On se propose de caractériser les altérations du granite d'Auriat (Creuse) à partir d'un forage profond (1003.15 m). Ce mémoire comprend deux volets : - la reconnaissance des altérations du granite : études visuelle, microscopique, chimique, minéralogique et mécanique ; - l'analyse du milieu poreux. Tout au long de l'étude, nous sommes amenés à adapter les moyens d'investigation pour une petite quantité de matériau. Après une revue bibliographique, nous caractérisons le granite d'Auriat et ses altérations à partir des moyens classiques : étude visuelle du sondage, microscopie optique, MEB, diffraction de rayons X, analyses chimiques à l'échelle de la roche puis du minéral , microduretés Vickers, résistance à la compression et géophysique de laboratoire. Il apparaît que les faciès que nous définissons à partir de la couleur des feldspaths (rubéfaction) correspondent à une réalité physico-chimique. La seconde partie du mémoire débute par la mesure du volume poreux du granite. On reprend les différentes méthodes et on met au point une technique de mesure de la porosité à l'eau adaptée aux matériaux très peu poreux (< 2 %). La validité de la méthode est démontrée. La répartition des porosités en fonction des faciès montre que les granites sains sont très peu poreux (< 1 % en moyenne) et les rubéfiés légèrement plus poreux (de 0 à 2 % en moyenne). La décomposition de la porosité totale en porosité de pores et de fissures montre que le faciès sain est affecté par un système de microfissures ouvertes. Le faciès rubéfié possède une porosité de pores dominante et ses microfissures sont largement colmatées. L'essai de porosimétrie au mercure est abordé à partir des calculs utilisés en physique des hautes pressions en tenant compte des corrections de compressibilité relatives à chacun des éléments en présence. L'examen des courbes porosimétriques montre qu'il existe une infraporosité (0.001 < r < 0.01 µm) caractéristique du faciès rubéfié. Nous mesurons la perméabilité au gaz du granite, puis calculons sa surface spécifique à partir de la porosité et de la perméabilité. Enfin, nous présentons une synthèse des résultats et une prospective est envisagée.

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Le XXIème siècle étant le siècle du passage au tout numérique, les médias digitaux jouent maintenant un rôle de plus en plus important dans la vie de tous les jours. De la même manière, les logiciels sophistiqués de retouche d'images se sont démocratisés et permettent aujourd'hui de diffuser facilement des images falsifiées. Ceci pose un problème sociétal puisqu'il s'agit de savoir si ce que l'on voit a été manipulé. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la criminalistique des images numériques. Deux problèmes importants sont abordés : l'identification de l'origine d'une image et la détection d'informations cachées dans une image. Ces travaux s'inscrivent dans le cadre de la théorie de la décision statistique et roposent la construction de détecteurs permettant de respecter une contrainte sur la probabilité de fausse alarme. Afin d'atteindre une performance de détection élevée, il est proposé d'exploiter les propriétés des images naturelles en modélisant les principales étapes de la chaîne d'acquisition d'un appareil photographique. La éthodologie, tout au long de ce manuscrit, consiste à étudier le détecteur optimal donné par le test du rapport de vraisemblance dans le contexte idéal où tous les aramètres du modèle sont connus. Lorsque des paramètres du modèle sont inconnus, ces derniers sont estimés afin de construire le test du rapport de vraisemblance généralisé dont les erformances statistiques sont analytiquement établies. De nombreuses expérimentations sur des images simulées et réelles permettent de souligner la pertinence de l'approche proposée.

