Em estudos de terapia gênica e vacinação por DNA, a eficiência e a segurança dos vetores que transportam o material genético terapêutico possuem papel fundamental. Vetores não virais são considerados mais seguros, mas menos eficientes em relação aos vetores virais. Em parte, isso se deve à falta de estudos sistemáticos e comparativos no que diz respeito às características físico-químicas desses vetores quando em soluções biológicas e o efeito delas sobre a eficiência de entrega gênica. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito do pH, da força iônica e do tipo tampão de complexação sobre as características físico-químicas de nanopartículas pDNA-protamina e pDNA-protamina-lipofectamina, visando à entrega gênica para diferentes linhagens celulares. Para isso, nanopartículas formadas em diferentes condições foram caracterizadas através de ensaios de espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS) e potencial zeta. Os estudos indicaram que o pH, a força iônica, o tipo de tampão e a presença de meio de cultura e soro no ambiente de complexação alteram significativamente o tamanho, a polidispersidade e o potencial zeta das partículas formadas. Finalmente, buscou-se avaliar o efeito dessas características sobre a eficiência de transfecção in vitro de células de macrófagos IC21 e células HeLa. Os estudos de transfecção em células Hela indicam que tanto a composição como as condições de formação das partículas influenciam significativamente a eficiência de transfecção. / In gene therapy and DNA vaccination studies, the efficiency and safety of the vector carrying the therapeutic gene play a fundamental role. Non-viral vectors are considered safer but less effective when compared to viral vectors. In part, this is due to the lack of systematic and comparative studies regarding the physicochemical characteristics of these vectors when prepared in biological solutions and their effect on gene delivery efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH, ionic strength and type of complexation buffer on pDNA-protamine and pDNAprotamine- lipofectamine nanoparticles aiming at gene delivery to different cell lines. In order to achieve this goal, nanoparticles formed under different conditions were characterized by dynamic light scattering test (DLS) and zeta potential. Our studies indicated that the pH, the ionic strength, buffer type, and the presence of culture medium and serum in the complexation environment all significantly affect the size, polydispersity, and zeta potential of the particles formed. Finally, we evaluated the effect of these characteristics on the efficiency of transfection in vitro using HeLa cells and macrophages IC21. The transfection studies, especially using Hela cells, indicated that both, nanoparticle composition and the conditions of complex formation, significantly affect the efficiency of the transfections.

NTRODUÇÃO: O melanoma é um câncer de alta mortalidade tanto na medicina quanto na veterinária, devido à baixa resposta às terapias utilizadas e à capacidade de evolução metastática da doença. Avanços no campo da oncologia têm mostrado que os agentes que têm como alvo componentes do sistema imunológico, bem como as terapias molecularmente dirigidas, são muito promissores no tratamento do melanoma. Nosso grupo tem desenvolvido vetores virais para a transferência gênica de fatores antitumorais. O aprimoramento no vetor adenoviral inclui a inserção do tripeptídeo RGD, que permite um amplo tropismo de transdução, e o uso de um promotor responsivo a p53 para controlar expressão do gene terapêutico. Visto que o melanoma canino pode ser um modelo experimental por se tratar de um câncer de ocorrência espontânea e de comportamento biológico semelhante ao melanoma humano, procuramos testar nossa abordagem, que chamamos AdRGD-PG, neste modelo. MÉTODOS: Para isso foram estabelecidas linhagens celulares de melanoma canino para a determinação da capacidade de transdução pelos vetores adenovirais. Em seguida foi realizado o sequenciamento dos exons 4 - 8 do gene TP53 e a avaliação da expressão de genes da via de TP53 induzidos por doxorrubicina e Nutlin-3. RESULTADOS: As quatro linhagens de melanoma canino estabelecidas possuem capacidade tumorigênica e de serem transduzidas pelos vetores adenovirais. Não foram identificadas alterações na sequência do TP53 na região avaliada e a doxorrubicina promoveu aumento da expressão dos transgenes dirigidos pelo promotor PG e a ativação de genes da via de TP53. CONCLUSÕES: A funcionalidade desta plataforma adenoviral aprimorada abre oportunidades para estudos da transferência gênica, incluindo da combinação p19ARF/IFN-beta, nas linhagens estabelecidas. Com o sucesso destas análises, teremos um importante modelo experimental a ser utilizado no desenvolvimento de novas terapias para o melanoma / INTRODUCTION: Melanoma is a cancer of high mortality both in human and veterinary medicine due to the poor response to therapies and the metastatic evolution of the disease. Advances in the field of oncology have shown that agents that target immune system components, as well as molecularly targeted therapies, are very promising for the treatment of melanoma. Our group has developed viral vectors for gene transfer of antitumor factors. The improvement in the adenoviral vector includes the insertion of the RGD tripeptide, which allows a