure interaction problems, with a structure governed either by linear elasticity equations or by the non-linear Saint-Venant Kirchhoff model. In the second chapter, we present a partitioned procedures semi-implicit algorithm for solving fluid-structure interaction problem with a linear model for the structure and we prove an unconditional stability result of the algorithm. In the above algorithms, an optimization problem must be solved in order to get the continuity of the velocity as well as the continuity of the stress at the interface. During the iterations of BFGS for solving the optimization problem, the fluid mesh does not move and the fluid matrix is only factorized once, which reduces the computational effort. In the fast chapter, we present a monolithic semi-implicit algorithm for solving fluid-structure interaction problem with linear model for the structure. The algorithm uses one global mesh for the fluid-structure domain. The continuity of velocity at the interface is automatically satisfied and the continuity of stress does not appear explicitly in the global weak form due to the action and reaction principle. At each time step, we have to solve a monolithic system of unknowns velocity and pressure defined on the global fluid-structure domain. When the monolithic approach is used the CPU time is reduced compared to a particular partitioned procedures strategy.

What are the elementary particles and how did the universe originate are the main driving forces in the high energy physics. In order to further demonstrate the standard model and discover new physics, several detectors are built for the high energy physics experiments. CMOS pixel sensors (CPS) can achieve an attractive tradeoff among many performance parameters, such as readout speed, granularity, material budget, power dissipation, radiation tolerance and integrating readout circuitry on the same substrate, compared with the hybrid pixel sensors and charge coupled devices. Thus, the CPS is a good candidate for tracking the charged particles in vertex detectors and beam telescopes.The power distribution becomes an important issue in the future detectors, since a considerable amount of sensors will be installed. Unfortunately, the independent powering has been proved to fail. In order to solve the power distribution challenges and to provide noiseless voltages, this thesis focuses on the design of a low noise, limited area, low power consumption and full on-chip power management in CPS chips. The CPS are firstly introduced drawing the design requirements of the power management. The power distribution dedicated to CPS chips is then proposed, in which the power management is utilized as the second power conversion stage. Two full on-chip regulators are proposed to generate the analog power supply voltage and the reference voltage required by correlated double sampling operation, respectively. Two prototypes have verified these regulators. They can meet the requirements of CPS. Moreover, the power management techniques and the radiation tolerance design are also presented in this thesis.

L'intégration 3DVLSI, également connue sous le nom d'intégration monolithique ou séquentielle, est présentée et évaluée dans cette thèse comme une alternative à la réduction du nœud technologique des circuits logiques CMOS. L’avantage principal de cette technologie par rapport à l'intégration parallèle 3D, déjà existante, est l'alignement précis entre les niveaux, ce qui permet des contacts 3D réduits et plus proches. Un autre avantage, extrêmement favorable à l’approche 3DVLSI, est l’amélioration du placement et du routage par rapport aux circuits planaires, notamment parce qu’elle permet des interconnexions plus courtes et qu’elle offre a un degré de liberté supplémentaire dans la direction Z pour la conception. Par exemple, les fils les plus longs dans les circuits planaires peuvent ainsi être réduits grâce aux contacts 3DCO, en diminuant les éléments parasites d'interconnexion. Il est ainsi possible d’augmenter la vitesse du circuit et de réduire la puissance électrique. Dans ce contexte, la thèse a été divisée en deux parties. La première partie traite de l’évaluation de la Consommation, des Performances et de la Surface (CPS) et donne des recommandations pour la conception des circuits 3D. La deuxième partie traite la variabilité des circuits 3D en utilisant un modèle statistique unifié, et en proposant une approche pour la variabilité des circuits multi-niveaux. / 3DVLSI integration, also known as monolithic or sequential integration is presented and evaluated in this thesis as a potential contender to continue the scaling for CMOS logic circuits. The main advantage of this technology compared to the already existing 3D parallel integration is its high alignment among tiers, enabling small size and pitch with the inter-tier contacts (3DCO). Another great 3DVLSI feature is its improved capability to place and route circuits, compared to the planar approach: the interconnections can be shorter as the design has an additional degree of freedom in the Z direction. For instance, long wires in planar circuits can cut thanks to 3DCO contacts, lowering the interconnection parasitic elements and speeding up the circuit as well as reducing the power. In this framework, the thesis has been divided into two parts: the first part is dedicated to the evaluation of Performance, Power and Area (PPA) of 3D circuits and gives design guidelines. The second part treats the variability in 3D circuits by using a 3D unified statistical model and propose an approach for the multi-tier variability.

