Lors de l’élaboration du diagnostic de trouble pédophilique (DSM-5; APA, 2013), un critère basé sur un minimum de victimes avait été proposé pour poser le diagnostic lorsque les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants ne se reconnaissent pas d’attirance sexuelle déviante, et qu’une évaluation pléthysmographique de leurs intérêts sexuels n’est pas disponible ou invalide. Il avait aussi été proposé de créer des sous-types selon le groupe d’âge préféré sexuellement ou l’âge des victimes : pédophilique (victimes prépubères, 10 ans et moins), hébéphilique (victimes en début de puberté, 11-14 ans) ou pédohébéphilique (les deux). Ces propositions ont soulevé la controverse parmi les chercheurs et cliniciens et n’ont pas été acceptées en raison du manque de soutien empirique les appuyant. Cette thèse tente de répondre aux principaux questionnements soulevés : 1) Quels indices comportementaux devraient être utilisés pour évaluer la déviance sexuelle chez les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants intrafamiliaux et extrafamiliaux respectivement? 2) Le nombre d’interactions sexuelles avec un même enfant et la durée de la période des agressions sont-ils reliés à la déviance sexuelle? 3) Les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants en début de puberté présentent-ils des intérêts sexuels déviants? Le premier article est un commentaire sur le DSM-5 présentant les grandes lignes de la thèse et les résultats préliminaires des deux articles suivants. Le deuxième article vise à répondre aux deux premières questions. Des agresseurs sexuels d'enfants intrafamiliaux (n = 76) et extrafamiliaux (n = 93) sont comparés quant au nombre, l’âge et le sexe de leurs victimes, le nombre d’interactions sexuelles avec une même victime et la durée de la période des agressions, et leurs intérêts sexuels autorapportés ou évalués avec la pléthysmographie pénienne. Les relations entre ces indices comportementaux et la présence d'intérêts sexuels déviants sont évaluées pour les deux groupes. Les résultats suggèrent que : 1) différents indices comportementaux devraient être utilisés lors de l’évaluation des intérêts sexuels selon les groupes d’agresseurs; 2) des agressions répétées et de longues durées sur une même victime suggèrent la déviance sexuelle chez les agresseurs intrafamiliaux, alors qu’aucune relation n’est observée entre ces variables chez les agresseurs extrafamiliaux. Cette recherche ii constitue une première étape vers l’utilisation du nombre et de la durée des agressions sexuelles avec un même enfant lors de l’évaluation des intérêts sexuels des agresseurs sexuels d’enfants. Le troisième article vise à répondre à la dernière question énoncée. Des agresseurs sexuels d'enfants regroupés selon l’âge de leurs victimes, pédophilique (n = 75), hébéphilique (n = 44), pédohébéphilique (n = 49), sont comparés quant à différentes variables : nombre et sexe des victimes, historique criminel, et intérêts sexuels autorapportés ou mesurés avec la pléthysmographie. Les résultats montrent la présence d’intérêts sexuels déviants dans les mêmes proportions pour les trois groupes. Quant aux autres variables, les groupes « pédophilique » et « hébéphilique » se distinguent peu, mais ils diffèrent du groupe « pédohébéphilique ». Ces résultats appuient le chevauchement entre l’attirance sexuelle envers les enfants prépubères et l’attirance envers ceux en début de puberté, et soutiennent leur regroupement dans le diagnostic de trouble pédophilique. / Revisions proposed for the pedophilic disorder (DSM-5; APA, 2013) included a criterion based on a minimum victim count to diagnose pedophilia when child molesters do not acknowledge having sexual attraction towards children, and phallometric evaluation of their sexual interests is not available or invalid. It was also proposed to divide the diagnostic with subtypes based on the preferred age category or the victims’ age: pedophilic (10 year-olds and younger), hebephilic (11-14 year-olds), or pedohebephilic (both). These revisions generated controversies among researchers and clinicians, and they were not adopted due to the paucity of empirical evidence supporting these propositions. This doctoral thesis aims to answer the main questions that were raised: 1) What indicators should be used when assessing deviant sexual interests among intrafamilial and extrafamilial child molesters respectively?; 2) Are the number of sexual interactions and the period duration of the offenses on the same victim associated with sexual deviance? 3) Do early pubescent child molesters have deviant sexual interests? The first article is a commentary on the DSM-5 outlining the thesis and presenting the preliminary results of the two following articles. The second article aims to answer the first two questions. Intrafamilial child molesters (n = 76) and extrafamilial child molesters (n = 93) are compared on their victim count, victims’ age and gender, the number of sexual interactions and the period duration of the offenses on the same victim, and their sexual interests acknowledged or measured with penile plethysmography. Associations between these indicators and deviant sexual interests are assessed for both groups. The results suggest that: 1) different indicators of deviant sexual interests should be used according to the offenders’ group; 2) repeated sexual interactions on a long period on the same victim suggest sexual deviance among intrafamilial offenders, while there is no association between these variables among extrafamilial offenders. This research is a first step towards using the number of sexual interactions and the period duration of the offenses on the same victim when assessing sexual deviance among child molesters. iv The third article aims to answer the last question. Child molesters grouped according to their victims' age category, pedophilic (n = 75), hebephilic (n = 44), and pedohebephilic (n = 49), were compared on different variables: victim count, victims' gender, criminal history, and sexual interests measured with penile plethysmography and acknowledged. The results show deviant sexual interests in the same proportions among the three groups. As for the other variables, the pedophilic and hebephilic groups do not differ much, but they both differ from the pedohebephilic group. The results highlight the overlap between sexual attraction to prepubescent and attraction to early pubescent children, and support their inclusion in the same diagnostic.