broad transduction tropism, and the use of a p53 responsive promoter to control therapeutic gene expression. Canine melanoma may be considered as an experimental model since it is a spontaneous cancer with biological behavior similar to human melanoma, thus we aim to test our approach, which we call AdRGD-PG, in this model. METHODS: For this purpose, canine melanoma cell lines were established before determining the transduction capacity of adenoviral vectors. Next, sequencing of exons 4-8 of the TP53 gene and evaluation of the expression of genes in the TP53 pathway upon induction with doxorubicin and Nutlin-3 were performed. RESULTS: The four established canine melanoma lines have tumorigenic capacity and are transduced by the adenoviral vectors. No changes were identified in the TP53 sequence in the assessed region and doxorubicin promoted increased expression of the transgenes directed by the PG promoter as well as activation of the TP53 pathway genes. CONCLUSIONS: The functionality of this improved adenoviral platform opens up opportunities for gene transfer studies, including the p19ARF / IFN-beta combination, in the established cell lines. With the success of these analyses, we have an important experimental model to be used in the development of new therapies for melanoma

O uso de DNA plasmidial (pDNA) visando a aplicações terapêuticas tem aumentado nos últimos anos. A cromatografia aparece como a técnica de purificação mais comum para obtenção de amostras de pDNA com o elevado grau de pureza exigido. Porém, as resinas cromatográficas disponíveis apresentam ainda uma série de desafios, nomeadamente no desenvolvimento de ligantes específicos e matrizes capazes de acomodar este tipo de molécula. Relativamente à apuração de novos ligantes, alguns estudos têm mostrado o potencial do aminoácido arginina para estabelecer interações específicas e preferenciais com o pDNA. Por outro lado, resinas monolíticas surgem como suportes interessantes devido às suas excelentes propriedades de transferência de massa e altas capacidades de adsorção. Neste estudo, diferentes ligantes baseados em arginina (arginina, di-arginina e tri-arginina) foram imobilizados em resinas de agarose previamente ativadas. Um primeiro estudo de adsorção em batelada foi realizado a fim de avaliar e compreender os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de adsorção dos ácidos nucleicos pDNA e RNA em resina com o aminoácido arginina. Na sequência, apresentamos uma proposta inovadora para o uso de ligantes de arginina em resinas de agarose, em um único passo de purificação em modo negativo a seguir ao passo de concentração por isopropanol. A capacidade da resina para o pDNA foi substancialmente maior do que a obtida para o mesmo tipo de resina no modo positivo, com notória vantagem de capacidade no uso de di-arginina face a arginina com rendimentos próximos de 100% do plasmídeo carregado. Os ligantes di-arginina e tri-arginina foram também imobilizados em resinas monolíticas. Em comparação com o aminoácido arginina, a imobilização dos homopeptídeos nas resinas monolíticas levou ao aumento da capacidade de adsorção (cerca de 2,5 vezes superior) e especicificidade de interações, mostrando-se como uma estratégia promissora para processos de purificação de pDNA. / The use of plasmid DNA (pDNA) for therapeutic applications has increased in recent years. Chromatography appears as the most common purification technique to obtain samples of pDNA with the high degree of purity required. However, the available chromatographic resins still present a series of challenges, namely in the development of specific ligands and matrices capable of accommodating this type of molecule. Regarding the determination of new ligands, several studies have shown the potential of the arginine amino acid to establish specific and preferential interactions with the pDNA. On the other hand, monolithic resins appear as interesting approaches due to their excellent mass transfer properties and high adsorption capacities. In this study, different arginine based ligands (arginine and di-arginine) were firstly immobilized on activated agarose resins. The first part of the work describes the adsorption equilibrium of plasmid DNA adsorption process, as well as the interaction with its main impurity (RNA) on arginine supports in a batch format, in order to compare and gather crucial information about adsorption mechanisms involved in this type of affinity system. Then, a new use for chromatographic bead matrixes based on arginine ligands was proposed, working as an adsorption matrix pDNA purification in negative mode after isopropanol concentration of the sample. The arginine based supports capacity for pDNA under negative mode for pDNA was substantially higher than that obtained with the same type of resin in the conventional positive mode, with a notable advantage of using di-arginine with recovery yields near 100%. The homopeptides (di-arginine and tri-arginine) were also immobilized on functionalized monolithic resins (BIA Separations, Slovenia). Effectively, the immobilization of the arginine homopeptides made the monolithic resins more functional compared to the (mono)arginine based resin, exhibiting greater binding capacities (around 2,5 times higher) and interaction intensities, proving to be a promising strategy for purification processes of pDNA.

