I. Preview The recent adoption of the new Penal code in Czech republic has entailed a range of new approaches, including new conception of the notion of the crime - a crucial institution of the penal law itself, stretching from the fundamental questions of criminal liability via the institution of an attempt to the field of penal procedure. This has give rise to multiple juridical questions, that this work aims to analyse. II. Subject of analysis One of the principal objectives of this diploma thesis is to be seen in the delineating of conclusions of the positive school of penal law and evaluating the measure to which they influenced the Czechoslovak legislation in the realm of criminal law, examining the role of the phenomenon of the social dangerousness in relation to the particular questions on the field of substantial as well as procedural law. III. Prior research Due to its extensiveness and position in the point of intersection of multiple disciplines , the points at issue have been continuously subject to academic works of numerous authors, stretching from the ancient philosophers, religious authors, canonic jurists, on shoulders of whom the modern jurisprudence had elaborated several conceptions that influenced the modern codifications and have been a significant source of inspiration to...

A partir de minha experiência pregressa como artista circense, de desdobramentos do meu estudo preliminar (Bastos, 2013), das conversas informais e das entrevistas realizadas para este percurso de investigação, pude me certificar de que o sofrimento humano está presente também no universo do circo e que há uma demanda e um desejo por parte desta população por algum tipo de atenção psicológica que leve em conta as particularidades do modo de vida itinerante. Esta tese propõe que as especificidades nos modos de constituição do self da pessoa circense dizem respeito, em grande medida, à itinerância, a qual deve ser levada em conta pelo profissional que for atuar neste contexto cultural. Considerando que o modo de vida impacta em como se dá a construção das relações de confiança e na vivência da temporalidade, há necessidade de que profissionais da área se atentem para tais dimensões culturais constitutivas do self para que possa haver uma atenção psicológica adequada aos circenses. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu a convivência com pessoas de dois circos itinerantes (Circo Spacial e Circo de Teatro Tubinho) e a realização de onze entrevistas que visaram elucidar as temáticas da confiança e temporalidade por serem centrais para o possível desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção psicológica nesse contexto cultural específico. A especificidade do modo de vida do circense aponta para possibilidades de um convívio, marcadamente itinerante, qualitativamente rico do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento humano, uma vez que é notável o estabelecimento de fortes laços comunitários capazes de superar dificuldades cotidianas, de se relacionar com a diferença e realizar projetos complexos, dinâmicos e altamente desafiadores. O estudo das temáticas da confiança e da temporalidade permitiu sofisticar a compreensão que se tem desses processos na psicologia cultural dialógica, na medida em que a itinerância e o sentido de realização do espetáculo são balizas extremamente salientes que guiam toda a vida do integrante do circo, a ponto das pessoas colocarem cotidianamente suas vidas em situação de risco na relação com os outros. Discuti a temática da confiança, que perpassa a noção de temporalidade a partir do referencial teórico da Psicologia Cultural em sua vertente semiótico-construtivista, área de estudos que aponta para a centralidade da cultura na compreensão dos processos afetivo-cognitivos do desenvolvimento humano (Simão, 2010, Valsiner, 2012). A discussão dos resultados que se deu por meio da noção de Multiplicação Dialógica (Guimarães, 2010, 2013) procurou: a) destacar as especificidades no contexto do circo itinerante que trazem implicações para a construção do self e b) investigar os processos psicológicos envolvidos na construção das relações de confiança frente à vivência da temporalidade. Para a análise dialógica dos dados, utilizei as noções de trajetórias descendentes e ascendentes (Guimarães, 2016b), que possibilitaram uma articulação entre os movimentos analítico e interpretativo e o mapeamento das antinomias relacionadas ao campo-tema (Spink, 2003) do circo. Esse estudo torna-se relevante por apontar que a vivência da itinerância traz implicações para a constituição do self e que o conhecimento de tais implicações e das especificidades deste modo de vida são fundamentais para a compreensão das vulnerabilidades psicossociais apontadas pelos circenses ao longo da pesquisa. Adicionalmente, a pesquisa pôde propiciar reflexões sobre a possibilidade de inserção de psicólogos no universo do circo itinerante. Observo que tanto a Psicologia quanto a Psicologia Cultural, enquanto campo de reflexões e pesquisa, ainda não dispõem de conhecimentos suficientes sobre o modo de vida do circo e, por essa razão, não têm desenvolvido estratégias nem instrumentos para o trabalho psicológico nesse contexto. Ao lidar com a questão da singularidade da compreensão psicológica do universo cultural do circo, esta pesquisa me permitiu chegar à noção de self itinerante, o que pode auxiliar num maior entendimento sobre o contexto apresentado / From my previous experience as a circus artist, as well as from the development of my preliminary study (Bastos, 2013), from the informal conversations and the interviews conducted for this research, I was able to certify myself that human suffering is also present in the universe of the circus. There is also a demand and a desire from the circus members for some kind of psychological attention that may take into account the particularities of the itinerant way of life. This thesis proposes that the specificities in the ways of constitution of the self of the circus person concerns, to a large extent, the