<p>The aim of this thesis was to examine what expressions for objectivity there were to identify/find in newspaper journalism’s report about the FRA-law during the period 2008-06- 13 to 2009-10-14.</p><p>We choose to analyze ten articles from the morning paper Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, five from each one. The method we used was a qualitative text analysis. We then designed an own model for the objectivity ideal from without the old theories that were available and also came with own ideas. Then we used that model as starting-point and designed key points to identify objectivity in the articles.</p><p>Our thesis showed that the articles often fail when it comes to two key points. Due to the usage of charged words and the journalist’s own opinions in a way that distracts the reader from the articles main information the neutral presentation fails. When it comes to the balance in the articles the reappearing problem is that some people don’t get the chance to reply due to that their standpoint is a part of the article but not them. Due to this the articles sources get to reply to the standpoint without the people behind it getting to defend themselves.</p><p>To sum up our thesis showed that the analyzed articles from Dagens Nyheter were more objective than the ones from Svenska Dagbladet.</p>

Titel: Kan etisk kultur och etisk medvetenhet förbättra revisorsobjektivitet? Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Jonas Glad och Madalina Ersson Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2015 – januari Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att klarlägga möjliga samband mellan etisk kultur, etisk medvetenhet samt objektivitet och har sin bakgrund i tidigare forskning inom respektive ämne. Vi undersöker om ´Etisk kultur´ påverkar ´Objektivitet´, om ´Etisk Kultur´ påverkar ´Etisk Medvetenhet´ samt om ´Etisk Medvetenhet´ påverkar ´Objektiviteten´. Metod: Arbetet bygger på en deduktiv kvantitativ metod där vi använt oss av en tvärsnittsdesign i form av en surveyundersökning med en onlineenkät som insamlingsmetod för primärdata i studien. Primärdata har analyserats med statistiska metoder i statistikprogrammet SPSS och resultatet redovisas i huvudsak i tabellform vilket sedan diskuteras mot tidigare forskning. Resultat och slutsats: Inget signifikant samband har erhållits för hypotesen att ´Objektivitet´ skulle bero på ´Etisk kultur´ eller ´Etisk medvetenhet´. Ett signifikant samband för hypotesen att ´Etisk medvetenhet´ påverkas av ´Etisk kultur´ visade sig i resultatet av vår studie. Hypotesen om att ´Objektivitet´ beror på ´Etisk medvetenhet´ förkastades av resultatet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Detta arbete har begränsats av en snäv tidsram samt ekonomiska resurser vilket lett till att studien inte uppnått en så hög svarsfrekvens som önskat, vilket ger utslag på arbetets resultat. Det vore därför intressant att se en mer omfattande studie med högre svarsfrekvens och ytterligare mer fokus på objektivitets- och medvetenhetsmåtten ur ett svenskt perspektiv, vilka möjligen kan upplevas för inexakta för en sådan uppgift som att bekräfta våra hypoteser, även om det är erkända mått inom internationell forskning. Uppsatsens bidrag: Arbetet har bidragit till att visa att det inte är självklart att ´Etisk medvetenhet´ har en direkt inverkan på revisorers ´Objektivitet´. Detta kan resultera i en ökad förståelse för komplexiteten kring dessa aspekter hos både yrkesgruppen revisorer samt för andra intressenter som kunder, investerare, myndigheter och det övriga samhället. Studien har även validerat det mått av etisk kultur som använts från tidigare forskning, vilket visar att det går att applicera i en svensk miljö men att vissa aspekter skiljer sig åt mot den miljö där dessa mått är utvecklade. Detta är värdefullt både för fortsatta kumulativa studier inom ämnet, samt som kunskap för branschen i applicerandet av de bakomliggande teorierna i praktisk etiskt arbete. / Title: Does ethical culture and ethical awareness improve auditor objectivity? Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Jonas Glad and Madalina Ersson Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2015 – January Aim: This exam paper aims to identify (clarify) possible relationships between ´Ethical culture´, ´Ethical awareness´ and ´Objectivity´ amongst auditors and has its origins in previous research about these individual components. It examines if ´Ethical culture´ has an impact on ´Objectivity´, if ´Ethical culture´ has an impact on ´Ethical awareness´ and finally if ´Ethical awareness´ has an impact on ´Objectivity´. Method: This paper practices a quantitative method where we have used a cross-sectional study in form of a survey design with an online survey to collect primary data for this study. This primary data has been analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS and the result is primarily presented in table form which is then discussed against previous research. Result and conclusion: No significant relationship could be proved that ´Objectivity´ would be dependent of ´Ethical culture´ or ´Ethical awareness´ in this study. The hypothesis that ´Objectivity´ is dependent of ´Ethical awareness´ was rejected, which validates previous research in the area. There is however an indication that ´Ethical awareness´ is dependent of the ´Ethical culture´ and we find a significant dependency between them throughout this study. Suggestions for future research: This study has been limited by scarce amount of time and financial resources which has led to a lower response frequency than could be wished for. Also the measurements for objectivity and ethical awareness, although they are accepted and recognized in previous research, could be viewed as inexact and it would be interesting to apply more exact measurements of objectivity and ethical awareness formed out of Swedish conditions and view of objectivity. This suggest that a more thorough survey to ensure higher answer-ratio and even more focus on the objectivity and ethical awareness measurements could be fruitful.      Contribution of the thesis: This paper has contributed to showing that it’s not obvious that ethical awareness has a direct impact on auditor’s objectivity, which can strengthen the understanding for the complexity of these aspects among the professional auditors and other interest groups such as investors, regulators and society. The paper also validates the measurement of ethical culture from previous research, and shows that the model is valid in a Swedish context. This gives a value for further cumulative studies in this area and as knowledge for future application of the studied theories in practical ethical issues in organizational work.