Ces travaux traitent de la réalisation d’un prototype d’interrupteur monolithique bidirectionnel à base de transistor bipolaire. A terme, l’objectif est de développer un interrupteur intelligent à faible perte, complètement intégrable dans l’habitat. Nous nous intéressons d’abord aux composants bidirectionnels existants. Nous présentons ensuite deux transistors bipolaires bidirectionnels. Le premier à base large, de fabrication aisée. Le second, symétrique, latéral, sur substrat SOI, à base fine, verticale, autoprotégée, très novateur. Nous les comparons et optons pour le transistor latéral à base fine, puis discutons les différentes étapes de sa fabrication et montrons qu’elle constitue un véritable challenge. Ensuite, nous détaillons une méthodologie analytique 1D permettant de déterminer les éléments clefs de fabrication de la partie active du transistor. L’étude est validée par des simulations 2D numériques par éléments finis. Nous continuons par une réflexion sur la périphérie du composant et sa métallisation. Nous détaillons les variantes de réalisation envisagées et montrons que ce composant est robuste vis-à-vis des désalignements entre les masques lors de la fabrication. Finalement, nous caractérisons les transistors fabriqués. Initialement le dispositif est parasité par des effets de ségrégation des dopants aux interfaces SiO2 / Si. Nous expliquons qu’il est possible de contrecarrer ces effets, pour finalement valider le concept de transistor bipolaire symétrique latéral sur substrat SOI, à base fine, verticale, autoprotégée. / This study deals with the realization of a prototype of a low losses monolithic bidirectional switch. It is based on a SOI symmetrical and lateral bipolar transistor with a thin, vertical and shielded base. The goal is to produce a switch which can be integrated to smart electronics functions. First, we compare the existing bidirectional solutions. We then introduce two bidirectional bipolar transistors: one with a wide base, easy to realize, and the other one, patented, symmetrical and lateral, using a SOI substrate, with a thin, vertical and shielded base. We compare these two devices and choose the novel and patented lateral bipolar transistor. We then discuss the challenge of its fabrication. We then detail a 1D analytical methodology allowing to define rapidly the key steps of the active area transistor realization. The study is then confirmed by finite element 2D numerical simulations (Sentaurus). Next, we discuss the periphery and metallization of the device. We detail the variant of process introduced. We finally show that this component is robust to masks misaligning during its fabrication. To the end, the transistors are realized and analyzed. We show that, initially, the segregation of dopants at SiO2 / Si interfaces implies a parasiting canal in parallel of the transistor. We then explain how to reduce these parasiting effects, to finally validate the concept of a symmetrical and lateral bipolar transistor on a SOI substrate, with a thin, vertical, shielded base.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:21:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAGINA 1-100.pdf: 626136 bytes, checksum: 673d5f6fbb00fd89581259df5ccc01a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This is a research on the development of an ecumenical theological educational approach that came about in the framework of an organization of Protestant stamp. Since its origins there was a hint that this approach could be developed through the support of contextual theologies that were incipient at the time. This process covers a period of twenty years from 1980 to 2000, during which is possible to identify two major stages. The first one, under the name of Special Fund for Ecumenical Theological Education in Latin America (FEPETEAL), goes from 1980 to 1988. A plural movement limited to a Protestant scope was partially responsible for its creation. Although FEPETEAL really had the best intentions concerning its objective, it was entangled with the distribution of funds to prevent the closing of ecumenical seminaries. Furthermore, this stage was characterized by a certain ecumenical elitism , most masculinising traits. The second stage, an organic successor of the first one, was named Ecumenical Community of Theological Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (CETELA), between 1988 and 2000. This time, the impact of an ample and plural movement existent in several newer and also in some older theological institutions, transformed the organization until the point to create the New CETELA in 1993, a community in which can be found several theological thoughts committed to the claims of sectors marginalized of Abya-Yala, for ethnic, cultural, social, religious, and gender reasons. Originated from pluricultural perspectives, this movement was