Em estudos de terapia gênica e vacinação por DNA, a eficiência e a segurança dos vetores que transportam o material genético terapêutico possuem papel fundamental. Vetores não virais são considerados mais seguros, mas menos eficientes em relação aos vetores virais. Em parte, isso se deve à falta de estudos sistemáticos e comparativos no que diz respeito às características físico-químicas desses vetores quando em soluções biológicas e o efeito delas sobre a eficiência de entrega gênica. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito do pH, da força iônica e do tipo tampão de complexação sobre as características físico-químicas de nanopartículas pDNA-protamina e pDNA-protamina-lipofectamina, visando à entrega gênica para diferentes linhagens celulares. Para isso, nanopartículas formadas em diferentes condições foram caracterizadas através de ensaios de espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS) e potencial zeta. Os estudos indicaram que o pH, a força iônica, o tipo de tampão e a presença de meio de cultura e soro no ambiente de complexação alteram significativamente o tamanho, a polidispersidade e o potencial zeta das partículas formadas. Finalmente, buscou-se avaliar o efeito dessas características sobre a eficiência de transfecção in vitro de células de macrófagos IC21 e células HeLa. Os estudos de transfecção em células Hela indicam que tanto a composição como as condições de formação das partículas influenciam significativamente a eficiência de transfecção. / In gene therapy and DNA vaccination studies, the efficiency and safety of the vector carrying the therapeutic gene play a fundamental role. Non-viral vectors are considered safer but less effective when compared to viral vectors. In part, this is due to the lack of systematic and comparative studies regarding the physicochemical characteristics of these vectors when prepared in biological solutions and their effect on gene delivery efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH, ionic strength and type of complexation buffer on pDNA-protamine and pDNAprotamine- lipofectamine nanoparticles aiming at gene delivery to different cell lines. In order to achieve this goal, nanoparticles formed under different conditions were characterized by dynamic light scattering test (DLS) and zeta potential. Our studies indicated that the pH, the ionic strength, buffer type, and the presence of culture medium and serum in the complexation environment all significantly affect the size, polydispersity, and zeta potential of the particles formed. Finally, we evaluated the effect of these characteristics on the efficiency of transfection in vitro using HeLa cells and macrophages IC21. The transfection studies, especially using Hela cells, indicated that both, nanoparticle composition and the conditions of complex formation, significantly affect the efficiency of the transfections.

Οι επισωματικοί φορείς αποτελούν την εναλλακτική επιλογή για την μεταφορά γονιδίων σε εφαρμογές γονιδιακής θεραπείας. Διπλασιάζονται αυτόνομα χωρίς να ενσωματώνονται στα χρωμοσώματα του κυττάρου και έτσι στερούνται της σοβαρής παρενέργειας του φαινομένου της μεταλλαξιγένεσης μέσω ενσωμάτωσης. Το ενδιαφέρον ως προς την ανάπτυξη επισωματικών φορέων για την γονιδιακή μεταφορά αυξήθηκε κατακόρυφα τα τελευταία χρόνια μετά την ανάπτυξη του φορέα pEPI-1, ο οποίος περιείχε το στοιχείο S/MAR του γονιδίου της ανθρώπινης βήτα- ιντερφερόνης. Ο φορέας αυτός είχε την ιδιότητα να διατηρείται επισωματικά χωρίς την ανάγκη μεταγραφής κάποιου ιϊκού γονιδίου. Τα στοιχεία S/MAR αποτελούν ετερογενείς περιοχές DNA οι οποίες συνδέονται στην θεμέλια ουσία του πυρήνα, συμμετέχοντας στην οργάνωση του ευκαρυωτικού γονιδιώματος, στην αντιγραφή του DNA και στην ρύθμιση της μεταγραφής. Αποφασίσαμε στην μελετήσουμε την δράση του S/MAR στοιχείου σε ένα διαφορετικό περιβάλλον DNA. Ξεκινώντας από τον φορέα pCEP4 που βασίζεται στα στοιχεία OriP και EBNA-1 του ιού η EBV κατασκευάσαμε τα εξής πλασμίδια: 1) pEBS/eGFP με το S/MAR να είναι κλωνοποιημένο μετά το γονίδιο της eGFP όπως στο pEPI-1. 2) pESdER / eGFP προερχόμενο από το pEBS/eGFP με διαγραφή του γονιδίου EBNA-1 και.3) pCEP4 / eGFP (πλασμίδιο μάρτυρας). Σε αντίθεση με τις προσδοκίες μας μόνο το πλασμιδίου pCEP4 / eGFP ήταν ικανό να εγκαταστήσει σταθερές κυτταρικές σειρές Jurkat. Ο υπολογισμός της αποσταθεροποίησης υπό τάση των παραπάνω πλασμιδίων απέδειξε μια υψηλή ουδό για την αποσταθεροποίηση της περιοχής του OriP, σε αντίθεση με το μητρικό φορέα pCEP4, γεγονός που οφείλεται στον ενεργειακό ανταγωνισμό μεταξύ του OriP και της υψηλά αποσταθεροποιημένης περιοχής του S/MAR. Η αντικατάσταση του OriP στο πλασμίδιο pESdER / eGFP από την περιοχή έναρξης της αντιγραφής το γονίδιο της β-σφαιρίνης (IR) (pESdER-IR/eGFP) έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την αποκατάσταση της επισωματική της κατάστασης, προσδίδοντας επιπλέον και υψηλή μιτωτική σταθερότητα χωρίς την ανάγκη ύπαρξης πίεσης επιλογής σε καλλιέργειες για χρονικό διάστημα τριών μηνών. Συμπεράνουμε ότι το δυναμικό πολλαπλασιασμού ενός επισωματικού συστήματος που περιέχει ένα στοιχείο S/MAR εξαρτάται από την ύπαρξη μιας δεύτερης υψηλά αποσταθεροποιημένης έννοιες περιοχής ικανής να ξεπεράσει την σταθεροποιητική δράση της αλληλουχίας S/MAR. Το γεγονός αυτό προσδίδει μια νέα διάσταση στη σχεδίαση