itinerancy, that must be taken into account by the professional who will work in this cultural context. Taking into account that the way of life has an impact on the construction of relation of trust and the experience of temporality, there is a need for professionals in the area to attend to such constitutive cultural dimensions of the self so that there can be adequate psychological attention for circus members. This is a qualitative research that involved the conviviality with people from two traveling circuses (Circus Spacial and Circo de Teatro Tubinho). Eleven interviews were conducted in order to elucidate the themes of trust and temporality, both of central importance for the possible development of psychological intervention strategies in this specific cultural context. The specificity of the circus way of life points to the possibility of a markedly itinerant co-existence with others, qualitatively rich from the point of view of human development; it is worth mentioning that they form strong community bonds, capable of overcoming daily difficulties, relating to difference, and performing complex, dynamic, and highly challenging projects. The study of the themes of trust and temporality allowed to refine the understanding of these processes in cultural dialogical psychology. This because itinerancy and the sense of accomplishment resulting from performing the spectacle are extremely significant constrains that guide the whole life of the circus artist, to the point that people put their lives at risk in their relationship with others on a daily basis. I discussed the theme of trust that permeates the notion of temporality from the theoretical framework of Cultural Psychology in its semiotic-constructivist dimension, an area of study that points to the centrality of culture for the understanding of the affective-cognitive processes of human development (Simão, 2010, Valsiner, 2012). The discussion of the results was based on the notion of Dialogical Multiplication (Guimarães, 2010, 2013) and sought to a) highlight the specificities of the itinerant circus, which have implications on the construction of the self and b) investigate the psychological processes involved in the construction of relations of trust in experiencing temporality. For the dialogical analysis of the data, I used the notions of descending and ascending trajectories (Guimarães, 2016b), which allowed an articulation between the analytical and interpretative movements and the mapping of the antinomies related to the theme-field (Spink, 2003). This study becomes relevant for pointing out that the experience of itinerancy has implications for the constitution of the self and that knowledge of such implications and the specificities of this way of life are fundamental for understanding the psychosocial vulnerabilities pointed out by circus members throughout the research. Additionally, the research was able to provide considerations on the possibility of insertion of psychologists in the itinerant circus universe. I observed that both Psychology and Cultural Psychology, as fields of research and study, still do not have enough knowledge about the way of life of the circus and for this reason have not been developing strategies or instruments for psychological practice in this context. In dealing with the issue of the uniqueness of the psychological understanding of the cultural universe of the circus, this research allowed me to arrive at the notion of the itinerant self that can help in better understanding the presented context

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-26T13:56:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sentidos_efeitos.pdf: 499558 bytes, checksum: fd8f0001f71ea2c9cde97fb28b13c9a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:56:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sentidos_efeitos.pdf: 499558 bytes, checksum: fd8f0001f71ea2c9cde97fb28b13c9a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar e analisar os sentidos atribuídos pelos professores de Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia à noção de competência, bem como os possíveis efeitos da noção (assumida por esses cursos no contexto pós-reforma da educação profissional) sobre as práticas desses mesmos professores. A amostra estudada envolveu oito professores que atuam na Educação Profissional, especificamente em Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia, em uma Instituição do Sistema S- Faculdade de Tecnologia-SENACRS, e que ao longo de suas trajetórias profissionais acompanharam a Reforma da Educação Profissional. Os critérios de escolha da Instituição e dos docentes foram determinados. A pesquisa se fundamentou numa abordagem qualitativa e apoiou-se em Minayo (2002). O instrumento para coleta de dados foi um questionário fechado, organizado em dois eixos temáticos que continham questões sobre a percepção da noção de competência pelos docentes; as implicações da noção de competência nas práticas pedagógicas dos docentes. Para tanto, foi realizada inicialmente uma pesquisa bibliográfica com autores que tratam da concepção de competência, sua origem, seus diferentes modos de interpretação, assim como sua apropriação nas diversas áreas, entre Kuenzer (2002), Ramos (2002); Deluiz (2001), Zarafian (2003) que apontaram para a ressignificação da noção de competência profissional, considerando-a para além do desempenho profissional, contrapondo-se ao que está posto nos documentos legais que regulamentam os dispositivos referentes à educação profissional na LDB 9394/96, como o Decreto Federal n° 2.208/97 e Decreto nº 5.154/2004. No processo de análise em que foram interpretadas e confrontadas as falas dos sujeitos-participantes com o referencial deste campo teórico e com os documentos legais, foi possível identificar, a partir dos eixos estabelecidos, nesta investigação, que os docentes exercem suas práticas pedagógicas no processo educativo influenciados pela noção de competência assumida por estes, pelos Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia e pela Instituição de Ensino Superior. E, também, evidenciou-se que noção de competência assumida por estes docentes se aproxima, conforme Deluiz (2004, 2001a), Ramos (2005, 2004, 2002), com a noção de competência conceitualmente de visão construtivista que é semelhante à noção abordada nos documentos oficiais do MEC. Esta visão compreende as competências, enquanto ações e operações mentais que articulamos conhecimentos (o saber, as informações articuladas operatoriamente, as habilidades, ou seja, saber-fazer elaborado cognitivamente e sócio-afetivamente) e os valores e as atitudes (o saber ser, as predisposições para decisões e ações construídas a partir de referenciais estéticos, políticos e éticos) que são constituídos de forma articulada e mobilizados em relações profissionais, com padrões de qualidade requeridos normal ou distintivamente das produções de uma área profissional, rementendo-se mais a um comportamento do que aos aspectos cognitivos que orientam a realização das atividades, aproximando-se do condutivismo. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de se retomar e esgotar as discussões acerca da noção de competência e as implicações que dela decorrem nas práticas cotidianas da docência. / The objective of this study was to investigate and analyze the meanings attributed by professors in Colleges of Technology to the notion of competence, as well as the possible effects of the concept (for those courses taken in the post-professional education reform) on the practices of those professors. The sample involved was compounded by ten professors working in professional education, specifically in Colleges of Technology, from an institution in the System-S-SENACRS Technology College, and throughout their professional careers followed the Reform of Vocational Education. Both the Higher Education Institution, the professors were chosen by certain criteria. The research was based on a qualitative approach and relied on Minayo (2002). The instrument for data collection was a closed survey, organized in two main themes that contained questions on perception of the concept of competence for professors, the implications of the concept of competency in teaching practices of teachers. To that end, we initially performed a literature authors dealing with the conception of competence, their origin, their different modes of interpretation as well as its ownership in several areas, among Kuenzer (2002), Ramos (2002); Deluiz (2001), Zarafian (2003), and the legal documents governing the devices related to vocational education in the LDB 9394/96, as the Federal Decree No. 2.208/97 and Decree No. 5.154/2004. During the review process it was able to identify the axes established in this research that professors perform their teaching practices in education influenced by the notion of responsibility assumed by them and Colleges of Technology. And also it was evidenced that notion of responsibility assumed by these professors is approaching, as Deluiz (2004, 2001a), Ramos (2005, 2004, 2002), with the notion of conceptual competence constructivist viewed that it is similar to the concept discussed the official documents of MEC. This vision includes the skills, while actions and mental operations that articulate knowledge (knowledge, information articulated operatively, skills, or know-how developed cognitively and socio-affective and the values and attitudes (knowledge being, predisposition for decisions and actions built from aesthetic references, political and ethical) which consist of an articulated and mobilized in professional relationships with required quality standards or distinctly normal productions from a professional field. The results indicate the need for exhausting and return the discussions about the notion of competence and the implications that elapse from it in the daily teaching practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarioCezarLopes.pdf: 6312757 bytes, checksum: c5b01bb7a1d9e1c055cd817aa134ab48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-15 / The construction in the space notion is essential to understand geographical concepts. This study is about the pedagogical practice by the geography and history teachers attending the course of qualification over the construction of maps and models at the qualification center in Faxinal do Céu city – The Professor’ s University, during the period from November of 2001 to October of 2002. The theoretical base is the Jean Piaget s psychology and genetic epistemology. By means of interviews and questionnaires, we have investigated the understanding the teachers have about space and how children develop information indicate: the necessity of having a bigger experimental directioning of the notions of space during the formation process, the necessity of planning the pedagogical action as an internalization of actions, making possible a better acknowledged reading and representation of space. / A construção na noção espacial é chave para a compreensão dos conceitos geográficos. Este estudo trata da prática pedagógica dos professores de Geografia e História participantes do Curso de Capacitação em Construção de Mapas e Maquetes, no Centro de Capacitação de Faxinal do Céu – Universidade do Professor, no período de novembro de 2001 a outubro de 2002. A fundamentação teórica é a da psicologia e epistemologia genética de Jean Piaget. Através de entrevista e questionário, investigamos a compreensão que o professor possui de espaço e de como a criança constrói esta noção e o seu papel nesta construção dentro da prática pedagógica. As Informações levantadas indicam: a necessidade de haver um maior direcionamento experimental das noções de espaço durante o processo de formação; a importância de procedimentos didático-pedagógicos para a construção do conhecimento das noções espaciais, assentadas nos estágios de Piaget; a necessidade do planejamento da ação pedagógica como um processo de interiorização das ações, possibilitando assim, uma leitura e representação de espaço mais conscientizada.