Sammanfattning Titel: Klientidentifiering - En studie som utreder revisorns identifiering till sin klient Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Johan Hagström och Jonas Ljunggren Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2016 – Mars Syfte: I tidigare forskning gjord av Bauer (2015) ges en förklaring till varför revisorer inte är medvetna om att de identifierar sig med sina klienter, vilket kan vara ett hot mot oberoendet. Studien har genomförts kring ämnet klientidentifiering då det inte finns mycket forskning kring om revisorer är medvetna om att de identifierar sig med sina klienter. Det har inte tidigare genomförts en liknande studie som klargör vilka metoder som revisorer använder sig av för att utföra en revision för att förhindra att objektivitet försämras till följd av identifikation till sin klient. Studiens forskningsfrågor är:  Vet revisorerna när de identifierar sig för mycket med en klient?  Vilka metoder använder sig revisorerna av för att hantera den risk som uppstår vid klientidentifiering? Metod: Studien utgörs av tio kvalitativa intervjuer av så kallade Big four revisorer och utfördes i en semistrukturerad form. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och det empiriska materialet analyserades under olika teman i empiriavsnittet. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att klientidentifiering förbises av revisorer, vilket tidigare forskningen bekräftar (Bauer, 2015). Bauer (2015) påpekar i sin studie att revisorer inte vet om de identifierar sig med sin klient och hur det då kan uppstå en risk mot oberoendet, vilket är något som den här studien bekräftar, att revisorernas vetskap kring klientidentifiering är låg. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till fortsatt forskning inom ämnet är att studera klientidentifiering med fokus på mindre och enskilda revisionsbyråer. Är klientidentifiering mer påtaglig på mindre revisionsbyråer? Är revisionsbyråerna mer beroende av sina kunder? Vilka metoder används för att minska riskerna för beroende? Uppsatsens bidrag: Föreliggande studie lämnar viktiga bidrag till redovisningslitteratur, praktiker och lagstiftare genom:  att få revisorers förståelse för och medvetenhet om risker vid klientidentifiering.  att kartlägga eventuella metoder vid sociala konflikter i samband med klientidentifiering. / Abstract Title: Client Identification - A study that investigates the auditor's identification with their clients Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Johan Hagstrom and Jonas Ljunggren Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2016 – March Aim: Earlier research done by Bauer (2015) explains how auditors are unaware that they identify with their clients, which could be a threat to independence. This essay is about client identification and there is not much previous research to find on the subject. There is no similar study that clarifies which methods on accountant use to prevent objectivity impaired as a result of identification. The study's research questions are:  Do the auditors know when they identify too much with a client?  What methods do the auditors use to deal with the risk that occurs from client identification? Method: The study is based on 10 qualitative interviews with auditors who work in the Big four accounting firms. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and the empirical material was analyzed under different themes in the empirical section. Result &amp; Conclusions: The study shows that client identification is ignored by auditors which previous research also states (Bauer, 2015). Bauer (2015) point out in his study that the auditors don´t know if they identify with their clients and how that could lead to a risk to its independence, which is something this study confirms, that the auditor’s knowledge about client identification is low. Suggestions for future research: A proposal for further research of the subject is to do a similar study of client identification, but with a focus on smaller and individual accounting firms. Is client identification more pronounced at smaller accounting firms? Is accounting firms more dependent on their customers? What methods are used to reduce the risk of addiction? Contribution of the thesis: This study makes an important contribution to the accounting literature, practitioners and legislators:  to get the auditor's understanding and awareness of the hazards of client identification.  to identify potential methods of social conflicts related to client identification