The present master's thesis tackles the position of vulgarisms within the system of language as used in texts published in Czech and French weekly opinion magazines. The thesis takes a theoretic and empiric approach, the first part dealing with the definition of the term of vulgarism in Czech and French stylistics and the delimitation of its role in the style of journalistic texts. The second part of the thesis describes the practical approach of Czech and French weeklies to vulgarisms in their texts based on a survey among editing staff of the major publishing houses both in France and in the Czech Republic. The outcomes of the survey were compared to the analysis results conveyed on a corpus built out of texts published in Le Point and Respekt weeklies. Based on the contrastive analysis of vulgarisms used in Czech and French language corpus, following the critical criteria as outlined in the first part of the thesis, several recommendations are made about French-Czech translations of vulgarisms in journalistic texts. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The subject of my doctoral dissertation is an exploration of fishing rights as a collection of a wide range of legal norms regulating the behavior of the recipients only in the performance of fishing, but also in civil, administrative and criminal relations with the breeding and hunting fish related. Due to the current lack of scientific literature on this topic, the thesis also basic definition and status of the Czech Fishing rights in the legal system of the Czech Republic and important connections not only in relation to the institutions of environmental law, but also of civil and criminal law. Basic Institutes of fishing rights are always described as in historical context, as from the time of its inception developed, as well as in international comparisons of countries that their cultures are very close to us.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-11T12:28:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna de Carvalho Santos Pineschi.pdf: 7761548 bytes, checksum: 3594307a7e79c5c39abb55b3ea8284b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T12:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna de Carvalho Santos Pineschi.pdf: 7761548 bytes, checksum: 3594307a7e79c5c39abb55b3ea8284b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / The objective of this work is to bring the discussion about a very controversial and increasingly recurrent topic in criminal doctrine: the criminal liability of corporations in Brazil and in the world. Until the 1980s, most countries still followed the societas delinquere non potest principle, adopting only civil and administrative liability to acts practiced by corporations. However, in the last decades, several countries have adopted this institute in their legal systems in order to modernize and increase their criminal norms for the modern world’s new realities. This is caused by the fact that the evolution of law has not been able to keep up with the new demands of the risk society we live in. It occurs that the introduction of this new institute has generated innumerable doctrinal criticism and difficulty in adapting to the legal-criminal dogmatics constructed on the basis of the classic Enlightenment criminal law. Much is questioned about the new modern criminal policies and their real effectiveness. In Brazil, the situation is no different. There are innumerous barriers and doubts on the subject, even after the emergence of the Federal Constitution of 1988, and the adoption of the institute by the Law of Environmental Crimes (Law 9.605 / 98). Therefore, in brief, the present work intends to cover: the main problems raised on the subject, taking into account the favorable and opposite arguments presented by the doctrine; its evolution and the context in which it was inserted today; their treatment in comparative law; its situation in the Brazilian legal system through the Federal Constitution of 1988, Law 9605/98, experience of jurisprudence, and the way in which they have been applied; and, finally, the real necessity and effectiveness that this institute has presented since adoption / O objetivo deste trabalho é trazer a discussão sobre um tema muito polêmico e cada vez mais recorrente na doutrina penal: a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas no Brasil e no mundo. Até cerca dos anos 1980, a maior parte dos países ainda seguia o princípio societas delinquere non potest, adotando apenas a responsabilidade civil e administrativa aos atos praticados pelos entes coletivos. Porém, nas últimas décadas, diversos países passaram a adotar esse