The dissertation examines the ethics of staff in perioperative care. The aim was to analyze the errors that occur during surgery, to determine the participants in perioperative care who commit these mistakes, and to analyze the reasons why these errors occur. The theoretical part deals with the concept of security from different perspectives of patient safety in surgery, and the international guidelines that direct it. The situation in the Czech Republic in terms of care for patient safety in surgery is also described. One chapter deals with the autor's internship in operating rooms in Sweden. Using the results of observations, the empirical part of the dissertation analyzes the actual behaviour of staff in perioperative care during surgery against the binding documents that ensure safe perioperative care. It also sets out the reasons that lead to non-compliance of health and safety regulations in perioperative theatres. In conclusion, I suggest steps that would help to improve the situation. Key words Perioperative care, safety, security, pacient pafety, medical ethics, nursing ethics

Text in English / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The iam with this study was to obtain an understanding of how middle managers in private elderly care experience their leadership and its inclusive requirements. The study has also investigate how middle managers in the private elderly care take into account the company’s profit interest in relation to nursing ethics and quality requirements. Our study was conducted by qualitative research through semi-structured interviews in four middle-sized municipality in the southern part of Sweden. A total of seven middle managers were interviewed. The results showed that the middle managers in private elderly care has a complex leadership with many important responsibilities. The conclusion highlights that middle managers in the private sector have many possibilities like shorter decision paths and freedom of action. The struggle for the middle managers is to implement the management's decisions that they don't agree with. The conclusion also include that the middle managers perceives the financial goals of their organization as something positive regardless of whether they perceive the profit interest as noticeable or not. The middle managers have plenty of ways to quality assure care for their care recipient. Lastly the middle managers show that their leadership is furtherance to prevent the emergence of ethical dilemmas.

El conflicto ético es un problema que se produce al percibir que los valores y principios éticos asumidos por uno mismo están comprometidos por otros, siendo incapaz de tomar decisiones de carácter ético. Los profesionales de Enfermería son especialmente vulnerables a experimentar conflictos de carácter ético debido, fundamentalmente, a las responsabilidades propias asociadas al cuidado de las personas, cuestión que atribuye carácter ético a la profesión, y al hecho de trabajar en un contexto cada vez más tecnificado y complejo como es el ámbito sanitario actual. Las situaciones conflictivas se encuentran asociadas a las relaciones que se establecen con el paciente y su entorno familiar; con el equipo sanitario y la institución; y con determinados tratamientos y procedimientos. Aunque los conflictos éticos son intrínsecos de la profesión enfermera, algunos entornos clínicos se revelan especialmente sensibles a este fenómeno, como es el caso de la enfermería intensiva de las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIs). Con frecuencia, la investigación se ha centrado en el análisis del malestar ético o de la angustia moral experimentada por los profesionales, sin considerar otros tipos de conflicto definidos en la literatura sobre el tema. En este sentido, la exploración del fenómeno de la conflictividad ética debe considerar el conjunto de variables que intervienen en la génesis del conflicto. Partiendo de esta necesidad, con la idea de explorar el fenómeno en los profesionales de enfermería, la presente investigación tuvo por objetivos validar un modelo teórico para el análisis de la/conflictividad ética; elaborar un instrumento para explorar este fenómeno en profesionales enfermeros de las UCIs; y analizar la relación entre éste y variables socio demográficas, profesionales y del entorno clínico, con el fin de conocer el fenómeno y poder diseñar estrategias para prevenirlo y tratarlo. A partir del modelo conceptual formulado, se elaboró un cuestionario, nombrado Cuestionario de Conflictividad Ética para Enfermeras/os (CuCEE), y se administró a una muestra de 203 enfermeras/os de las UCIs de dos hospitales de tercer nivel de la provincia de Barcelona, durante los meses de octubre a diciembre de 2009. Posteriormente, se realizaron análisis descriptivos, métricos y bivariantes. Los resultados obtenidos fueron acordes con el modelo teórico, evidenciando que los tipos de conflicto ético seguían una estructura organizada según niveles de menor a mayor grado de exposición al conflicto. Se observó también que la indignación y la angustia morales fueron los tipos de conflictos éticos experimentados con mayor frecuencia por los profesionales enfermeros de las UCIs. Por otra parte, el CuCEE demostró ser un instrumento fiable (a = .882) para medir el