Indigenous communities living in Arauca department, a region located on the Eastern Plains of Colombia, are at an imminent risk of physical and cultural extermination -according to the orders 004 and 382 from the Constitutional Court of Colombia- due to a double vulnerability which stems from a historic structural violence dating from the creation of the nation-state and direct violence as a consequence of armed conflict. The physical extermination refers to the high mortality rates that this population suffers either by violence or natural death, while the cultural extermination is a result of both an accelerated process of acculturation and a progressive loss of culture, territory and respect from traditional authorities. This study, by analyzing the local context and the actions that have done harm, addresses the best practices for humanitarian interventions over the role of territory, culture, governance and autonomy as key factors for empowering community members to overcome, face or diminish the consequences of these vulnerabilities.

En Irak et en Afghanistan, les Américains croyaient pouvoir appliquer le modèle du stand off (tir de sécurité à distance), une « culture du ciblage » conçu contre un ennemi perçu comme un ensemble de cibles dépourvues d'intelligence à détruire. Suite à ces demi-résultats de succès tactique et d'échecs stratégiques, l'Amérique se retrouve piégée, incapable d'engendrer un ordre nouveau fidèle à ses ambitions de départ: l'Irak est occupé sans être contrôlé. Le fantasme de conduire une guerre sans s'y engager se voit donc lourdement ébranlé, on doit se rendre à l'évidence: l'autre aussi est intelligent. Cette nouvelle réalité amène son flot de re-conceptualisation des définitions classiques de termes comme Guerre, Champ de Bataille, Puissance, Victoire et Ennemis. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'expliquer les mauvaises décisions stratégiques qui ont été prises au tout début de l'occupation irakienne tout en essayant de comprendre pourquoi il y a eu un changement de cap en cours de route. Pour ce faire, nous allons examiner comment les stratégies (et les organisations) militaires employées sur le terrain pouvaient « construire » des comportements aux effets négatifs ou positifs à l'égard de la population irakienne. En outre, le succès ou l'échec d'une armée d'occupation dépendra en grande partie de sa capacité à se légitimer auprès des populations locales et à isoler les groupes armés résistants, rebelles ou insurgés. Cette capacité, nous allons soutenir que les Fusiliers Marins des États-Unis (USMC-US Marine Corp's) la possèdent. Ceux-ci donnent un exemple d'adaptation organisationnelle et de versatilité tactique à l'ère des conflits décentralisés. En effet, d'une bande désorganisée s'apparentant presque à des bandits de grand chemin qu'ils étaient à l'origine, les Marines, forgés par leur indépendance face au danger, par leur obsession de demeurer les meilleurs et leur paranoïa face à la possibilité omniprésente de perdre ce prestigieux titre, sont devenus la force d'élite de la plus puissante des armées. Ceci fait qu'ils sont arrivés en Irak en ayant une philosophie différente de celle partagée par leurs confrères des autres services. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : États-Unis, Irak, Organisations militaires, Culture stratégique, Culture organisationnelle.

During the ten years following the Spanish American War (1898 to 1908), Major General Leonard Wood served as the primary agent of American imperialism. Wood was not only a proconsul of the new American Empire; he was a symbol of the empire and the age in which he served. He had the distinction of directing civil and military government in Cuba and the Philippines where he implemented the imperial policies given to him by the administrations of William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. In Cuba, he labored to rebuild a state and a civil society crippled by decades of revolutionary ferment and guided the administration's policy through the dangerous channels of Cuban politics in a way that satisfied – at least to the point of avoiding another revolution – both the Cubans and the United States. In the Philippines, Wood took control of the Moro Province and attempted to smash the tribal-religious leadership of Moro society in order to bring it under direct American rule. His personal ideology, the imperial policies he shepherded, and the guidance he provided to fellow military officers and the administrations he served in matters of colonial administration and defense shaped the American Empire and endowed it with his personal stamp.

Diss.--Würzburg, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 584-591.