αυτόνομων επισωματικών φορέων, που περιέχει τον υπολογισμό της αποσταθεροποίησης της διπλής έλικας DNA υπό τάση. Η ευρεία χρήση των ρετρο-ιϊκών φορέων ως συστήματα γονιδιακής μεταφοράς σε κλινικές δοκιμές γονιδιακής θεραπείας έφερε στην επιφάνεια την ανάγκη για μια ακριβή εκτίμηση της ασφάλειας των δοκιμών αυτών όσον αφορά το φαινόμενο της μεταλλαξιγένεσης μέσω ενσωμάτωσης. Στην εργασία αυτή αναφέρεται μια νέα μέθοδος για την ανίχνευση των θέσεων ενσωμάτωσης των ρετρο-ιϊκών φορέων που έχει κλινικό προσανατολισμό και ονομάζεται DSCP-PCR( partially Double stranded, Sterically Hindered Primer – PCR). Η μέθοδος αυτή έχει αυξημένη ευαισθησία και ειδικότητα, δεδομένου ότι δεν εξαρτάται από στάδια κατάτμησης με ένζυμα περιορισμού και αντιδράσεις λιγάσης που αποτελούν μέρος των υπαρχόντων μεθόδων (όπως η LAMPCR). Η μείζονα διαφορά ανάμεσα στην DSCP-PCR και στις προηγούμενες PCR μεθόδους συνιστάται στο στάδιο της σύνδεσης της συμπληρωματικής αλυσίδας του DNA όπου χρησιμοποιείται ένας εκκινητής που το ένα άκρο του είναι εκφυλισμένο ενώ το άλλο αποτελείται από διπλή έλικα DNA. Η σχεδίαση αυτή τον καθιστά ικανό να προσδένεται μόνο στο άκρο οποιασδήποτε μονής αλυσίδας. Η μέθοδος αυτή παράγει ένα υψηλά πληροφοριακό σύνολο δεδομένων για τον χαρακτηρισμό των θέσεων ενσωμάτωσης των φορέων. Επίσης μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για τη σύνθεση του προφίλ των κλώνων που συμμετέχουν στην αιμοποίηση σε κάποια χρονική περίοδο. Η παρακολούθηση το προφίλ αυτού μέσα στον χρόνο δίνει ενδείξεις για την κινητική της αιμοποίησης και κατά συνέπεια της εμφάνιση νέων κλώνων. / Episomal vectors have been considered valid alternatives to viral vectors for gene therapy applications, as they are replicating extrachromosomally and are devoid of the adverse effect of insertional mutagenesis. Interest in the episomal systems was boosted by the development of the pEPI-1 vector, containing the scaffold matrix attachment region (S/MAR) element of the human beta-interferon gene, which confers to it stable episomal status, without the need for transcription of any viral element. S/MARs are heterogeneous DNA regions that attach to the nuclear matrix, participating in the organization of the eukaryotic genome, initiation of DNA replication and regulation of transcription. We decided to study the performance of the S/MAR element in a completely different vector DNA context. Starting from vector pCEP4 (Invitrogen) based on OriP EBV and EBNA-1 latent retention system, we constructed plasmids: (1) pEBS/eGFP with SMAR element cloned after eGFP gene as in pEPI-1. (2) pESdER/eGFP derived from pEBS/eGFP by deletion of EBNA-1 gene and (3) pCEP4/eGFP as reporter plasmid. Contrary to expectations, only plasmid (3) was able to establish stable Jurkat cell line cultures. Calculation of stress-induced duplex destabilization of the above plasmids demonstrated a high threshold for the destabilization of the OriP region, unlike the parental vector pCEP4, caused by the energy competition of OriP with the highly destabilized S/MAR region. Substitution of OriP in plasmid (2) with the β-globin initiation region (IR) (pESdER-IR/eGFP) results in the restoration of episomal status, providing high mitotic stability without selection pressure for up to 3 months of culture. We deduce that the replication potential of an episomal system carrying an S/MAR element depends on the existence of highly destabilized vector sequences, sufficient to counteract the S/MAR effect of stabilization on vector’s DNA backbone molecule and maintain the plasmid’s accessibility to the cellular replication machinery. Thus emerges the concept of including the calculation of stress-induced duplex destabilization in the design of self-replicative extrachromosomal units. The widespread use of retroviral-based vectors as gene transfer systems in the context of gene therapy clinical trials has emerged the need for accurately assessing their safety profile in order to identify the potential risks of insertional mutagenesis. Here we report a new PCR - based method, DSHP-PCR ( partially Double stranded, Sterically Hindered Primer – PCR), a clinically orientated method for analysing the integration sites with high sensitivity and reliability, devoid of the restriction digestion and cloning bias present in the existing methods. The difference between DSHP-PCR and previous PCR-based methods (such as LAM-PCR) consists in the step of second strand synthesis where the use of a partially double stranded –degenerated primer that binds at the end of the DNA single strands bypasses the need for the restriction digestion step that inserts a bias in integration site detection and for the cassette ligation step that renders the whole procedure inefficient. This method generates a highly informative integration site library used for the sequencing of the human genomic – retroviral junctions, by creating a PCR product pool that contains a high percentage of specific fragments of similar length that can be subcloned with the same efficiency in a sequencing vector. It can also be used for the creation of the clonal composition profile of patient’s each cell lineage in time allowing the monitoring of clonal kinetics of the haematopoietic or immune system by detecting the emergence of new clones that contribute to haematopoiesis.