fenómeno; con una varianza explicada del 33.414%. También se observó que los profesionales de las UCIs presentaban niveles moderados de exposición al conflicto y que las dos situaciones de cuidados que generaban grados elevados de conflictividad ética eran el hecho de "comprobar que el paciente sufría" y el de "administrar tratamientos asociados a la limitación del tratamiento de soporte vital (LTSV)". Entre otros resultados destacables, se observó que había una relación negativa estadísticamente significativa entre el grado de exposición al conflicto ético y a) la "percepción de los profesionales de estar en un entorno favorable para tratar las cuestiones de carácter ético" (F= 7.710; p= .001; E2 = .227); Y b) el hecho de "participar en las decisiones" (F= 3.851; p= .023; E2 = .161). Y una relación positiva estadísticamente significativa entre el grado de exposición al conflicto ético y el pensamiento de los profesionales de "querer cambiar de servicio por cuestiones de sobrecarga o estrés" (F=7.892; p= .001; E2 = .123). Los resultados permitieron concluir que el modelo planteado para el análisis de la conflictividad ética en enfermería era válido, mostrándose como un nuevo marco teórico al considerar diferentes tipos de conflictos éticos y el estado de bienestar moral como manifestaciones del fenómeno, así cómo su relación con el grado de exposición a las situaciones conflictivas desde una perspectiva ética. También se concluyó que el fenómeno estaba relacionado con las dinámicas de trabajo del equipo y las características del entorno de las UCIs. / Ethical conflict is a problem that occurs when you perceive that the values and ethical principles assumed by oneself are compromised by others, isn't able to make ethical decisions. Nursing professionals are particularly vulnerable to experiencing ethical conflicts, mainly due to the responsibilities associated with caring for people and the fact that they work in an increasingly technological and complex field, as health care is today. Conflict situations are associated with establishing relationships with patients and their families, with the healthcare team and the institution, and certain treatments and clinical procedures. Although ethical issues are inherent in the nursing profession, some clinical settings appear to be particularly sensitive to this phenomenon, such as nursing in intensive care units (ICUs). Often, research has focused on the analysis of ethical discomfort or moral distress experienced by professionals, without considering other types of conflict identified in the literature on the subject. In this sense, the exploration of the phenomenon of ethical conflict should consider all the variables involved in the genesis of the conflict. Based on this need, with the idea of exploring the phenomenon in nursing, the objectives of this research were to validate a theoretical model for analyzing ethical conflict, develop an instrument to explore the ethical conflicts in nurses that work in ICUs, and analyze the relationship between ethical conflict and variables in socio-demographic as well as professional and clinical settings, to explore the phenomenon and to design strategies to prevent and treat it. Along this theoretical model we developed the Conflict Ethics Questionnaire for Nurses (CEQN) and administered it to a sample of 203 nurses working in the ICU of two tertiary hospitals in the province Barcelona, from October to December 2009. Subsequently, we made statistical analysis (descriptive, metrical and bivariate). The results showed that the theoretical model proposed for the analysis of ethical conflict is revealed as a valid model, showing that the types of ethical conflict followed a structure organized according to levels of low to high degree of exposure to conflict. It was also noted that moral outrage and anguish were the types of ethical conflicts experienced more often by nurses of the ICUs. Moreover, the CEQN proved a reliable to measure (a =.882) of the phenomenon. It was also noted that practitioners in the ICUs had moderate levels of exposure to 3 conflict and that the two care situations that generated a high degree o[ethical conflict were the[act to check the patient suffered and manage treatments associated with the withholding and withdrawal life-sustaining treatments. Among other noteworthy results, it was observed that there was a significant negative relationship ~between the degree of exposure to ethical conflict and the professional perception of being in an environment, or addressing ethical issues (F =7.7101 p =.001; E2 =.227) and the act of participating in decisions (F =3.8511 P =.0231 E2 =.161). And a significant positive relationship between the degree of exposure to ethical conflict and the professionals thinking that they want to change department or reasons o[overload or stress (F =7.8921 P =.0011 E2 =.123). The results concluded that the proposed model was valid, showing it to be a new theoretical framework that can be used to consider different types of ethical conflicts as manifestations o[ the phenomenon o[ ethical conflicts in nursing and its relationship to a feeling o[ moral well-being. It was also concluded that the phenomenon was related to the dynamics o[team work and the environmental characteristics of ICUs.