part of the processes that withstood the single thought of non-liberal logic. A new ecumenical proposal sprang from the interface of those emergent sectors, the old representatives of LT, and the need of the theological institutions to have an educational offer incarnated in the diversity of the region. Is the result of a theological/pedagogical task that adopted transversability as a hermeneutic tool that allows the intersubjective transformation among different knowledge . / Esta pesquisa trata do itinerário de uma estratégia de formação teológica ecumênica surgida no arcabouço de uma organização de cunho protestante. Desde as suas origens intuiu-se que esta estratégia poderia ser desenvolvida mediante o apóio a teologias contextuais incipientes na época. Esse processo compreende um período de vinte anos, entre 1980 e 2000, durante o qual é possível identificar duas grandes etapas. A primeira, sob o nome de Fundo Especial para a Educação Teológica Ecumênica na América Latina (FEPETEAL), aconteceu entre 1980 e 1988. Da sua criação participou um movimento plural, limitado ao âmbito protestante. Embora tivesse a melhor boa vontade no que se refere ao objetivo, o FEPETEAL ficou o tempo todo enredado no repasse de verbas para evitar o colapso dos seminários ecumênicos. Além disso, esta etapa ficou marcada por certo elitismo ecumênico , aliás, de feição masculinizante. A segunda etapa, herdeira orgânica da primeira, chamou-se Comunidade de Educação Teológica Ecumênica Latino-Americana e Caribenha (CETELA), de 1988-2000. Desta vez, o impacto de um movimento amplo e plural presente em várias instituições teológicas mais novas e em algumas das antigas transformou a organização a ponto de criar uma Nova CETELA a partir de 1993. No seu bojo aparecem como protagonistas diversos pensamentos teológicos comprometidos com as reivindicações de setores longamente marginalizados de Abya-Yala, por razões étnicas, culturais, sociais, religiosas e de gênero. Este movimento fazia parte de processos que a partir de horizontes pluriculturais resistiam ao pensamento único da lógica neoliberal. Da interface produzida entre estes setores emergentes, os velhos representantes da TL e a necessidade das instituições teológicas de terem uma oferta educativa encarnada na diversidade da região surgiu uma proposta ecumênica nova. Trata-se de assumir a transversalidade como instrumento hermenêutico que possibilite a transformação intersubjetiva entre saberes diferentes, como resultado de uma tarefa teológico/pedagógica. PALAVRAS/CONCEITOS-CHAVE: Instituições teológicas; sujeitos/artífices teológicos; razão monolítica; razão transversal/transversalidade; Abya-Yala; formação teológica ecumênica.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit traite de l'intégration monolithiqued'une unité d'isolement galvanique optique à l'intérieur de la structure d'un transistor depuissance vertical à ffet de champ 600V. L'unité d'isolement galvanique optique est unphotodétecteur qui est responsable du transfert du signal de commande de parti une unitéde commande externe à le transistor de puissance. L'énergie nécessaire pour commuter ledispositif de puissance est fournie au moyen d'un TIA, suivie d'une commande de grille.Le mémoire de thèse se structure en quatre chapitres équivalents: Introduction et motivation:l'isolement glavanic intégrée pour les dispositifs de puissance, photodiodes intégréscompatibles (JVP) pour les interrupteurs de puissance: Modélisation et conception, IPDfabrication et la caractérisation, et les conclusions et les travaux futurs. Les résultats de cestravaux de recherche sont intéressants pour un large spectre d'applications, spécialementpour les fonctions d'alimentation entièrement intégrés avec et coût de fabrication réduitet des solutions fiables, de haut niveau galvaniques isolement qui sont compacts et rentable. / The work presented in this PhD manuscript deals with the monolithic integrationof an optical galvanic isolation unit within the vertical FET structure of a 600Vpower transistor. The optical galvanic isolation unit is a photodetector that is responsiblefor transferring the gating information signal from an external control unit to the powerswitch. The necessary energy to switch the power device is provided by means of a TIAfollowed by a gate driver. This document has four chapters: introduction and motivation:Integrated glavanic isolation for power devices, Compatible integrated phootdiodes (IPDs)for power switches: Modeling and design, IPD fabrication and characterization, and conclusionsand future work. The results of this research work are interesting for a wide rangeof applications specially as the power electronic community strives for a fully integratedpower function with lower implementation costs and reliable, high level galvanic isolationsolutions that are compact and cost effective.