The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4032.pdf: 1016886 bytes, checksum: 6e1eb83f197a88332f8951b054c1f01a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The capture-recapture process, largely used in the estimation of the number of elements of animal population, is also applied to other branches of knowledge like Epidemiology, Linguistics, Software reliability, Ecology, among others. One of the _rst applications of this method was done by Laplace in 1783, with aim at estimate the number of inhabitants of France. Later, Carl G. J. Petersen in 1889 and Lincoln in 1930 applied the same estimator in the context of animal populations. This estimator has being known in literature as _Lincoln-Petersen_ estimator. In the mid-twentieth century several researchers dedicated themselves to the formulation of statistical models appropriated for the estimation of population size, which caused a substantial increase in the amount of theoretical and applied works on the subject. The capture-recapture models are constructed under certain assumptions relating to the population, the sampling procedure and the experimental conditions. The main assumption that distinguishes models concerns the change in the number of individuals in the population during the period of the experiment. Models that allow for births, deaths or migration are called open population models, while models that does not allow for these events to occur are called closed population models. In this work, the goal is to characterize likelihood functions obtained by applying methods of elimination of nuissance parameters in the case of closed population models. Based on these likelihood functions, we discuss methods for point and interval estimation of the population size. The estimation methods are illustrated on a real data-set and their frequentist properties are analised via Monte Carlo simulation. / O processo de captura-recaptura, amplamente utilizado na estimação do número de elementos de uma população de animais, é também aplicado a outras áreas do conhecimento como Epidemiologia, Linguística, Con_abilidade de Software, Ecologia, entre outras. Uma das primeiras aplicações deste método foi feita por Laplace em 1783, com o objetivo de estimar o número de habitantes da França. Posteriormente, Carl G. J. Petersen em 1889 e Lincoln em 1930 utilizaram o mesmo estimador no contexto de popula ções de animais. Este estimador _cou conhecido na literatura como o estimador de _Lincoln-Petersen_. Em meados do século XX muitos pesquisadores se dedicaram à formula ção de modelos estatísticos adequados à estimação do tamanho populacional, o que causou um aumento substancial da quantidade de trabalhos teóricos e aplicados sobre o tema. Os modelos de captura-recaptura são construídos sob certas hipóteses relativas à população, ao processo de amostragem e às condições experimentais. A principal hipótese que diferencia os modelos diz respeito à mudança do número de indivíduos da popula- ção durante o período do experimento. Os modelos que permitem que haja nascimentos, mortes ou migração são chamados de modelos para população aberta, enquanto que os modelos em que tais eventos não são permitidos são chamados de modelos para popula- ção fechada. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é caracterizar o comportamento de funções de verossimilhança obtidas por meio da utilização de métodos de eliminação de parâmetros perturbadores, no caso de modelos para população fechada. Baseado nestas funções de verossimilhança, discutimos métodos de estimação pontual e intervalar para o tamanho populacional. Os métodos de estimação são ilustrados através de um conjunto de dados reais e suas propriedades frequentistas são analisadas via simulação de Monte Carlo.

Cette thèse de doctorat se veut comme objectif d’analyser les rapports qui lient l’infrastructure aéroportuaire à son environnement. Elle s’appuie sur l’exemple des aéroports de Dakar et de Diass au Sénégal. Le travail se réfère à deux niveaux. D’abord une étude de la zone aéroportuaire de Dakar-Yoff qui montre comment l’infrastructure a contribué à l’émergence de la métropole internationale. Les communes limitrophes de l’aéroport (Yoff, Ouakam et Ngor), situées dans l’arrondissement des Almadies, ont vu leur territoire évoluer physiquement et économiquement depuis son installation dans la banlieue nord-ouest de Dakar. L’analyse des cartes géographiques, depuis les années 1940 jusqu’à nos jours, témoigne d’une réelle dynamique spatiale dans cette partie de la région de Dakar. En partant des caractéristiques de l’aéroport et des dynamiques économiques et urbaines qui ont accompagné son évolution, l’analyse révèlera que la non maitrise de l’urbanisation à ses abords et le mépris des réglementations conduiront à des problèmes multiples et par conséquent à la décision de l’état du Sénégal de transférer l’équipement sur un nouveau site, à une quarantaine de kilomètres de Dakar. La construction de la nouvelle plateforme et les différents projets qui y sont associés placent les nouvelles communes d’accueil, Diass et Keur Moussa, situées en zones rurales, au centre des enjeux politiques et économiques du pays et affectent leur développement futur. L’émergence de l’aéroport comme acteur du développement économique et territorial, en particulier pour les territoires environnants, montre les liens qui peuvent exister entre l’infrastructure aéroportuaire et son environnement. Ces liens se traduisent par plusieurs aspects visibles qui sont discutés dans cette contribution. / This doctoral thesis aims to analyze the relationships that link the airport infrastructure to its environment. It is based on the example of Dakar and Diass airports in Senegal. The work refers to two levels. First, a study of the Dakar-Yoff airport zone, which shows how the infrastructure contributed to the emergence of the international metropolis. The municipalities bordering