The ways of reaching out to the people to supply news are substantially increasing after the emerge of the Internet. Because of the Internet anyone can make their message heard. The Young Turks claims to be the largest online news show in the world and they have over 650 000 subscribers on Youtube. Therefore it is important to study how alternative media differs from more traditional media.  This study focuses on alternative journalism on Youtube. The aim of this study is to identify the difference between the Youtube channel The Young Turks and CNN. The weight in the study lays in the ways the news is being presented. This study uses qualitative content from four news videos made by The Young Turks and four news videos made by CNN. This study focuses on the specific content in a few news videos rather than the overall content in several news videos. A dramatic analysis method is used to determine how the two media channels differ.  The result shows that the news videos made by CNN used objectivity as a means to claim their professionalism more often than The Young Turks. CNN’s news reporting was also clearer in presenting sources, compared to The Young Turks.

The concept of identity and identities have a long history, especially regarding societal and behaviour studies. Many of them are analyzed trough class-schemes or family-situations, others are based on more direct approaches, such as income and education. This paper are examining a fraction of these different theories, and then applying it to the main purpose of the study, which is to examine different kinds of identities in context to subjective social status. Furthermore will the analysis concern different kinds of capital, which also will be presented in context to identities and subjective social status. This kind of analysis where possible by using already existing quantitative data from ISSP (International social survey programme) and their 2003 draft about National identity. My debentent variable, self-concept (subjective social status), was extracted through the existing material. The study was concentrated to the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland.        By presenting these results through frequency and mean-tables, and multiple-regressions, but also with the theoretical framework, then it stands clear that their is no direct relation between identities and subjective social status, expect for religious identification. It is presented as that the capital itself are more influencial.

This dissertation is an exposition and critique of Robert Brandom's theory of discursive objectivity. It discusses this theory both within the context of Brandom's own systematic philosophical project and, in turn, within the ideas and questions characteristic of the Kantian and post-Kantian tradition in German philosophy. It is argued that Brandom's attempt to articulate a theory of the objectivity of discursive norms (and hence also of the content of discursive attitudes) resembles J.G. Fichte's development of themes central to Kant's philosophy. This "Fichtean" approach to the problem of objectivity is then compared and contrasted to that of G.W.F. Hegel. Though Brandom, Fichte and Hegel share the desire to derive an account of the conditions of objectivity from the social character is discursive practices, Hegel offers a version of this project that differs with respect to the nature of self-consciousness, sociality and truth. It is then argued that Brandom's theory suffers significant internal inconsistencies that could be avoided by adopting a more "Hegelian" approach to these three themes. More specifically, Brandom's own project requires that he recognize the necessity and irreducibility of firstperson and second-person discursive attitudes, as well as that he recognize the role of "I-We" social practices for discursive objectivity. Furthermore, he must include in his explanations some form of natural teleology and hence he must abandon his deflationary approach to semantic explanation. However, Brandom's methodological and metaphysical commitments prevent him from doing so.

This study investigates the challenges to the legitimacy and authority of scientific research in late modern philosophy of science. The author suggests that the different challenges to the legitimacy of science have led to relativism and amount to a crisis. Keeping in mind the positivist background, he illustrates the legitimacy crisis of science in the period from Popper to the present. In particular his analysis focuses on the "historical school" (Kuhn, Feyerabend etc.) in philosophy of science. The main question of this study is: what are the causes and the nature of the legitimacy crisis emerging in the contemporary philosophical assessment of science? To answer this question, a few specific challenges to the legitimacy of science emerging in particular areas are analysed: for example the difficulties of anchoring scientific certitude to its proper object of study, the loss of objectivity, growing scepticism about the possibility of communication and scientific progress. After substantiating the gradual emergence of relativist and sceptical approaches in the abovementioned areas, this study provides a "diagnosis" aiming at identifying the causes of the crisis. The humanist ground motive of nature and freedom and the choice of anchoring scientific certainty either in the subject or in the object of knowledge are considered the main sources of the crisis. They lead to arbitrary absolutisations of particular aspects of the scientific enterprise and (in the case of subjectivist approaches) to sceptical approaches to the possibility of scientific objectivity, communication and progress. This study also indicates a few possible resources, available in the reformational tradition, to counteract the legitimacy crisis of science. The main resource indicated in this study is the recognition of the structural order for reality, which is accessible to scientific analysis, "constrains" scientific research but also constitutes a common ground for researchers. Other important resources are the recognition of the link between scientific and pre-scientific knowledge and the acknowledgment that universality and individuality are traits of everything that exists. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Philosophy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Pat Tillman—an Arizona Cardinals player who sacrificed everything to serve his country but died in Afghanistan—was initially touted as a true American hero who was killed by enemy fire. In reality, however, the Tillman narrative was based on nothing but military propaganda. This research focused on how mainstream U.S. newspapers used news frames, overall story tone, and news sources before and after the official acknowledgement of the true cause of Tillman's death as fratricide. As hypothesized from C. Wright Mills' "lesser institutions," Antonio Gramsci's hegemony, and Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, the newspapers generally decreased both direct and indirect references to news frames involving "lesser institutions" (e.g., NFL, Arizona State University) and ideological values (e.g., heroism, patriotism) after the revelation, but they were not critical of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars or the Bush administration at all. In addition, they increased their dependence on official sources and decreased family and friend sources after his cause of death was changed. The results as a whole indicate that in the Tillman saga, the revelation of his true cause of death introduced a significant disruption to the propaganda information system, causing news frames to decrease, but the third filter of the propaganda model—reliance on official sources—was strong enough to overcome that disruptive event and continue to protect the power elite.