Esta dissertação discute a inserção do vídeo nas aulas de matemática. O planejamento e a realização de um conjunto de cinco oficinas sobre vídeos e matemática, com participação de alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental de um colégio de Porto Alegre, RS, e a análise desse planejamento e do que ocorreu nessas oficinas constituíram o material empírico da pesquisa. Durante o planejamento, o professor definiu que os alunos iriam assistir vídeos de matemática pré-selecionados, que posteriormente seriam testados em algum formato de questionário. No entanto, antes que as oficinas ocorressem, o professor mudou seu planejamento e, a partir dessa modificação, os alunos passaram a ser os responsáveis por escolher os vídeos e agrupá-los em um conjunto, por assunto, com temas pré-estabelecidos pelo docente. Presumindo que esta mudança tenha sido um dos fatores para que o experimento ultrapassasse os limites cronológicos das oficinas, o professor sentiu-se instigado a buscar por ressonâncias da noção deleuziana de ideia no âmbito da Educação Matemática. Esta busca gerou uma questão potencial a respeito dessa modificação de rumo: seria a mudança feita no planejamento uma ideia em Educação Matemática? / This thesis discusses the insertion of video in elementary school math classes. The empiric material of the study comprises the plans and execution of a set of five workshops concerning video and mathematics, with the participation of eighth grade students of an Elementary School located in Porto Alegre, RS, as well as the analysis of the plans and what took place in these workshops. The teacher‘s initial plan was for students to watch pre-selected videos, which would later be tested in some form of questionnaire. However, before the workshops began, the teacher changed his plan, giving the students the responsibility of choosing the videos and grouping them in a set determined by topic, with an overarching theme pre-established by the teacher. Presuming that such a change was one of the factors for the experiment to surpass the chronological limits of the workshops, the teacher felt urged to search for resonances of Deleuze‘s notion of idea in Math Education. This search generated a potential question regarding that change of plans: could the change made in planning be considered as an idea in Math Education?

Esta pesquisa reporta-se ao problema descrito na literatura científica como o “fracasso do ensino do cálculo”. Propusemos conhecer as noções que alunos da disciplina Cálculo Diferencial e Integral apresentam sobre limite, e também como a qualidade dessa noção ou conceito afeta a elaboração de noções sobre derivadas e integrais. Para obter essas noções, objetos de aprendizagem foram criados e disponibilizados online, em páginas de um site com domínio privado, mas de acesso aberto. Cada objeto de aprendizagem foi elaborado contendo uma situação-problema referente aos applets de cada página e um espaço de registro de respostas. Os applets abordam situações que permitem o estudo de limites, derivadas e integrais; foram elaborados no Geogebra. Os espaços de registro de respostas foram elaborados com tecnologia Google e incorporados à página do site. A metodologia consistiu na aplicação de atividades na disciplina Cálculo Diferencial e Integral. Nelas interagiram alunos e OA. As aplicações foram realizadas nas três unidades da disciplina. Para a complementação e investigação, foram feitas entrevistas inspiradas no método clínico piagetiano. Tanto os registros de respostas, quanto as entrevistas, foram autorizadas com a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Fundamenta-se a análise das respostas na Epistemologia Genética; em especial, na abstração reflexionante. A escolha deu-se devido ao caráter explicativo dessa teoria da gênese do conhecimento matemático. Os resultados demonstram que conhecimentos foram construídos em situação de interação entre alunos e OA. Várias noções foram registradas. Constatou-se, inclusive, conceituação de limite, de derivada e integral definida. Foi possível, a partir dos conhecimentos e noções apresentadas, estabelecer relações lógicas entre esses conhecimentos e, posteriormente, observar grupos com desenvolvimento cognitivo compatíveis com as relações lógicas apresentadas. O OA, com tecnologia Geogebra e Google, mostrou-se como um importante instrumento nos processos de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem do conceito de limite e dos demais conceitos da disciplina Cálculo Diferencial e Integral. Mostrou-se também como um importante instrumento para a avaliação no ambiente escolar a partir dos registros coletados. / This research refers to the problem described in the scientific literature as the "failure of calculus teaching". We propose to know the notions that students of the discipline Differential and Integral Calculus present on limit, and also how the quality of this notion or concept affects the elaboration of notions about derivatives and integrals. To get these notions, learning objects were created and made available online, on pages of a privately-owned, but open-access site. Each learning object was elaborated containing a problem situation regarding the applets of each page and a space of record of answers. The applets approach situations that allow the study of boundaries, derivatives and integrals; Were developed in Geogebra. Response log spaces were crafted using Google technology and embedded into the site page. The methodology consisted of the application of activities in the discipline Differential and Integral Calculus. In them they interacted students and OA. The applications were carried out in