instituto em seus ordenamentos visando modernizar e incrementar suas normas penais às novas realidades mundiais. Isso porque a evolução do direito não tem conseguido acompanhar as novas demandas da sociedade de risco a qual vivemos. Ocorre que a introdução desse novo instituto tem gerado inúmeras críticas pela doutrina e dificuldade de adaptação à dogmática jurídico-penal construída com base no direito penal clássico iluminista. Muito se questiona sobre as novas políticas criminais modernas e sua real efetividade. No Brasil, a situação não é diferente. Inúmeras são as barreiras e as dúvidas sobre o tema mesmo após o surgimento da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da adoção do instituto pela Lei de Crimes Ambientais (Lei n. 9.605/1998). Portanto, resumidamente, o presente trabalho pretende abarcar, através de pesquisa doutrinária, legislativa, jurisprudencial e de campo: os principais problemas suscitados sobre o tema, considerando os argumentos favoráveis e contrários apresentados pela doutrina; sua evolução e o contexto no qual foi inserido; seu tratamento no direito comparado; sua situação no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro através da Constituição Federal de 1988, da Lei n. 9.605/1998, a experiência jurisprudencial e a forma como tem sido aplicada e, por fim, a real necessidade e efetividade que esse instituto apresenta desde sua adoção

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2017-08-15T20:21:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana Cristina Pino Volejnik.pdf: 3552207 bytes, checksum: ce70bc720af6e42f000e13a805cc35e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T20:21:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Adriana Cristina Pino Volejnik.pdf: 3552207 bytes, checksum: ce70bc720af6e42f000e13a805cc35e9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-26 / This is a study about how the legal evidence was organized within the criminal sphere, the reason behind it and how this forensic accounting report was added into the Court Case number 470 (AP 470/2007), the "Mensal??o". Structured on both qualitative research and the analysis of the case files (about 63.000 pages until the rulling) through a protocol based on Dempster's Evidence Theory. The data was structured, categorized and classified to allow not only for better identification of the main phases of the "Mensal??o" and of it's documentation, but also to identify characteristics on both technical evidence and forensic accounting report. Throughout the process, 215 pieces of technical evidence were found, of which 30 were mentioned at the rulling by Ministers of the Supreme Court, rapporteur and proofreader. Among these 30 where the 8 main reports made by the Brazillian Federal Police's accounting expert, reggarded as the most solid and complete documents on the AP 470/2007 case. The whole process estabilished the forensic accounting within the criminal sphere, seeing how it transformed financial transgression into something tangible. It estabilished the role of the accounting expert as an asset to solve both criminal and legal questions, as well reinforcing the importance of the forensic accounting as a powerfull tool in the battle against corruption. / Esta pesquisa investigou como foi organizado o conjunto probat??rio no ??mbito criminal, o prop??sito e a forma das provas periciais cont??beis juntadas ?? A????o Penal 470, o Caso Mensal??o. ?? uma pesquisa qualitativa e documental. Foi analisada a ??ntegra dos autos da A????o Penal 470 (cerca de 63.000 p??ginas, at?? a emiss??o do Ac??rd??o), com o uso de um protocolo de an??lise, apoiado na Teoria das Provas. O material foi sistematizado por meio de classifica????o e categoriza????o dos dados, o que permitiu identificar as principais fases do processo e pe??as processuais, as caracter??sticas das mat??rias t??cnico-cient??ficas e dos laudos periciais cont??beis. Foram localizadas 215 provas de natureza t??cnica. Dessas, 30 foram mencionadas no Ac??rd??o pelos Ministros do STF, Relator e Revisor, sendo 8 os Laudos periciais cont??beis estudados, produzidos por peritos cont??beis da Pol??cia Federal, por terem sido as provas cont??beis mais robustas da AP 470/2007. Foi constatada a utilidade da per??cia cont??bil no ??mbito criminal, na medida em que trouxe materialidade a crimes de natureza patrimonial financeira. Constatou-se como atuam os peritos oficiais para colaborar na resolu????o de quest??es legais, em atendimento ??s demandas do conjunto de operadores legais do Mensal??o. Busca-se contribuir para consolidar o entendimento sobre a import??ncia da per??cia cont??bil no combate ?? corrup????o.