The closing decades of the 20th century have witnessed a large increase in the numbers of young people remaining in education post-16 rather than entering the labour market. Concurrently, overall educational attainment in General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) qualifications in England and Wales has steadily increased since their introduction in 1988. The 1990s represent a key period of change in these trends. Some sociologists argue that processes of detraditionalisation have occurred whereby previous indicators of social inequality, such as social class, are less relevant to the transitions of young people from school to work. Sociologists from other traditions argue that inequalities persist in the stratification of educational attainment by the family backgrounds of young people but that these factors have changed during this period. This thesis is an investigation of the influence of family background factors upon GCSE attainment during the 1990s. This includes extensive statistical analysis of measures of parental occupation, parental education and family structure with gender, ethnicity, school type and housing tenure type within the Youth Cohort Study of England and Wales. These analyses include over 100,000 respondents in 6 cohorts of school leavers with the harmonisation of data from cohort 6 (1992) to the Youth Cohort Time Series for England, Wales and Scotland 1984-2002 (Croxford, Ianelli and Shapira 2007). By adding the 1992 data to existing 1990s cohorts, the statistical models fitted apply to the complete set of 1990s cohorts and are therefore able to provide insight for the whole of this period. Strong differentials by parental occupation persist throughout the 1990s and do not diminish despite the overall context of rising attainment. This relationship remains net of the other factors listed, irrespective of the measure of parental occupation or the GCSE attainment outcome measure used. This builds upon and supports previous work conducted using the Youth Cohort Study and suggests that stratification in educational attainment remains a significant factor. Gender and ethnicity remain further sources of persistent stratification in GCSE attainment. Following a discussion of the weighting system and features of the Youth Cohort Study as a dataset, a thorough investigation of missing data is included, with the results of multiply imputed datasets used to examine the potential for missing data to bias estimates. This includes a critique of these approaches in the context of survey data analysis. The findings from this investigation suggest the importance of survey data collection methods, the limitations of post-survey bias correction methods and provide a thorough investigation of the data. The analysis then develops and expands previous work by investigating variation in GCSE attainment by subjects studied, through Latent Class Analysis of YCS cohort 6 (1992). Of the four groups identified in the model, a clear division is noted between those middle-attaining groups with respect to attainment in Science and Mathematics. GCSE attainment in combinations of subjects studied is stratified particularly with respect to gender and ethnicity. This research offers new insight into the role of family background factors in GCSE attainment by subject combination.

No description available.

The literature claims that, whilst hindering normal narcissistic development, a family of origin characterised by high levels of cohesion and low levels of adaptability, promotes individual proficiency in interpersonal skills. Coupled with unconscious motivations for interpersonal need gratification, a subsequent predisposition towards a career choice in psychotherapy is likely. This study set out to test these assumptions by comparing family of origin types, levels of narcissism and career self-efficacy in postgraduate Masters psychology students, postgraduate final year law students and final year electronic engineering students currently enroled in University of Natal training programmes (N=85). Informed by the literature, this study hypothesised that trainee psychotherapists would report more extreme family of origin types, predict career self-efficacy in the direction of social occupations and display higher levels of narcissism than students in other fields of specialisation. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988), FACES III of the Circumplex Model (Olson, McCubbin, Barnes, Larsen, Muxen & Wilson, 1985) and the Career Self-Efficacy Scale (Matsui & Tsukamoto, 1991) were utilised to assess the dimensions of narcissism, family of origin and career self-efficacy respectively. This study was unable to find significant connections between family of origin, narcissism and career self-efficacy, thereby failing to provide empirical support for the literature's claims. Results have been discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications and attempts have been made to account for the general lack of significant findings. Limitations of this study's research design and recommendations for future research in this area have been offered. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

Darbo tikslas. Ištirti Kauno ir Marijampolės visuomenės sveikatos centrų ir jų filialų darbuotojų poreikius, susijusius su profesine veikla, bei jų sąsajas su bendru pasitenkinimu darbu ir įvertinti profesinio tobulėjimo bei kvalifikacijos kėlimo galimybes. Tyrimo metodika. Atlikta anoniminė anketinė Kauno visuomenės sveikatos centro ir Marijampolės Visuomenės sveikatos centro bei jų filialų darbuotojų apklausa. Išdalinta 251 anketa, užpildytas anketas grąžino 176 respondentai (atsako dažnis 70,1 proc.). Duomenys apdoroti ir analizuojami naudojant statistinių duomenų analizės paketą SPSS for Windows 12.0. Hipotezės apie dviejų požymių nepriklausomumą buvo tikrinamos naudojant Chi kvadrato kriterijų. Mažų grupių palyginimui naudotas Fisher tikslusis kriterijus. Hipotezė apie dviejų proporcijų lygybę buvo tikrinama naudojant Z kriterijų. Rodiklių skirtumai laikyti statistiškai reikšmingi, kai p<0,05. Rezultatai. Įvertinus Kauno visuomenės sveikatos centro ir Marijampolės visuomenės sveikatos centro bei jų filialų darbuotojų poreikius ir motyvaciją darbe, paaiškėjo, kad dominuojantis poreikis yra tinkamas darbo užmokestis (73,3 proc.) bei saugumo ir socialiniai poreikiai. Darbuotojai blogiausiai vertina savo karjeros perspektyvas, daugiau nei pusė respondentų yra nepatenkinti savo gaunamu darbo užmokesčiu. Svarbiausios skatinimo ir motyvacijos darbui priemonės yra darbo užmokestis, socialinės garantijos ir tinkamos darbo sąlygos. Didžiajai daugumai (82,9 proc.) respondentų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study. To investigate the needs of employees of the Public Health Centres of Kaunas and Marijampolė and their branches, related with occupational activities, and relations with the general satisfaction with occupation, and to evaluate opportunities of professional training and improvement of their professional skills. Methods. Anonymous questionnaire survey of the employees of Kaunas Public Health Centre and Marijampolė Public Health Centre and their branches was performed. There were 251 questionnaires delivered, and 176 questionnaires were returned by respondents (the response rate – 70.1 per cent). Data was processed and analyzed using the statistical package SPSS for Windows 12.0. Associations between the variables were tested by the application of Chi-square test. Fisher criteria were used for comparison of two small groups. The hypothesis about the equality of two proportions was checked by using Z criteria. The differences between variables were considered statistically significant, when p<0.05. Results. It was estimated that the dominant needs were an adequate salary (73.3 per cent), safety and social needs when assessing the needs and motivation at work in the Public Health Centre of Kaunas and in the Public Health Centre of Marijampolė. As the worst aspects employees evaluated their career opportunities, more than a half of respondents were not satisfied with their salary. Salary, social security and proper working conditions were considered as the main... [to full text]