the three units of the discipline. For the complementation and investigation, interviews were made inspired by the Piagetian clinical method. Both the response records and the interviews were authorized with the signing of the informed consent form. It is based the analysis of the answers in the Genetic Epistemology; In particular, in reflective abstraction. The choice was due to the explanatory character of this theory of the genesis of mathematical knowledge. The results demonstrate that knowledge was built in a situation of interaction between students and OA. Several notions were recorded. It was also found a concept of limit, derivative and definite integral. It was possible, based on the knowledge and notions presented, to establish logical relations between these knowledges and, later, to observe groups with cognitive development compatible with the presented logical relations. The OA, with Geogebra and Google technology, proved to be an important instrument in the development and learning processes of the concept of boundary and other concepts of the Differential and Integral Calculus discipline. It was also shown as an important instrument for the evaluation in the school environment from the collected records.

Pendant de nombreuses années, s’intéresser à la notion de préjudice dans les procédures collectives, ne présentait que peu d’intérêt dans la mesure où celle-ci renvoyait uniquement au préjudice collectif subi par les créanciers du fait de l’ouverture de la procédure, préjudice de référence dans un domaine qui, par définition, fait primer le collectif sur l’individuel. La réparation du préjudice collectif relevait, et continue de relever, de la compétence du mandataire judiciaire chargé, de par la loi, d’assurer la défense de l’intérêt collectif des créanciers.Les différentes évolutions législatives et jurisprudentielles survenues ces dernières années, tendent à remettre en cause l’assimilation au simple préjudice collectif. Cette évolution se manifeste sous plusieurs aspects.Nous pouvons ainsi constater la multiplication des décisions visant à reconnaitre le principe de réparation d’un préjudice personnel subi par un créancier dans le cadre d’une procédure collective, même si l’action n’est pas toujours accueillie au fond. Dans le même temps, la Cour de cassation multiplie les arrêts venant entamer le monopole du mandataire judiciaire qui semblait autrefois absolu. Ainsi, certains préjudices auparavant collectifs, relèvent aujourd’hui de l’initiative individuelle.Parallèlement, l’introduction de certaines réformes en droit français a eu pour conséquence de venir brouiller les limites de la notion de préjudice collectif, autrefois omniprésent, comme par exemple l’Entreprise Individuelle à Responsabilité Limitée et le mécanisme de déclaration d’insaisissabilité qui posent la question de l’aptitude du mandataire judiciaire à agir dans l’intérêt d’un groupe de créanciers.Le but de cette étude est donc de s’interroger sur ce que recouvre cette notion en procédure collective (préjudice collectif, personnel, voire subi par quelques personnes, créancières ou non), d’autant plus que celle-ci ne fait l’objet d’aucune définition. L’analyse du droit positif a permis de constater que le juge se livre à une appréciation en opportunité de l’existence d’un préjudice réparable, quitte à confondre la recevabilité et l’accueil au fond d’une action en justice, en exigeant, dès le stade de la recevabilité, la preuve d’un préjudice réparable. Ce constat nous a amené à proposer une nouvelle hiérarchie de préjudices réparables en procédure collective, fondée sur la qualité du demandeur à l’action, et permettant de prendre en compte les différents types de dommages subis dans cette matière. / For many years, studying the concept of damage in bankruptcy proceedings had little interest since it referred only to the collective damage suffered by the creditors in relation with the opening of the proceedings, such damage being the reference in a field which, by definition, favours the collective to the individual. The compensation of the collective damage used to fall, and continues to fall, within the competence of the court nominee (“mandataire judiciaire” in French) who is legally in charge of the defence of the creditors’ collective interest.The different evolutions of legislation and case law occurred within the latest years tend to question the assimilation to the simple collective damage. This evolution appears under several aspects. Thus we can note the increasing number of decisions acknowledging the principle of compensation for personal injury suffered by a creditor within the framework of bankruptcy proceedings, even if the merits of the legal action are not always admitted by the courts. At the same time, the Supreme Court increases the number of decisions limiting the court nominee’s monopoly, which once seemed absolute. Indeed, certain damages, previously collective, nowadays come within the individual initiative. At the same time, the introduction of certain reforms under French law has, consequently, scrambled the limits of the concept of collective damage, previously omnipresent, as, for example, the “EIRL” (Individual Enterprise with Limited Responsibility) and the system of the unseizability declaration, which question of the ability of the court nominee to act in the interest of a creditor’s group.The purpose of this study is to examine the meaning of this concept in bankruptcy proceedings (collective or personal damage, or even damage suffered by a few persons, creditors or not), all the more so as it is not defined. The analysis of positive law has enabled us to establish that the judge appreciates through opportunity the existence of a damage that may be compensated, even if this leads to a confusion between the admissibility and the granting on the merits of a legal action, by requiring, as early as at the step of the admissibility, the proof of the damage that may be compensated. This observation has led us to propose a new hierarchy of the damages that may be compensated in bankruptcy proceedings, based on the capacity of the plaintiff, and enabling to take into consideration the different types of damages suffered in this field.