Memory stabilization following encoding (synaptic consolidation) or memory reactivation (reconsolidation) requires gene expression and protein synthesis. Although consolidation and reconsolidation may be mediated by distinct molecular mechanisms, disrupting the function of the transcription factor CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) impairs both processes. We use a gain-of-function approach to show that CREB (and CREB-coactivator CRTC1) can facilitate both synaptic and systems consolidation and reconsolidation. We first examine whether acutely increasing CREB levels in the dorsal hippocampus is sufficient to enhance spatial memory formation in the watermaze. Locally and acutely increasing CREB in the dorsal hippocampus using viral vectors is sufficient to induce robust spatial memory in two conditions which do not normally support consolidation, weakly-trained wild-type (WT) mice and strongly-trained mutant mice with brain-wide disrupted CREB function. CRTCs (CREB regulated transcription co-activators) are a powerful co-activator of CREB, but their role in memory is virtually unexplored. We show, for the first time, that the novel CREB co-activator CRTC1 enhances memory consolidation. Locally increasing CRTC1 (or CREB) in the dorsal hippocampus of WT mice prior to weak context fear conditioning facilitates consolidation of precise context memory. Last, we show that CREB or CRTC1 facilitates precise and enduring memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Acute enhancement of hippocampal CREB or CRTC1 during initial synaptic consolidation can maintain precision of remote context memory, while increasing CREB or CRTC1 just prior to reactivation of a weak remote context memory enhances context memory reconsolidation. These gain-of-function manipulations indicate that increasing CRTC1 or CREB function is sufficient to enhance the strength of new, as well as reactivated established, memories without compromising memory specificity. Together with previous results, these findings indicate that CREB is both necessary and sufficient for hippocampal-dependent memory formation, and underline its pivotal role in the hippocampal molecular machinery underlying long-term memory consolidation and reconsolidation.

Memory stabilization following encoding (synaptic consolidation) or memory reactivation (reconsolidation) requires gene expression and protein synthesis. Although consolidation and reconsolidation may be mediated by distinct molecular mechanisms, disrupting the function of the transcription factor CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) impairs both processes. We use a gain-of-function approach to show that CREB (and CREB-coactivator CRTC1) can facilitate both synaptic and systems consolidation and reconsolidation. We first examine whether acutely increasing CREB levels in the dorsal hippocampus is sufficient to enhance spatial memory formation in the watermaze. Locally and acutely increasing CREB in the dorsal hippocampus using viral vectors is sufficient to induce robust spatial memory in two conditions which do not normally support consolidation, weakly-trained wild-type (WT) mice and strongly-trained mutant mice with brain-wide disrupted CREB function. CRTCs (CREB regulated transcription co-activators) are a powerful co-activator of CREB, but their role in memory is virtually unexplored. We show, for the first time, that the novel CREB co-activator CRTC1 enhances memory consolidation. Locally increasing CRTC1 (or CREB) in the dorsal hippocampus of WT mice prior to weak context fear conditioning facilitates consolidation of precise context memory. Last, we show that CREB or CRTC1 facilitates precise and enduring memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Acute enhancement of hippocampal CREB or CRTC1 during initial synaptic consolidation can maintain precision of remote context memory, while increasing CREB or CRTC1 just prior to reactivation of a weak remote context memory enhances context memory reconsolidation. These gain-of-function manipulations indicate that increasing CRTC1 or CREB function is sufficient to enhance the strength of new, as well as reactivated established, memories without compromising memory specificity. Together with previous results, these findings indicate that CREB is both necessary and sufficient for hippocampal-dependent memory formation, and underline its pivotal role in the hippocampal molecular machinery underlying long-term memory consolidation and reconsolidation.

