Le mérite et la gloire de Galilée sont largement reconnus par ses commentateurs. La grande majorité des historiens lui octroie la paternité de la science moderne. Mais les lieux communs s’arrêtent à ces considérations. Tout se passe comme si le physicien florentin refusait tout enfermement méthodologique préférant prendre la couleur idéologique de ses exégètes. Il constitue un sujet de premier ordre en philosophie des sciences. Le développement de cette dernière, conçue comme discipline à part entière au début du XXe Siècle, s’est accompagnée en France d’une réflexion accrue sur lascience moderne et la philosophie qui la sous-tend. La glorification rationaliste des Lumières et du positivisme avait fait de Galilée le héros qui a permis de mettre la mécanique classique en lieu et place de l’ancienne physique aristotélicienne. Il était considéré par Comte comme l’inventeur de la Science. Au début du XXe S., le temps des révisions était venu. L’empirisme des Lumières et les faits généraux d’Auguste Comte laissent place à une conception aprioriste de la physique moderne défendue par Paul Tannery. La philosophie des sciences en France telle que nous la connaissons estnée avec les travaux de Tannery et de Gaston Milhaud. Si l’image de Galilée dans la pensée de Tannery est très proche de la perception d’Alexandre Koyré de la science moderne, Pierre Duhem, lui, se met en désaccord avec ses deux compatriotes en défendant l’idée d’une continuité entre la science médiévale et la science classique. / Galileo’s merit and fame are largely acknowledged by his commentators. The majority of philosophers refer to him as the father of modern science. But commonplaces stop with these considerations. Everything takes place as if the Florentine physicist refused any methodological imprisonment and did not mind taking the ideological color of his interpreters. His work constitutes a first-rate subject in philosophy of science. The development of the latter as a full-fledged discipline at the beginning of the 20th Century was accompanied in France with an intense reflection on modern science and the philosophy which underlies it. The rationalistic glorification of the Enlightenment and positivism had made Galileo the hero who allowed classical mechanics to replace astrological physics. He was considered by Comte to be the creator of Science. At the beginning of 20th Century it was time for a reevaluation. The empiricism of the Enlightenment and the general facts of Auguste Comte yielded to an aprioristic comprehension of modern physics defended by Paul Tannery. Philosophy of science as it is practiced today in France was shaped by the endeavours of Tannery and Gaston Milhaud. If the image of Galileo in Tannery closely resembles that found in Alexandre Koyré, Pierre Duhem, who defended the idea of a continuity between Medieval Science and Classic Science, stands apart.

Název diplomové práce: Mysl a vědomí u zvířat Vedoucí práce: prof. Karel Thein, Ph.D. Vypracovala: Bc. Klaudie Richterová Abstract This thesis examines the issue of cognition, mind and consciousness of living beings other than humans. It starts with the attitudes of two contemporary thinkers: Thomas Nagel and Daniel C. Dennett. In connection with their opinions, this thesis examines a certain number of questions: Might there be something like a subjective experience of life or being? How can one know that others have mental states that are like one's own? How important is a fact that nonhuman animals cannot describe their mental states in language? Is it possible to connect the observable characteristics of animals (behavioral or neurological) to consciousness? Nagel assumes that individuals have a proprietary perspective on their own perceptual, cognitive and emotive processes. Dennett argues that consciousness is essentially an illusion created by language, which is why he concludes that consciousness is uniquely human. What complicates the whole issue is the essential inwardness of the conscious experience. We objectivize this inwardness per our aim to know, and thus deprive it of its essence. Thereby, very often, we lose sight of what we want to examine.

The prominent division in early America between the established eastern populations and communities in the West is evident when viewed through the lens of eighteenth-century Philadelphia newspapers, which themselves employed an East-West paradigm to interpret four events: the Paxton Boys Incident, Regulator Rebellion, Shays's Rebellion, and Constitutional Convention. Through the choices of what words to use to describe these clashes, through oversights, omissions, and misrepresentations, and sometimes through more direct tactics, Philadelphia newspapermen revealed a persistent cultural bias against and rivalry with western communities. This study illustrates how pervasive this contrast between East and West was in the minds of easterners; how central a feature of early American culture they considered it to be.