Le point de départ de cette thèse tient à une interrogation sur la raison ayant poussé les législateurs américain et français ainsi que les rédacteurs de la Convention de Munich à ne pas définir de manière claire ce qui est le cœur même du droit des brevets : l’invention. Ce manque de précision ne saurait être appréhendé comme une simple lacune, mais comme la marque d’une attitude prudente à l’égard d’une entité qui est intimement liée au développement imprévisible des sciences et techniques. Bien qu’aucune définition n’ait été donnée, des indices graves et concordants laissent entrevoir une certaine idée de ce que pourrait être cette entité : une démonstration concrète d’emprise sur les forces de la nature. Cette ligne directrice imaginée lorsque l’ingénieur pouvait imposer sa volonté à la matière et la façonner à son gré se trouve mise en cause par l’apparition de nouvelles formes de créations. En effet, l’invention peut toujours être vue comme une preuve tangible de puissance technicienne quand il est question d’un appareil ménager ou d’un système de fixation, mais l’ingéniosité humaine est aussi utilisée pour concevoir des programmes informatiques ou des méthodes commerciales qui, à l’instar des machines-outils, simplifient le travail de l’être humain. Dans une telle perspective, il ne paraît plus possible de retenir une seule approche de l’invention et ainsi nier la réalité. Le maintien d’une conception unique de cette dernière entité serait d’autant plus difficile que la maîtrise que l’homme était censé exercer sur la matière s’avère en fait moins assurée. Il suffirait d’examiner les créations faites dans les secteurs de la chimie et des biotechnologies pour s’en convaincre. Là encore, l’idée d’une démonstration concrète d’emprise sur les forces de la nature tend encore à s’imposer puisque les chimistes et les généticiens peuvent provoquer des réactions chimiques et élaborer des molécules, mais les difficultés qu’ils rencontrent pour domestiquer la matière amènent à penser qu’une approche univoque de l’invention ne peut plus être envisagée. Afin de rendre compte des inflexions que la notion d’invention connaît, les travaux ont été structurés autour du concept d’autonomisation qui peut être vu, au regard des travaux de Simondon, comme un affranchissement progressif des créations de la tutelle de leur concepteur. Cette émancipation est rendue possible grâce à une meilleure connaissance des lois qui régissent la matière et permettent à l’ingénieur de mettre au point des créations qui rompent avec l’image « traditionnelle » de l’invention (Partie I). Ce savoir étant néanmoins insuffisant pour domestiquer complètement la nature, il est aussi nécessaire d’étudier le versant le plus dérangeant du phénomène d’autonomisation pour envisager toutes les conceptions possibles de l’invention au XXIe siècle (Partie II). / The starting point of this thesis is the questioning on the reason why the American and French legislators, as well as the draftsmen of the Munich Convention, have not clearly defined the crux of the patent law: the invention. This lack of precision should not be considered as a simple flaw, but as the sign of cautiousness towards a concept that is intrinsically related to the unpredictable development of sciences and technology.Whereas no definition has been given, concordant factors give a sight of what this concept could be: a concrete demonstration of grip on the forces of nature. This guideline which had been designed when the engineer could impose his will on the material and design it at will is questioned by the occurrence of new forms of creation. The invention can always be seen as a tangible proof of technological power when dealing with a household appliance or a joining system; however, human ingenuity has also been used for conceiving software programs or commercial methods which, just like the tool machine, simplify the human work. Hence, it does not seem possible to adopt a single approach of the invention and thus deny reality. Moreover, maintaining a unique conception of the invention would be difficult since the management that human being was supposed to practice on material is, in fact, less ensured, as it is shown for instance by the difficulties that chemists or geneticists face in controlling material. Hence, a one-sided approach of the invention can not be considered. In order to take into account the inflexions of the concept of innovation, scientific works have been based on the idea of empowerment, which can be seen, according to Simondon’s work, as a progressive emancipation of the creations from their creators’ tutorship. This emancipation has been made possible through a better knowledge of the laws which regulate the material and allow the engineer to design creations which break the “traditional” image of the invention (Part I). However, as this knowledge was not sufficient to completely domesticate nature, it also necessary to study the most disturbing aspect of the empowerment phenomenon, in order to foresee all the possible conceptions of invention in the 21st century (Part 2).