Η ποσοτική ή ποιοτική ανεπάρκεια του λυσοσωματικού ενζύμου γλυκοκερεβροσιδάση οδηγεί στην παθολογία της νόσου Gaucher με κεντρικό το ρόλο της συσσώρευσης του υποστρώματός της, του γλυκοκερεβροσιδίου, στα μακροφάγα. Για περισσότερες από δύο δεκαετίες χρησιμοποιούνται γ-ρετροϊικά οχήματα στην ερευνητική προσέγγιση της διόρθωσης του ελλείμματος μέσω γονιδιακής μεταφοράς του γονιδίου της γλυκοκερεβροσιδάσης. Όπως έχει αναδειχθεί και σε κλινικό επίπεδο, είναι επιτακτική η ανάγκη για το σχεδιασμό γ ρετροϊικών οχημάτων, τα οποία θα είναι όχι μόνο αποτελεσματικά αλλά και ασφαλή, με κύριο στόχο τον περιορισμό της πιθανότητας εξαλλαγής του κυττάρου από τις συνέπειες της ενσωμάτωσης («μεταλλαξιγένεση κατά την ενσωμάτωση»). Η παρούσα μελέτη έχει ως στόχο τον έλεγχο της αποτελεσματικότητας νέων και θεωρητικά ασφαλέστερων σε σχέση με προηγουμένως χρησιμοποιηθέντα σε προκλινικό και κλινικό επίπεδο γ-ρετροϊικών οχημάτων για τη γονιδιακή μεταφορά του γονιδίου της γλυκοκερεβροσιδάσης σε προγονικά αιμοποιητικά κύτταρα του ανθρώπου. Στο πρώτο μέρος παρουσιάζεται η μελέτη έξι νέων και θεωρητικά ασφαλέστερων γ ρετροϊικών οχημάτων με το γονίδιο της γλυκοκερεβροσιδάσης, τα οποία είναι Self Inactivating (SIN) οχήματα και φέρουν αλληλουχίες για τη βελτίωση της ολοκλήρωσης της μεταγραφής, είτε από τον ιό WHV (WPRE, Woodchuck hepatitis virus Post-transcriptional Regulatory Element) είτε από τον ιό SV40 (2xSV40 USE, Simian Virus 40 Upstream Sequence Element σε δύο διαδοχικά αντίγραφα). Καταδεικνύεται ότι αυτά τα νέα SIN γ ρετροϊικά οχήματα είναι ικανά να μεταφέρουν ένα ενεργό φυσιολογικό γονίδιο γλυκοκερεβροσιδάσης σε CD34+ ανθρώπινο πρωτογενή προγονικό αιμοποιητικό κυτταρικό πληθυσμό. Τα οχήματα αυτά εμφάνισαν διαφορές στην αύξηση της ενζυμικής δραστικότητας, που προέκυψε από τη διαγονιδιακή έκφραση, οι οποίες οφείλονταν εν μέρει σε διαφορές στην αποδοτικότητα της διαμόλυνσης. Το δεύτερο μέρος της μελέτης περιλαμβάνει τέσσερα νέα SIN γ-ρετροϊικά οχήματα με το γονίδιο της γλυκοκερεβροσιδάσης με αντίστοιχο αριθμό οχημάτων-μαρτύρων, τα οποία είναι σχεδιασμένα με στόχο την κυτταροειδική έκφραση στα μονοκύτταρα / μακροφάγα, ώστε να περιοριστούν οι κυτταρικοί πληθυσμοί που εκτίθενται στην πιθανότητα ενεργοποίησης πρωτογκογονιδίων από τη δραστικότητα ενός εσωτερικού υποκινητή. Τα οχήματα φέρουν τους υποκινητές των ανθρώπινων γονιδίων CD11b και CD68 σε αλληλουχίες που είχαν επιδείξει στο παρελθόν μυελοειδοειδική έκφραση σε πειράματα γονιδιακής μεταφοράς. Τα νέα αυτά οχήματα ελέγχθηκαν ως προς την ικανότητά τους να παρουσιάζουν ισχυρότερη έκφραση του διαγονιδίου μετά από μονοκυτταρική / μακροφαγική διαφοροποίηση διαμολυσμένου CD34+ ανθρώπινου πρωτογενή προγονικού αιμοποιητικού κυτταρικού πληθυσμού σε σχέση με την έκφραση σε ένα λιγότερο διαφοροποιημένο διαμολυσμένο κυτταρικό πληθυσμό. Τα αποτελέσματα του δεύτερου μέρος της μελέτης σε συνδυασμό με τα ήδη υπάρχοντα βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα ενθαρρύνουν την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση του υποκινητή του CD68 στο πλαίσιο των προσπαθειών για μυελοειδοειδική γονιδιακή μεταφορά του γονιδίου της γλυκοκερεβροσιδάσης, χωρίς να ενθαρρύνουν την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση του υποκινητή του CD11b. / Quantitative or qualitative deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase results in the accumulation of its substrate, glucocerebroside, in macrophages, leading to the pathology of Gaucher disease. For more than two decades of research, gammaretroviral vectors have been used for gene transfer of the glucocerebrosidase gene for the correction of the enzyme’s deficit. It has been shown, even on clinical level, that the design of efficient as well as safe gammaretroviral vectors, aiming mainly at eliminating “insertional mutagenesis”, is an imperative need. The present study aims at the determination of the efficiency of new and theoretically safer, gammaretroviral vectors, compared to previously used ones on preclinical and clinical level, for the gene transfer of the glucocerebrosidase gene into human hematopoietic progenitor cells. In the first part of the study, six new and theoretically safer gammaretroviral vectors of the glucocerebrosidase gene have been evaluated. All six vectors are Self-Inactivating (SIN) and bear sequences for the improvement of transcriptional termination. These are either the WPRE (“Woodchuck hepatitis virus Post-transcriptional Regulatory Element”) from the virus WHV or the 2xSV40 USE (two copies of “Simian Virus 40 Upstream Sequence Element” in tandem repeat) from the virus SV40. It is shown that these new gammaretroviral vectors are efficient in transferring an active wild type glucocerebrosidase gene copy into a CD34+ human primary hematopoietic progenitor cell population. All six vectors showed increased enzyme activity, as compared to the untransduced cells, albeit with differences amongst them, partly due to differences in the transduction efficiency. The second part of the study focuses on the analysis of four new SIN gammaretroviral vectors of the glucocerebrosidase gene and the