Thesis advisor: Richard Cobb-Stevens / In this dissertation, I develop an engaged understanding of objectivity, or good knowledge practices. I argue that for knowledge practices to be good, they must both be truth-conducive and engaged, that is, explicitly implicated in the critical appraisal of background values and assumptions. I pursue this argument in six stages. First, I consider work in epistemology that countenances a place for values in objectivity. I conclude from this that truth-conduciveness is not sufficient for objectivity, and that a social approach to knowledge is called for. Second, I consider standpoint theory, a prominent feminist approach to objectivity. This allows me to show the possible insights available to marginalized perspectives, while indicating that this will be a component of rather than itself offering an account of objectivity. Third, I consider a more comprehensive approach in Helen Longino's critical contextual empiricism, which locates objectivity in the social features of inquiry. Her approach is promising, but requires the insights of early phenomenology in order to develop that potential. I develop the phenomenological framework in Chapter 4, where I consider Husserlian phenomenology. Fifth, I bring the insights of phenomenology to the challenges presented by critical contextual empiricism, and develop my positive view, critical phenomenological objectivity. On this view, inquiry is objective when individuals and communities foster critical perspectives, seek transformative epistemic experiences, build coalitions, foster diversity, and pursue empirical adequacy. In the final chapter, I consider a case study that enables me to defend the merit and warrant of these features of objectivity. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

sustentar um discurso na notícia, com a quantificação da informação através desse recurso ajudando a construir a versão que se quer do fato, com o consentimento dos processos produtivos do Jornalismo. O referencial teórico parte do binômio Comunicação e Trabalho por considerar que as rotinas de trabalho e as práticas produtivas permitem, e até incentivam, ao jornalista usar os números na interpretação dos fatos sociais. A partir da análise de reportagens publicadas no jornal O Estado de S. Paulo sobre as manifestações de Junho de 2013 e também durante a Copa do Mundo de 2014, a pesquisa relaciona os conceitos de linguagem e confronta-os com a fala dos jornalistas, autores das matérias. As entrevistas realizadas mostram a naturalização que se faz de todo o processo de produção da notícia, com os números sendo usados para simular um sentido de verdade no texto jornalístico, servindo como argumento para construção da objetividade. Esse estudo está contextualizado no paradigma materialista, que vê a razão como argumento para apreensão da realidade, e considera ainda as obras de Mikhail Bakhtin e seu Círculo, para o qual o sujeito tem uma relação com o meio ao seu redor e seus discursos. / This dissertation seeks to understand how numbers are used to hold a speech at news, with the quantification of information through numbers helping to build a version of the fact, with the consent of the productive processes of Journalism. The theoretical framework is based on the Communication and Labor binomial, considering that work routines and production practices allow, and even encourage, journalist to use numbers in the interpretation of social facts. From the analysis of articles published in the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo on the protests of June 2013 and also during the World Cup in 2014, both in Brazil, the survey lists the language concepts and confronts them with the speech of journalists, authors of the reports. The interviews show the naturalization that makes the entire news production process, with the numbers being used to simulate a sense of truth in the news text, serving as an argument for construction of objectivity. This study is contextualized in the materialistic paradigm, which sees the reason as an argument for apprehension of reality, and considers the works of Mikhail Bakhtin and his Circle, for which the subject has a relationship with the environment around him and his speeches.