A partir de minha experiência pregressa como artista circense, de desdobramentos do meu estudo preliminar (Bastos, 2013), das conversas informais e das entrevistas realizadas para este percurso de investigação, pude me certificar de que o sofrimento humano está presente também no universo do circo e que há uma demanda e um desejo por parte desta população por algum tipo de atenção psicológica que leve em conta as particularidades do modo de vida itinerante. Esta tese propõe que as especificidades nos modos de constituição do self da pessoa circense dizem respeito, em grande medida, à itinerância, a qual deve ser levada em conta pelo profissional que for atuar neste contexto cultural. Considerando que o modo de vida impacta em como se dá a construção das relações de confiança e na vivência da temporalidade, há necessidade de que profissionais da área se atentem para tais dimensões culturais constitutivas do self para que possa haver uma atenção psicológica adequada aos circenses. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu a convivência com pessoas de dois circos itinerantes (Circo Spacial e Circo de Teatro Tubinho) e a realização de onze entrevistas que visaram elucidar as temáticas da confiança e temporalidade por serem centrais para o possível desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção psicológica nesse contexto cultural específico. A especificidade do modo de vida do circense aponta para possibilidades de um convívio, marcadamente itinerante, qualitativamente rico do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento humano, uma vez que é notável o estabelecimento de fortes laços comunitários capazes de superar dificuldades cotidianas, de se relacionar com a diferença e realizar projetos complexos, dinâmicos e altamente desafiadores. O estudo das temáticas da confiança e da temporalidade permitiu sofisticar a compreensão que se tem desses processos na psicologia cultural dialógica, na medida em que a itinerância e o sentido de realização do espetáculo são balizas extremamente salientes que guiam toda a vida do integrante do circo, a ponto das pessoas colocarem cotidianamente suas vidas em situação de risco na relação com os outros. Discuti a temática da confiança, que perpassa a noção de temporalidade a partir do referencial teórico da Psicologia Cultural em sua vertente semiótico-construtivista, área de estudos que aponta para a centralidade da cultura na compreensão dos processos afetivo-cognitivos do desenvolvimento humano (Simão, 2010, Valsiner, 2012). A discussão dos resultados que se deu por meio da noção de Multiplicação Dialógica (Guimarães, 2010, 2013) procurou: a) destacar as especificidades no contexto do circo itinerante que trazem implicações para a construção do self e b) investigar os processos psicológicos envolvidos na construção das relações de confiança frente à vivência da temporalidade. Para a análise dialógica dos dados, utilizei as noções de trajetórias descendentes e ascendentes (Guimarães, 2016b), que possibilitaram uma articulação entre os movimentos analítico e interpretativo e o mapeamento das antinomias relacionadas ao campo-tema (Spink, 2003) do circo. Esse estudo torna-se relevante por apontar que a vivência da itinerância traz implicações para a constituição do self e que o conhecimento de tais implicações e das especificidades deste modo de vida são fundamentais para a compreensão das vulnerabilidades psicossociais apontadas pelos circenses ao longo da pesquisa. Adicionalmente, a pesquisa pôde propiciar reflexões sobre a possibilidade de inserção de psicólogos no universo do circo itinerante. Observo que tanto a Psicologia quanto a Psicologia Cultural, enquanto campo de reflexões e pesquisa, ainda não dispõem de conhecimentos suficientes sobre o modo de vida do circo e, por essa razão, não têm desenvolvido estratégias nem instrumentos para o trabalho psicológico nesse contexto. Ao lidar com a questão da singularidade da compreensão psicológica do universo cultural do circo, esta pesquisa me permitiu chegar à noção de self itinerante, o que pode auxiliar num maior entendimento sobre o contexto apresentado / From my previous experience as a circus artist, as well as from the development of my preliminary study (Bastos, 2013), from the informal conversations and the interviews conducted for this research, I was able to certify myself that human suffering is also present in the universe of the circus. There is also a demand and a desire from the circus members for some kind of psychological attention that may take into account the particularities of the itinerant way of life. This thesis proposes that the specificities in the ways of constitution of the self of the circus person concerns, to a large extent, the itinerancy, that must be taken into account by the professional who will work in this cultural context. Taking into account that the way of life has an impact on the construction of relation of trust and the experience of temporality, there is a need for professionals in the area to attend to such constitutive cultural dimensions of the self so that there can be adequate psychological