The aim of this thesis was to investigate if the outcome of rehabilitation efforts is depending on what view health care has in relation to what need of care people have and if the outcome for different groups of patients with low-back complaints (specific versus non-specific complaints) is various successful. The outcome is measured in length of sick leave, number of spells and granted sickness and disability pensions. This thesis combines a theoretical analysis of different theories of health with studies of two empirical materials. One material comprises a group of individuals with low-back complaints (specific versus non-specific complaints) from a nation-wide survey of Living Conditions conducted by Statistics Sweden in 1981. The other material comprises a sample of individuals on sick leave either due to low-back complaints or other kinds of complaints than low-back complaints. The outcome of these studies are measured as to what extent people with low-back complaints are granted a disability pension (Paper III) and which the characteristics are of those on sick leave due to low-back complaints compared to those with other kinds of complaints (Paper IV). The results from Paper III revealed a difference concerning socio-economic group and granted disability pension between those with specific, non-specific and frequent low-back complaints. Those with non-specific and frequent low-back complaints were to higher extent manual workers and disability pensioners. The results of Paper IV reveals also a socio-economic difference besides that those with low-back complaints had longer sick leave periods and more spells.  What does these results indicate? Are non-specific and frequent low-back complaints not successfully treated within the health care system? Is this due to how these matters have been identified? Are these individuals truly disabled due to their low-back complaints, if so how are they assessed and treated? I believe that the notions of health and disease as well as the social context in which people act influence the outcome of rehabilitation. If people judge their health as bad (here due to low-back troubles) and in need of health care and the health care system do not recognise their need when not identified as diseased a problem arises. These individuals claim that their ability to work is hampered due to the low-back complaint and the society has an obligation and needs a legitimate solution for those individuals that cannot support themselves due to ill health. This obligation makes a demand on the health care system. If non-specific complaints are assessed as non-medical problems, from a biomedical point of view, health care lacks measures to take care of these people if they ought to be taken care of within the health care system at all. But this outcome (a disability pension) may also indicate that people suffer from a “true” illness although not defined by objective findings. If that is the state one may ask if there is a lack of sufficient diagnostic procedures and measures as well. A rehabilitation approach stemming from a humanistic social perspective might lead to a more favourable outcome for people with low-back complaints, whether or not these complaints have been identified in a biomedical sense, as this perspective take into account both the goals, the resources and the social context of that individual.  This thesis has paid attention to the matter that conceptual notions, which seldom are considered within clinical praxis, are of vital importance for the outcome of rehabilitation. Health care falls short especially when it comes to non-specific and frequent low-back complaints and this may be due to the biomedical model being used too strictly within a domain where other models, here exemplified as Pörn’s Theory of Health, might result in a more favourable rehabilitation outcome for the individual. / digitalisering@umu

Ce projet de recherche s'inscrit dans un contexte spécifique d'étalement de la ville d'Antananarivo, capitale de Madagascar, au-delà de ses limites administratives actuelles, en englobant les espaces périphériques. La poussée de l'urbanisation expliquée par une forte croissance démographique aussi bien dans la ville que dans ses Communes périphériques, est source de profondes mutations qui sont vécues au quotidien par la population et sont visibles dans le paysage. Ainsi, cette recherche consiste à analyser le déroulement, les manifestations et les enjeux de ces mutations. Reconnaissant que la périurbanisation recouvre tellement d'aspects, la focalisation sur les thématiques -population, habitat et occupation des sols, constitue un choix pertinent dans les analyses. Elles sont au centre des dynamiques et des forts enjeux qui caractérisent les espaces périurbains. La démarche est basée sur une étude comparée de trois Communes Rurales (Tanjombato,Sabotsy Namehana et Ambohimangakely) situées à la périphérie immédiate de la ville et qui sont représentatives de l'agglomération de par leur poids démographique, leur localisation sur les axes majeurs de périurbanisation et leur niveau d'urbanisation.