Análisis comparativo de las legislaciones autonómicas del Estado Español. Analizando las diferencias y sus posibles consecuencias, para formular una reflexión general a la vista de experiencias previas en otros países. Se proponen estrategias para llevar a cabo procesos de planificación anticipada y no únicamente documentos de Instrucciones previas con escasa utilidad práctica y con una finalidad básica de "autonomía defensiva". / Comparative analysis of autonomics laws Spanish's state. Analyzing the differences and their possible consequences to formulate a general reflection around previous experiences in others countries. It proposes strategies to carry out processes of advance care planning and not only advance directives documents with little practical utility and with the basic purpose of "defensive autonomy".

Helping professionals help people to achieve optimal functionality and fulfillment in the physical, psychological, emotional and intellectual domains. Well-defined ethical standards for practitioners are crucial to such a vital endeavor. This study analyzes the official codes of ethics produced by the professional organizations of five of the helping professions: librarianship, psychology, social work, nursing, and education. In the ethics codes is sought interpretation of four moral principles—respect for autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence—and four professional responsibilities—fidelity, veracity, privacy, and confidentiality. These are grounded, respectively, in the “common morality” or the core norms exercised by all morally serious people, and the “professional morality,” or the core norms exercised by all moral professionals. How do the professions define, interpret, and express the principles and responsibilities? This interdisciplinary study clarifies and allows comparison of the expressed values of each profession. It is a critical examination of professional codes of ethics, and an argument for their explicit grounding in a larger morality. / text

The purpose of the study was to examine the perceptions of nurses regarding ethico-legal training in Ghana. The study further determined whether there were any discrepancies regarding ethico-legal training of nurses in Ghana, using six hospitals in the Upper West Region (Province). Data were collected through a quantitative, cross sectional research design. Out of 150 people constituting the study population, a sample size of 110 respondents was drawn. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Nurses who have been in practice for at least five years answered the questionnaires. The convenience sampling technique was found to be appropriate for this study. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse data. The findings revealed that although ethico-legal topics were contained in the nursing training curriculum, majority of nurses did not receive teaching/training on them, making nurses vulnerable to litigation. / Health Studies / M. A. (Nursing Science)

Text in English / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The thesis on the topic "Implementation of Elements of the Code of Ethics for Nurses and Patients' Rights in Practice" has the characteristics of a research. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. There were four objectives in the practical part of the thesis, the purpose of which was to determine the following: whether patients receive enough understandable information about the diagnostic, therapeutic and nursing care from doctors and nurses, whether intimacy and patients´ feelings of embarrassment are being respected by doctors and nurses, whether patients have the space to voice their views and decisions for therapeutic, diagnostic and nursing care, and whether patients perceive the approach of medical staff to other patients as dignified.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2012. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-12-04T15:48:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 edison.pdf: 2504393 bytes, checksum: 49191b8cfb3e24e091b366e1e22f0bfa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-12-06T03:18:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 edison.pdf: 2504393 bytes, checksum: 49191b8cfb3e24e091b366e1e22f0bfa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-06T03:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 edison.pdf: 2504393 bytes, checksum: 49191b8cfb3e24e091b366e1e22f0bfa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Sofrimento moral pode ser entendido como dor ou angústia que pode afetar a mente, o corpo ou as relações interpessoais no ambiente de trabalho, em resposta a situações nas quais a pessoa reconhece sua responsabilidade moral diante dos conflitos, faz um julgamento moral sobre a conduta correta, porém sente-se impotente para executá-la por constrangimentos, forças