corresponding number of control vectors, designed for cell-specific expression in monocytes / macrophages. The aim is to thus limit the range of cell populations to be exposed to possible proto-oncogene activation from the internal promoter activity. In these vectors the expression of a glucocerebrosidase gene is driven by one of the promoters of the human genes for CD11b and CD68, which have exhibited myeloid specific expression in gene transfer experiments in the past. These new vectors were studied for their effectiveness in leading to stronger transgene expression after monocytic / macrophagic differentiation of a transduced CD34+ human primary hematopoietic progenitor cell population, compared to a less differentiated transduced cell population. The results of this study, taken together with the current bibliographical data, are encouraging for further study mainly of the CD68 promoter in the context of the research approach to myeloid specific gene transfer of the glucocerebrosidase gene.

O uso de DNA plasmidial (pDNA) visando a aplicações terapêuticas tem aumentado nos últimos anos. A cromatografia aparece como a técnica de purificação mais comum para obtenção de amostras de pDNA com o elevado grau de pureza exigido. Porém, as resinas cromatográficas disponíveis apresentam ainda uma série de desafios, nomeadamente no desenvolvimento de ligantes específicos e matrizes capazes de acomodar este tipo de molécula. Relativamente à apuração de novos ligantes, alguns estudos têm mostrado o potencial do aminoácido arginina para estabelecer interações específicas e preferenciais com o pDNA. Por outro lado, resinas monolíticas surgem como suportes interessantes devido às suas excelentes propriedades de transferência de massa e altas capacidades de adsorção. Neste estudo, diferentes ligantes baseados em arginina (arginina, di-arginina e tri-arginina) foram imobilizados em resinas de agarose previamente ativadas. Um primeiro estudo de adsorção em batelada foi realizado a fim de avaliar e compreender os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de adsorção dos ácidos nucleicos pDNA e RNA em resina com o aminoácido arginina. Na sequência, apresentamos uma proposta inovadora para o uso de ligantes de arginina em resinas de agarose, em um único passo de purificação em modo negativo a seguir ao passo de concentração por isopropanol. A capacidade da resina para o pDNA foi substancialmente maior do que a obtida para o mesmo tipo de resina no modo positivo, com notória vantagem de capacidade no uso de di-arginina face a arginina com rendimentos próximos de 100% do plasmídeo carregado. Os ligantes di-arginina e tri-arginina foram também imobilizados em resinas monolíticas. Em comparação com o aminoácido arginina, a imobilização dos homopeptídeos nas resinas monolíticas levou ao aumento da capacidade de adsorção (cerca de 2,5 vezes superior) e especicificidade de interações, mostrando-se como uma estratégia promissora para processos de purificação de pDNA. / The use of plasmid DNA (pDNA) for therapeutic applications has increased in recent years. Chromatography appears as the most common purification technique to obtain samples of pDNA with the high degree of purity required. However, the available chromatographic resins still present a series of challenges, namely in the development of specific ligands and matrices capable of accommodating this type of molecule. Regarding the determination of new ligands, several studies have shown the potential of the arginine amino acid to establish specific and preferential interactions with the pDNA. On the other hand, monolithic resins appear as interesting approaches due to their excellent mass transfer properties and high adsorption capacities. In this study, different arginine based ligands (arginine and di-arginine) were firstly immobilized on activated agarose resins. The first part of the work describes the adsorption equilibrium of plasmid DNA adsorption process, as well as the interaction with its main impurity (RNA) on arginine supports in a batch format, in order to compare and gather crucial information about adsorption mechanisms involved in this type of affinity system. Then, a new use for chromatographic bead matrixes based on arginine ligands was proposed, working as an adsorption matrix pDNA purification in negative mode after isopropanol concentration of the sample. The arginine based supports capacity for pDNA under negative mode for pDNA was substantially higher than that obtained with the same type of resin in the conventional positive mode, with a notable advantage of using di-arginine with recovery yields near 100%. The homopeptides (di-arginine and tri-arginine) were also immobilized on functionalized monolithic resins (BIA Separations, Slovenia). Effectively, the immobilization of the arginine homopeptides made the monolithic resins more functional compared to the (mono)arginine based resin, exhibiting greater binding capacities (around 2,5 times higher) and interaction intensities, proving to be a promising strategy for purification processes of pDNA.