attention for circus members. This is a qualitative research that involved the conviviality with people from two traveling circuses (Circus Spacial and Circo de Teatro Tubinho). Eleven interviews were conducted in order to elucidate the themes of trust and temporality, both of central importance for the possible development of psychological intervention strategies in this specific cultural context. The specificity of the circus way of life points to the possibility of a markedly itinerant co-existence with others, qualitatively rich from the point of view of human development; it is worth mentioning that they form strong community bonds, capable of overcoming daily difficulties, relating to difference, and performing complex, dynamic, and highly challenging projects. The study of the themes of trust and temporality allowed to refine the understanding of these processes in cultural dialogical psychology. This because itinerancy and the sense of accomplishment resulting from performing the spectacle are extremely significant constrains that guide the whole life of the circus artist, to the point that people put their lives at risk in their relationship with others on a daily basis. I discussed the theme of trust that permeates the notion of temporality from the theoretical framework of Cultural Psychology in its semiotic-constructivist dimension, an area of study that points to the centrality of culture for the understanding of the affective-cognitive processes of human development (Simão, 2010, Valsiner, 2012). The discussion of the results was based on the notion of Dialogical Multiplication (Guimarães, 2010, 2013) and sought to a) highlight the specificities of the itinerant circus, which have implications on the construction of the self and b) investigate the psychological processes involved in the construction of relations of trust in experiencing temporality. For the dialogical analysis of the data, I used the notions of descending and ascending trajectories (Guimarães, 2016b), which allowed an articulation between the analytical and interpretative movements and the mapping of the antinomies related to the theme-field (Spink, 2003). This study becomes relevant for pointing out that the experience of itinerancy has implications for the constitution of the self and that knowledge of such implications and the specificities of this way of life are fundamental for understanding the psychosocial vulnerabilities pointed out by circus members throughout the research. Additionally, the research was able to provide considerations on the possibility of insertion of psychologists in the itinerant circus universe. I observed that both Psychology and Cultural Psychology, as fields of research and study, still do not have enough knowledge about the way of life of the circus and for this reason have not been developing strategies or instruments for psychological practice in this context. In dealing with the issue of the uniqueness of the psychological understanding of the cultural universe of the circus, this research allowed me to arrive at the notion of the itinerant self that can help in better understanding the presented context

Today’s modern, Canadian, business corporations are hugely influential in determining public policy and many aspects of people’s lives. Because this influence permeates so much of our social construct, we expect corporations to act in an ethical manner. Yet, at the very baseline of legal incorporation, there is not a requirement for corporations, per se, to be ethical or to act in an ethical manner. This situation has set up a form of ethical dualism, with individual citizens being required to act in certain prescribed manners, while corporations, which in most cases comprise individual citizens, are allowed to ignore or even to flaunt similar ethical rules and standards. In this investigative paper on corporate applied ethics, I will examine arguments for and against the notion of including ethical responsibility statements within the concept of incorporation. This paper will provide a historical framework in which to view some of the complexities involved, and examine certain influential assertions made by Milton Friedman. The paper will begin with a look at what is meant by corporation in this context. This will be followed by an analysis of the arguments put forward by Milton Friedman in his famous essay “The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits” and other related arguments. These other arguments, as objections to the inclusion of ethics within the notion of corporation, fall into three main types: objections to concept; to ability; and to process. I will review each in turn, with the hope that, by dispelling the Friedmanian arguments against corporate ethical inclusion, a new baseline for incorporation might be established. The second part of the paper will examine what kind of ethics might best suit the corporation. It will also consider ethical growth with respect to business. The paper will conclude with a suggestion as to how the inclusion of ethics within the notion of incorporation might be accomplished.