opositivas, reconhecendo como inadequada sua participação moral. Partindo do contexto atual da enfermagem brasileira, mediante utilização do referencial teórico-filosófico foucaultiano, foi defendida a seguinte tese: os trabalhadores de enfermagem vivenciam situações que lhes provocam sofrimento moral e adotam estratégias de resistência para o seu enfrentamento. Foram objetivos deste estudo: elaborar e validar um instrumento que permita analisar a frequência e intensidade de sofrimento moral em trabalhadores de enfermagem, contemplando elementos do seu cotidiano profissional; conhecer as estratégias de resistência adotadas pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem, diante de situações de enfrentamento do sofrimento moral, numa perspectiva ética. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, uma quantitativa e outra qualitativa. Na etapa quantitativa, a amostra constituiu-se de 247 profissionais das equipes de enfermagem de dois hospitais do sul do Brasil, um público e um filantrópico, aplicando-se a adaptação de um instrumento para verificar as situações que conduzem ao sofrimento moral. A análise obedeceu a três etapas: 1) análises descritivas; 2) análises de variância; 3) análises de regressão. Os resultados demonstram que o instrumento aplicado é válido e fidedigno, apresentando os requisitos necessários quanto a validade fatorial e consistência interna para ser utilizada em profissionais de enfermagem. Foram validados cinco constructos relacionados ao sofrimento moral, assim denominados: falta de competência na equipe de trabalho; desrespeito à autonomia do paciente; condições de trabalho insuficientes;negação do papel da enfermagem como advogada do paciente na terminalidade; negação do papel da enfermagem como advogada do paciente. Identificou-se que a percepção de situações que conduzem ao sofrimento moral é intensificada em enfermeiros; em trabalhadores de enfermagem que atuam em instituições com maior abertura ao diálogo, que realizam reuniões de equipe, atuantes em unidades de atendimento SUS, com menores jornadas de trabalho e maior número de trabalhadores por pacientes. Na etapa qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com quinze profissionais de enfermagem de uma unidade de clínica médica do hospital público, escolhidos intencionalmente. Mediante Análise Textual Discursiva, foram construídas duas categorias: 1) negação de si e do outro – em que se percebe que os trabalhadores de enfermagem podem executar ações que se pautam predominantemente por imobilismo e conformismo, evitando enfrentamentos de quem representa o poder nas situações vivenciadas que lhes provocam sofrimento moral; 2) possibilidade de cuidado de si e do outro – em que os trabalhadores de enfermagem diante de situações que lhes provocam sofrimento moral exercem poder e resistência, seja com ações individuais, seja 10 coletivas. A enfermagem necessita ultrapassar as dimensões de imobilismo que, por vezes, se encontra, buscando formas concretas de modificação dos ambientes de trabalho resultantes do exercício de relações de poder e resistência, numa perspectiva ética e de relações construídas no coletivo. / Moral distress may be understood as pain or despair affecting mind, body or interpersonal relationships in the workplace, as a response to situations where in the face of conflicts one acknowledges his moral responsibility, makes a moral judgment on the correct approach but feels unable to carry it out, due to embarrassments and oppositional forces, so recognizing his moral participation as inadequate. From the Brazilian nursing current context and using Foucault’s theoretic and philosophical reference frame, the following thesis has been defended: nursing personnel experience situations leading the moral distress and to deal with this they adopt resistance strategies. This study aimed: to develop and validate an instrument to analyze the frequency and intensity of moral distress in nursing, considering factors of their professional routine; to understand on an ethical perspective, the resistance strategies adopted by the nursing staff, while facing situations of moral distress. The study was conducted in the quantitative and the qualitative stage. In the quantitative one, the sample consisted of 247 professionals from the nursing staff of two hospitals in southern Brazil, a public and a philanthropist, introducing an adapted instrument to ascertain situations leading to moral distress. The analysis followed three steps: 1) descriptive analysis, 2) analyzes of variance, 3) regression analysis. Results show that the instrument used is valid and reliable, thus meeting the factorial validity and internal consistency requirements, to be used on nursing professionals. Five constructs related to moral distress were validated: lack of competence in the work team; disregard for patient autonomy, inadequate working