the airport (Yoff, Ouakam and Ngor), located in the district of Almadies, have seen their territory evolve physically and economically since its installation in the northwestern suburbs of Dakar. The analysis of geographical maps, from the 1940s to the present day, testifies to a real spatial dynamic in this part of the Dakar region. Based on the characteristics of the airport and the economic and urban dynamics that accompanied its evolution, the analysis will reveal that the lack of mastery of urbanization in its surroundings and the disregard of regulations will lead to multiple problems and consequently to the decision of the state of Senegal to transfer the equipment to a new site, about forty kilometers from Dakar. The construction of the new platform and the various projects associated with it place the new host municipalities, Diass and Keur Moussa, located in rural areas, at the center of the country's political and economic challenges and affect their future development. The emergence of the airport as an actor of economic and territorial development, especially for the surrounding territories, shows the links that can exist between the airport infrastructure and its environment. These links translate into several visible aspects that are discussed in this contribution.

The aim of this thesis is to break new ground by investigating the interactional organisation of real events that comprise live business-to-business cold calls. Despite being a ubiquitous part of everyday life, we know very little about how cold calls are initiated, progressed, and completed. Cold calls are unsolicited telephone encounters, initiated by salespeople aiming to get prospective clients ( prospects ) interested in their services, with the distal goal of turning them into clients and the proximal goal of getting them to agree to an initial meeting. Cold calls are often treated as a nuisance by call-takers, and salespeople must deal with reluctant gatekeepers, recurrent sales resistance, and the occasional hang-up. The training they receive often draws on outdated theories of communication and is rarely supported by empirical evidence. Thus, this study not only addresses an important domain for interactional research, but also fulfils a practical necessity for empirical research that will inform sales training and improve callers and call-takers experiences. The data comprise 150 recorded calls supplied by three British companies that sell, service, and lease office equipment. The data were collected, transcribed, and analysed within an ethnomethodological framework using conversation analysis and discursive psychology. The first analytic chapter outlines the overall structural organisation of cold calling. It documents the constituent activities within the opening, the business of the call, and the closing. It identifies and describes two types of cold calls. Freezing calls are initiated by salespeople who are contacting a prospect for the very first time. Lukewarm calls feature salespeople who claim to have been in contact with the prospect s organisation in the past. The second chapter excavates the initial turns of lukewarm calls in which salespeople ask to speak to another person within the company, with whom they indicate to be acquainted. The analysis revealed that this third-party acquaintanceship was crucial for establishing the legitimacy of the switchboard request and for improving the chances of getting it granted. The third chapter focused on appointment-making sequences in both freezing and lukewarm calls, showing that they comprise two components: a preamble and a meeting request sequence. I also highlight how salespeople exploit sequential and turn-taking mechanisms to secure meetings with prospects without giving the latter the opportunity to refuse. The final chapter examines two practices for enacting resistance in cold calls blocks and stalls and documents the range of methods salespeople employ for dealing with each type of resistance. Sales blocks expose the salesperson s commercial agenda, attempt to stop the prospecting activity, and move towards call pre-closure. In response, salespeople can challenge, counter, or circumvent blocks as well as redo their initiating actions. Stalls slow down the progress of the sales process by delaying the next phase of the sale or by proposing less commitment-implicative alternatives. Salespeople deal with stalls by either justifying their initial proposal or by spontaneously introducing new action plans, both being more conducive to the progress of the sale. The thesis contributes to a growing body of interactional research on commercial encounters by shedding empirical light on a previously unexamined setting, business-to-business cold calls. It also moves forward discursive psychology s project of respecifying psychological phenomena by documenting the communicative practices associated with persuasion and resistance. Finally, it expands the extant conversation analytic toolkit by examining new practices (such as appointment-making) and by providing new insights into key conversation analytic topics (such as requests, pre-sequences, and accounts for calling). Overall, the findings presented in this thesis challenge existing conceptions of prospecting through cold calling that are prevalent in the sales literature. The thesis puts forward a strong argument for opening the black box of cold calls to better understand these interactions and to identify good practices as the basis for communication training. Research presented in this thesis has already been used in the development of CARM (Conversation Analytic Role-play Method) training for salespeople, who reported having doubled their appointment rates. Based on the findings in this thesis, I plan to develop further training not only for salespeople but also for prospective customers, thus improving the overall outcome of cold call encounters.