The Blue Bulls Rugby Referees’ Society has experienced difficulty identifying the competencies required for individuals to become successful referees at national and international levels. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to identify the generic competencies required by a referee to become successful at the highest level. Competencies therefore, according to this study, are a prerequisite for successful rugby union refereeing. The two main research strategies used are the quantitative and qualitative research methods. In this study quantitative research is predominant, but qualitative research was also used to identify the competencies employed in the questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with the management of the Blue Bulls Rugby Referees’ Society, and with the players to gather input based upon their knowledge. Interviews with approximately ten senior coaches were also conducted to obtain their views. The information gathered from these interviews, together with personal experience and inputs from De Beer (2003: unpublished interview) were utilised to draw up a list of competencies. In this study survey research was used, using the Delphi technique to determine what the Blue Bulls referees’ opinions are about the required competencies of a successful referee, and to ensure that important competencies were not excluded. The Blue Bulls referees’ inputs were incorporated and a final questionnaire compiled. This questionnaire consisted of 36 competencies, which could be rated on a 5 point Likert scale. The total population for the study was 223, with 181 referees and 42 Currie Cup players. A weighted competency index was determined from these responses and the ten most important generic competencies, required to be a successful referee, from these responses are: Objectivity / Impartiality (being able to treat both sides the same) Consistency (consistency in the way rules are applied during a match) Concentration / Focus (ability to stay focused during a match and not allow the mind to fluctuate) Honesty / Integrity (the ability to be honest with players, on and off the field) Commitment (dedication to do the best when preparing for games, know the rules, and always giving the best when refereeing a match) Judgement (ability to evaluate and judge situations during a match correctly) Fitness (fitness in terms of physical ability to keep up with play during a match) Trustworthiness (ability to make the players trust you and know that you will apply the laws consistently and fairly) Decisiveness (ability to reach quick and firm decisions) Composure (to be calm during difficult situations) / Dissertation (MCom(Human Resources Management))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Race is a taboo subject — and word — in Swedish culture, and the Swedish news media is no exception. During recent years, however, the topic of race and racism has started to be discussed moreand more in the mainstream. Following the global uprisings against (anti-Black) racism and policeviolence during the summer of 2020, the many organizations also in Sweden were pressured to confronttheir own racist histories and deep-seated structures of oppression. In 2020, a petition againststructural racism at the Swedish Radio (SR) was released, taking a stand against racism within thecompany and signed by many journalists of color in the organization. After the release of the petition, it was revealed that journalists that signed the petition had been banned from reporting oncertain topics.Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this thesis examines the circulation and proliferationof racism within a prolific Swedish media institution, through the experiences of racialized journalists.With a theoretical grounding in Sara Ahmed’s phenomenology, racism is examined as it isencountered in the daily working lives of journalists of color. Additionally, two op-eds published bythe senior management at the Swedish Radio, responding to the petition, are analyzed using critical discourse analysis, to make visible how an institution of journalism such as a the Swedish Radioresponds to accusations of racism.This study finds that, despite an organization’s outward commitment to diversity, journalists of color find themselves in a double bind: being considered not objective enough, and sometimesbeing stopped from, reporting on certain topics because of their race, while simultaneously feeling responsible for racially diversifying reporting: making sure certain topics receive news coverage at all.This study argues for a more “color-aware” approach to journalism in Sweden, taking theimplications of race and institutional racism into account.

The diploma thesis deals with the way in which the three most read printed and three most read online media reported on coronavirus in the beginning of its spread in the Czech Republic. Specifically, it monitors whether and to what extent the media outputs from these media on the four selected events coincided with the outputs on these events issued by the Czech Press Office (ČTK) and at the same time whether these media adhered to the principles of objectivity. In the theoretical part, the author analyzes media routines, journalistic ethics and other concepts such as moral panic or self-fulfilling prophecy, with which she also works in the practical part of the theses. For the purposes of the research, the author chose a content analysis and defined four research questions, which she answers through the results of this analysis. In total, she analyzes 149 media outputs and 101 outputs of the Czech Press Office. The conclusions of this work prove that the media used ČTK as a source in only 15 % of cases. Online media referred to it more often. 56 % of the media outlets were similar to the ČTK outlets only in the main announcement. Furthermore, the conclusions show that the principles of objectivity were more often violated by the print media, specifically in 60 % of cases. Contrary, online media...