conditions, denial of the nursing role as patient’s lawyer in end-of-life situations; denial of the nursing role as the patient’s lawyer. It was found that the perception of situations leading to moral distress is enhanced in nursing specialists; nursing staff working in institutions with greater openness to dialogue, which carry out team meetings, working at SUS (unified healthcare system) attendance units, with lower working hours and greater number of workers per patient. In the qualitative stage, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen intentionally chosen nursing professionals, from an internal medicine unit of a public hospital. Through Textual Discourse Analysis, two categories were established: 1) denial of self and other – where we realized that, in situations leading to moral distress, nursing staff may carry out actions characterized mainly by inertia and conformism, avoiding confrontation with those in power; 2) ability to care for oneself and for others - in which, nursing staff in situations leading to moral distress, exercise power and strength, either through individual or collective actions. Nursing needs to overcome such levels of immobility, seeking practical methods to change work environments resulting from power and resistance exert, on an ethical and collective based relationships perspective. / Sufrimiento moral puede ser entendido como el dolor o la angustia que puede afectar la mente, el cuerpo o las relaciones interpersonales en el ambiente de trabajo, en respuesta a situaciones en las cuales la persona reconoce su responsabilidad moral frente a los conflictos, haz un juicio moral sobre la conducta correcta, pero se siente impotente para ejecutarlo por constreñimientos, fuerzas de oposición, reconociendo como inadecuada su participación moral. Basado en el contexto actual de enfermería brasileña, a través de la utilización del referencial teórico-filosófico foucaultiano, fue defendida la siguiente tesis: los trabajadores de enfermería viven situaciones que le provocan sufrimiento moral y adoptan estrategias de resistencia para su enfrentamiento. Fue objetivo de este estudio: desarrollar y validar un instrumento para analizar la frecuencia y la intensidad del sufrimiento en trabajadores de enfermería, que comprende los elementos de su cotidiano profesional; conocer las estrategias de resistencia adoptadas por los trabajadores de enfermería, frente a situaciones de enfrentamiento del sufrimiento moral, en una perspectiva ética. El estudio fue desarrollado en dos etapas, una cuantitativa y otra cualitativa. En la fase cuantitativa, la muestra se constituyo de 247 profesionales de equipos de enfermería en dos hospitales del sur de Brasil, un hospital público y otro filantrópico, se aplicó la adaptación de un instrumento para comprobar las situaciones que llevan al sufrimiento moral. El análisis siguió tres etapas:1) análisis descriptivos; 2) análisis de la varianza; 3) análisis de regresión. Los resultados revelan que el instrumento utilizado es válido y fiable, presentando los requisitos necesarios cuanto la validad factorial y consistencia interna para ser utilizada en profesionales de enfermería. Se validaron cinco construcciones relacionadas al sufrimiento moral, así denominadas: falta de competencia en el equipo de trabajo; desprecio por la autonomía del paciente; condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas; negación del papel del enfermero como abogado del paciente. Se ha identificado que la percepción de situaciones que conducen al sufrimiento moral se intensifica en enfermeros; en trabajadores de enfermería que trabajan en instituciones con mayor apertura al dialogo, que realizan reuniones de equipo, actuantes en unidades de cuidado SUS, con menos horas de trabajo y un mayor número de trabajadores por pacientes. En la etapa cualitativa, fueron realizadas encuestas semi-estructuradas con quince profesionales de enfermería de una unidad de clínica médica del hospital público, elegido intencionalmente. A través de análisis textual discursiva, se construyeron dos categorías: 1) negación del yo y del otro – en que se percibe que los trabajadores de enfermería pueden ejecutar acciones que rigen principalmente por la inercia y el conformismo, evitando choques de quien representa el poder en las situaciones vividas que le causan sufrimiento moral, 2) posibilidad de cuidar de sí y del otro – en que los trabajadores de enfermería frente a situaciones que les causan sufrimiento moral ejercen poder y resistencia, sea con acciones individuales, sea colectivas. La enfermería necesita transponer las dimensiones de la inmovilidad que, por veces, se encuentra buscando 13 formas concretas de modificación en el ambiente de trabajo resultantes del ejercicio de las relaciones de poder y resistencia, desde una perspectiva ética y de relaciones construidas en el colectivo.