Humanitarian clearance of minefields is most often carried out by hand, conventionally using a a metal detector and a probe. Detection is a very slow process, as every piece of detected metal must treated as if it were a landmine and carefully probed and excavated, while many of them are not. The process can be safely sped up by use of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) to image the subsurface, to verify metal detection results and safely ignore any objects which could not possibly be a landmine. In this thesis, we explore the possibility of using Full Wave Inversion (FWI) to improve GPR imaging for landmine detection. Posing the imaging task as FWI means solving the large-scale, non-linear and ill-posed optimisation problem of determining the physical parameters of the subsurface (such as electrical permittivity) which would best reproduce the data. This thesis begins by giving an overview of all the mathematical and implementational aspects of FWI, so as to provide an informative text for both mathematicians (perhaps already familiar with other inverse problems) wanting to contribute to the mine detection problem, as well as a wider engineering audience (perhaps already working on GPR or mine detection) interested in the mathematical study of inverse problems and FWI.We present the first numerical 3D FWI results for GPR, and consider only surface measurements from small-scale arrays as these are suitable for our application. The FWI problem requires an accurate forward model to simulate GPR data, for which we use a hybrid finite-element boundary-integral solver utilising first order curl-conforming N\'d\'{e}lec (edge) elements. We present a novel `line search' type algorithm which prioritises inversion of some target parameters in a region of interest (ROI), with the update outside of the area defined implicitly as a function of the target parameters. This is particularly applicable to the mine detection problem, in which we wish to know more about some detected metallic objects, but are not interested in the surrounding medium. We may need to resolve the surrounding area though, in order to account for the target being obscured and multiple scattering in a highly cluttered subsurface. We focus particularly on spatial sensitivity of the inverse problem, using both a singular value decomposition to analyse the Jacobian matrix, as well as an asymptotic expansion involving polarization tensors describing the perturbation of electric field due to small objects. The latter allows us to extend the current theory of sensitivity in for acoustic FWI, based on the Born approximation, to better understand how polarization plays a role in the 3D electromagnetic inverse problem. Based on this asymptotic approximation, we derive a novel approximation to the diagonals of the Hessian matrix which can be used to pre-condition the GPR FWI problem.