Um problema recorrente no desenvolvimento de vacinas de DNA e terapia gênica utilizando vetores não virais é a baixa eficiência de transfecção gênica. Isso ocorre devido às diversas barreiras físicas, enzimáticas e difusionais que o DNA precisa superar para chegar ao núcleo das células. Neste trabalho tem-se por objetivo o desenvolvimento de novos vetores não virais de entrega gênica, formados por DNA plasmidial (pDNA), proteínas (protamina ou T-Rp3) e nanopartículas de ouro (NPAu) na forma de complexos ternários. Para tal, NPAu\'s foram sintetizadas por redução com citrato de sódio, apresentando diâmetros entre 20,3 e 57,3 nm e potencial zeta entre -69,0 e +43,3 mV, dependendo das condições de síntese, a saber, das quantidades de citrato de sódio adicionadas e da ordem de adição dos reagentes. Em seguida, vetores compostos por pDNA-protamina/T-Rp3-NPAu foram formados, transfectados em células HeLa cultivadas in vitro, e a atividade da enzima repórter luciferase foi medida. Deste modo, a partir de variações em proporção mássica e tamanho de nanopartículas, foi possível obter complexos utilizando protamina e ouro com uma eficiência de transfecção 33 vezes melhor do que transfecções utilizando apenas protamina. Por outro lado, complexos contendo T-Rp3 e ouro se mostraram ainda mais eficazes na entrega, apresentando níveis de transfecção próximos ao do reagente comercial Lipofectamina. Ensaios de transfecção utilizando a droga nocodazol indicaram a importância dos microtúbulos no mecanismo de entrega gênica, e ensaios com a droga cloroquina evidenciaram que as nanopartículas de ouro atuam de maneira diferenciada no escape endossomal dos vetores não virais utilizados. Visando relacionar características físico-químicas com a eficiência de transfecção, alguns destes complexos foram caracterizados por espalhamento dinâmico de luz, em que complexos com protamina apresentaram tamanhos entre 116 e 363 nm e complexos com T-Rp3 apresentaram entre 135 e 307 nm e potenciais zeta entre +7,3 e +22,5 mV e +10,6 e +27,2 mV, respectivamente, dependendo das características das NPAu\'s. / A recurrent problem in the development of DNA vaccines and gene therapy using non-viral vectors is the low efficiency of transfection. That is due to the many physical, enzymatic and diffusional barriers that DNA must overcome to reach the cell nucleus. This work aims to develop novel non-viral vectors based on plasmid DNA (pDNA), proteins (protamine or recombinant T-Rp3) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP) as ternary complexes. For such, AuNP\'s were first synthesized via sodium citrate reduction, with diameters varying from 20,3 to 57,3 nm and zeta potentials between -69,0 and +43,3 mV, depending on synthesis conditions, changing the quantities of sodium citrate added and the order of addition of reagents. Vectors formed by pDNA-protamine/T-Rp3-AuNP were then formed, transfected and luciferase activity was measured. Thus, from variations on mass ratios and gold nanoparticle sizes, it was possible to obtain complexes with protamine and gold with a transfection efficiency 33 times higher than analog complexes using only protamine. Also, complexes containing T-Rp3 and gold showed an even higher delivery efficiency, with transfection efficiency close to Lipofectamine. Assays using nocodazole indicated the importance of microtubule in the gene delivery process and, whereas assays with chloroquine showed that gold nanoparticles act in a different way over endossomal escape of used non-viral vectors. Finally, some of these complexes were characterized with dynamic light scattering. Complexes with protamine were within the size ragne of 116 to 363 nm and complexes with T-Rp3 were within the size range of 135 to 307 nm. The zeta potential varied from +7,3 to +22,5 mV and from +10,6 to +27,2 mV, respectively, depending on the gold nanoparticles used.