Ce mémoire se veut une présentation et une interprétation de l’épistémologie de la philosophe féministe Donna Haraway, ainsi qu’une contribution à son rayonnement. Dans un premier temps, nous abordons le dilemme qui oppose deux grands types de réactions critiques face à la notion d’objectivité telle qu’elle est traditionnellement conçue : les réappropriations féministes de l’objectivité d’une part, et une forme de constructivisme radical « postmoderne » qui nie la possibilité d’accéder au monde réel et à un positionnement objectif d’autre part. Nous utilisons cette tension afin de mettre en évidence la manière originale dont Haraway la surmonte et afin d’éclaircir la notion d’objectivité encorporée qui se trouve au cœur de son approche théorique. Pour ce faire, nous la mettons en dialogue avec deux de ses interlocuteur.ices privilégié.es, Nancy Hartsock et Bruno Latour. Dans un deuxième temps, nous adoptons une posture d’interprétation internaliste et tentons d’établir la matrice conceptuelle dans laquelle la notion d’objectivité encorporée telle que la promeut Haraway prend sens. Nous nous attellerons alors à isoler et définir les concepts les plus importants que son approche met en jeu, sans pour autant remettre en question son caractère résolument non systématique. Le dernier temps de notre analyse consiste en une mise à l’épreuve de l’appareillage conceptuel que nous avons développé par l’application du dispositif épistémologique de Haraway à un objet de connaissance précis (le fœtus) afin de montrer concrètement le type de gains, en termes de savoirs et de compréhension, auquel donne accès l’épistémologie de l’autrice. / This master’s thesis is a presentation and interpretation of the epistemology of the feminist philosopher Donna Haraway, as well as a contribution to her influence. First, we address the dilemma that opposes two major types of critical reactions to the notion of objectivity as it is traditionally conceived: feminist reappropriations of objectivity on the one hand, and a form of radical "postmodern" constructivism that denies the possibility of access to the real world and to an objective positioning on the other hand. We use this tension to highlight the original way in which Haraway overcomes it, and to clarify the notion of embodied objectivity that lies at the heart of her theoretical approach. To do so, we put her in dialogue with two of her privileged interlocutors, Nancy Hartsock and Bruno Latour. Secondly, we adopt a posture of internalist interpretation and attempt to establish the conceptual matrix in which the notion of embodied objectivity as promoted by Haraway takes on meaning. We will then attempt to isolate and define the most important concepts involved in her approach, without questioning its resolutely non-systematic character. The last stage of our analysis consists in testing the conceptual apparatus that we have developed by applying Haraway's epistemological device to a precise object of knowledge (the fetus) in order to show concretely the type of gains, in terms of knowledge and understanding, to which her epistemology gives access.

No description available.

This diploma thesis, February 1948 in printed non-communist media, analyses newscast and journalism of the four prominent journals since the 1st February till 14th March 1948. It has been Svobodné slovo, Právo lidu and Lidová demokracie which were the fundamental journals of the three governing parties, and Svobodné noviny which followed the tradition of Lidové noviny. Method of qualitative historical comparative analysis was used for the data processing. In the diploma thesis, the changes in information giving during the changing political situation and succession of communism are evaluated. The outcome of this thesis is the finding that Svobodné slovo, Právo lidu a Lidová demokracie often break the principles of objectivity. On the contrary, Svobodné noviny maintains the highest standard of journalism. All four daily newspapers initially inform negativelly on political actions of KSČ. However, the content of the newspapers changes fundamentally within several days. Since 26th of February onwards, all of them represent KSČ as a political party that lead the state out of crisis. In all the newspapers that have been under observation of this thesis the opinion turnover took place during just a few days. The legitimization of the new regime became a topic of great importance.

Palach Press: Press and Literary Agency. The Exile Agency Study and the Comparation of the Presentation of the Affairs with the Official Mass Media in the Czechoslovakia. Abstract This thesis is a study about literary and press agency Palach Press. The agency was established by Jan Kavan and operated in London in 1970s and 1980s. Its main purpose was to provide information on Czechoslovakia to western journalists and Czech journalist in exile. There was a communication of the alternative public sphere because of a non-functional public sphere, where should be free exchange of opinions. There was a distribution channel of altered camping cars, attached to the Palach Press agency, used to smuggle literature and other materials to Czechoslovakia. Second part of the thesis is practical and focuses on the actual production of Palach Press agency and compares it with information provided by official media in Czechoslovakia, especially with the news published by Czechoslovak press agency. Content analysis is based on the criteria of objectivity.