Parce qu’elle est une clé de compréhension du déclenchement de la responsabilité civile, l’anormalité est une notion centrale de l’institution. Elle s’identifie d’abord à travers le dommage, qui est une anomalie, une déviation par rapport au cours normal des choses. L’anormalité est ici intrinsèque au dommage et se définit comme le déséquilibre patrimonial et extrapatrimonial subi par la victime. La notion se découvre ensuite à l’extérieur du dommage, elle caractérise ce qu’il faut en plus du dommage pour engager une responsabilité. Cette anormalité, dite extrinsèque au dommage, tient son origine dans la faute civile : est en faute l’individu ayant adopté un comportement anormal.Classiquement cantonnée à l’élément objectif de la faute, avant qu’elle n’en épuise entièrement la définition, l’évolution montre que l’anormalité s’est diversifiée pour devenir un critère aux multiples visages. La notion se rencontre ainsi, par exemple, dans la responsabilité du fait des choses (anormalité de la chose), dans la responsabilité du fait d’autrui (anormalité du fait d’autrui) ou encore en matière de trouble du voisinage. De manière plus latente, l’anormalité peut également être mobilisée pour expliquer le risque sélectionné par le législateur pour faire l’objet d’un régime spécial (ex : accidents de la circulation, fait des produits défectueux). En définitive, l’anormalité est un critère juridique de discrimination qui peut, pour faire naître une obligation de réparation, être associé au fait générateur, au dommage ou au risque. Cette vision est forte de potentialités ; elle permet une présentation renouvelée de la matière autour des trois fondements que sont l’anormalité du fait générateur, l’anormalité du dommage et l’anormalité du risque. En délimitant le périmètre de la responsabilité civile, cette tripartition permet finalement une relecture de la matière à la lumière des trois fondements proposés. / Because it is key in understanding how it is triggered, the concept of abnormality is a notion of great importance in relation to civil liability. This concept is first of all found in relation to the notion of injury, which is an anomaly, a deviation from the normal course of things. The abnormality is an intrinsic part of an injury and is defined as a patrimonial and non-patrimonial disturbance suffered by a victim. The concept is then applied outside of the notion of injury, as it then characterises the elements additional to the injury that are needed in order for liability to arise. This aspect of the abnormality, the extrinsic side, originates from the tort principle: that one is liable for one’s own abnormal behaviour.Although classically confined to the objective element of fault, the notion of abnormality has outgrown its original definition and developed into a criterion with many applications. The concept is used, for instance, in relation to product liability (abnormality of an object/product), vicarious liability, or even in relation to nuisance neighbours. There is perhaps also a latent possibility for the concept of abnormality to be used by the legislator for derivative special liability regimes (e.g. defective products, traffic accidents). Ultimately, the concept of abnormality is a form of legal criterion that, in order to give rise to compensation, can be associated to a triggering event, an injury, or a risk. This vision opens up many possibilities: it enables a new way of presenting this subject matter around the three principles that are the abnormality of the triggering event, the abnormality of the injury and the abnormality of the risk. By defining the perimeter of civil liability, this tripartition actually enables a new understanding of the subject matter through these three proposed principles.

Avec l'avènement de l'informatique grand public, du réseau Internet et de la photographie numérique, de nombreuses images naturelles (acquises par un appareil photographique) circulent un peu partout dans le monde. Les images sont parfois modi- fiées de façon légitime ou illicite pour transmettre une information confidentielle ou secrète. Dans ce contexte, la sténographie constitue une méthode de choix pour trans- mettre et dissimuler de l'information. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire de détecter la présence d'informations cachées dans des images naturelles. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une nouvelle approche statistique pour effectuer cette détection avec la meilleure fiabilité possible. Dans le cadre de ces travaux, le principal enjeu est la maîtrise des probabilités d'erreur de détection. Pour cela, un modèle paramétrique localement non-linéaire d'une image naturelle est développé. Ce modèle est construit à partir de la physique du système optique d'acquisition et de la scène imagée. Quand les paramètres de ce modèle sont connus, un test statistique théorique est proposé et ses propriétés d'optimalité sont établies. La difficulté principale de la construction de ce test repose sur le fait que les pixels de l'image sont toujours quantifiés. Lorsqu'aucune information sur l'image n'est disponible, il est proposé de linéariser le modèle tout en respectant la contrainte sur la probabilité de fausse alarme et en garantissant une perte d'optimalité bornée. De nombreuses expérimentations sur des images réelles ont confirmé la pertinence de cette nouvelle approche.