This study investigates the use of violence by Salafi-Oriented Movement Organisations. Drawing mostly from Social Movement Theory’s “political opportunity” and “resource mobilisation” thesis, it uses the Northern Nigerian-born Boko Haram (BH) to study how such organisation evolved and used different forms of violent activisms for goal attainment. On that basis, three main research questions were formulated: (1) What socio-political structures enabled the evolution of the organisation in Northern Nigeria? (2) Under what conditions did BH begin to use armed violence against the Nigerian State? (3) What specific forms of armed violence did BH use and how were such forms of strategy sustained within the organisation? In answering these questions, the study relied on data collected through one-on-one semi-structured interviews from religious leaders in Northern Nigeria (particularly those within the Salafi networks); selected politicians in the areas where the group operates; some Nigerian security personnel, and on focus group interviews from victims of BH violence. In addition, the study also drew from other documentary sources (videos and audio recordings from different leaders in the group), and from internal correspondence between BH leaders and those of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Along the primary data, these documentary sources showed a striking historical continuity about the emergence and activities of BH from inception, up until they began using violence as a means for goal attainment. The data showed that while the emergence of the group was dependent on specific Northern Nigerian socio-political and mobilisatory structures, the adoption and sustenance of different forms of violence in the group were re-enforced by the interactions between the group’s leadership and the Borno state government; the violent response of the Nigerian government to the group's initial anti-state rhetoric; the mobilisation of different material resources (accruing from the organisation’s interactions and collaborations with similar international Salafi networks) and the internal dynamics in the group (competition between the different factions in the organisation). These inter-related conditions provided the windows of opportunity upon which both the establishment of the group, as well as the internal logic for the development and justification of different forms of violence were sustained within the organisation. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

A sociedade de risco mundial caracteriza-se por sua dimensão negativa de igualdade, uma vez que os cidadãos não são mais iguais em razão dos direitos ou benefícios que compartilham, mas, sim, pelos riscos comuns que a se encontram expostos. O desenvolvimento tecnológico, bem como o conhecimento científico, remeteu o homem a um contexto de modernidade, prometendo cumprir na integralidade com inúmeros e incontáveis benefícios ao bem viver. Porém, junto aos ganhos qualitativos de vida, o que se viu foram acidentes nucleares, guerras atômicas, danos ambientais e outros efeitos decorrentes da radicalização do modelo produtivo empregado. Esses fatos imergiram a sociedade num mar de dúvidas e incertezas, resultando em uma redemocratização forçada, que colocou todos os indivíduos do globo terrestre em uma mesma condição: vítimas de uma possível aniquilação. Nesse viés, a ambivalência decorrente dos riscos permeia os mais diversos segmentos da realidade social, sendo que nenhum saber apresenta mais o mesmo significado que detinha há pouco tempo atrás. Os próprios conceitos, paradigmas e instituições da contemporaneidade precisam, agora, ser repensados. A magnitude dos riscos obriga, assim, a uma nova forma de engajamento político e social em âmbito mundial: participação ativa e cidadã dos indivíduos, adoção de políticas globais calcadas em bases educacionais preventivas aos danos ambientais, inserção de empresas como agentes morais, melhoria na produção, alternativas ao consumo, debate crítico às descobertas da ciência, inclusão e valorização do outro, entre outras. Esta dura realidade que nos atemoriza é, ao mesmo tempo, o combustível que nos motiva em busca de melhores soluções e alternativas para a reconstrução dos modelos até então empregados de produção, consumo e convivência. A crise ambiental pode se tornar uma oportunidade. Nesse sentido, o saber científico e o conhecimento tecnológico, por mais contraditórios que possam parecer, detêm caráter central para a continuidade da vida humana no planeta, pois servem como meios para o reconhecimento dos novos riscos, criticando e aprimorando tanto em campo ambiental quanto em campo empresarial o desenvolver das novas políticas de produção. No mesmo contexto, as pessoas jurídicas sejam pequenas empresas ou grandes corporações abandonam o antigo estigma de culpadas pela degradação das condições da vida no planeta e passam a ocupar a posição de protagonistas nas questões socioambientais. Trata-se da adoção de uma política de duplo ganho (win X win). As empresas ganham em imagem corporativa positiva, expandem sua clientela, abordam novos nichos de mercado, melhoram e reduzem custos de produção e, ainda, incrementam seu lucro. Por sua vez, a sociedade ganha com a melhoria da produção, uso racional dos recursos naturais, alternativas às formas de consumo, bem como uma importante aliada aos projetos humanitários, sociais e ambientais. Agir ético, participação ativa e cidadã dos indivíduos, inclusão do outro e conduta fraterna são apenas alguns dos fatores que comprovam que a vida humana em sociedade pode ainda ter futuro. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T17:26:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Diogo Petry.pdf: 1242603 bytes, checksum: f70e91c632cedd21604d79cf37825dfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T17:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Diogo Petry.pdf: 1242603 bytes, checksum: f70e91c632cedd21604d79cf37825dfd (MD5) / The world risk society is characterized for its negative dimension of equality, since citizens are not equal anymore for their rights or benefits that they share, but in detriment, for the common risks which they are exposed. The technological development as well as the scientific knowledge addressed the man to a modernity context promising to integrally accomplish the many and uncountable benefits to the well living. However, and with the qualitative life winnings, what we have seen are nuclear accidents, atomic wars, environmental damages and other effects caused by the radicalization of the inserted pattern. This fact filled the society with doubts and uncertainness, resulting on a forced redemocratization, which put all the terrestrial globe individuals in the same condition: victims of a possible annihilation. In this idea, the ambivalence that comes from the risks infiltrates the various segments of the social reality, not any knowledge has the same meaning as it had a few years ago. Concepts, paradigms and contemporaneity institutions need to be now rethought. Thus, the magnitude of the risks requires a new way of social and political engagement in a worldwide ambit: active participation of the individuals as citizens, adoption of global policies modeled in educational bases preventing environmental damages, insertion of companies as moral agents, production improvement, alternatives instead of consumption, critical debate about the science discoveries, inclusion and valorization of the other individuals, among others. This hard reality that terrorizes us is, at the same time, the fuel that gives us motivation in search of better solutions and alternatives for the reconstruction of the production, consume and living patters applied so far. The environmental crises may become an opportunity. In this idea, the scientific knowhow and the technological knowledge, although sometimes seem to be contradictory, detain central character for the human life continuity in the planet because they are used as means for the recognition of the new risks, criticizing and improving either in the environmental field or in the entrepreneurial field , in the development of new production policies. In the same context small companies or big corporations abandon the old label as responsible for the planet life condition degradation and thus, taking the position of protagonist in the socio-environmental issues. It´s about the adoption of a double winning policy (win x win). Companies win positive corporative image, expand customers, approach new market niche, improve and reduce production costs and also increase profits. The society, wins with the production improvement, rational natural resources use, alternative instead of consumption ways as well as wins an important support to humanitarian social and environmental projects. Ethical action, active individual´s participation as citizens, inclusion of the others and fraternal conduct, are just some of the factors that prove human life in society may still be have a future.

A sociedade de risco mundial caracteriza-se por sua dimensão negativa de igualdade, uma vez que os cidadãos não são mais iguais em razão dos direitos ou benefícios que compartilham, mas, sim, pelos riscos comuns que a se encontram expostos. O desenvolvimento tecnológico, bem como o conhecimento científico, remeteu o homem a um contexto de modernidade, prometendo cumprir na integralidade com inúmeros e incontáveis benefícios ao bem viver. Porém, junto aos ganhos qualitativos de vida, o que se viu foram acidentes nucleares, guerras atômicas, danos ambientais e outros efeitos decorrentes da radicalização do modelo produtivo empregado. Esses fatos imergiram a sociedade num mar de dúvidas e incertezas, resultando em uma redemocratização forçada, que colocou todos os indivíduos do globo terrestre em uma mesma condição: vítimas de uma possível aniquilação. Nesse viés, a ambivalência decorrente dos riscos permeia os mais diversos segmentos da realidade social, sendo que nenhum saber apresenta mais o mesmo significado que detinha há pouco tempo atrás. Os próprios conceitos, paradigmas e instituições da contemporaneidade precisam, agora, ser repensados. A magnitude dos riscos obriga, assim, a uma nova forma de engajamento político e social em âmbito mundial: participação ativa e cidadã dos indivíduos, adoção de políticas globais calcadas em bases educacionais preventivas aos danos ambientais, inserção de empresas como agentes morais, melhoria na produção, alternativas ao consumo, debate crítico às descobertas da ciência, inclusão e valorização do outro, entre outras. Esta dura realidade que nos atemoriza é, ao mesmo tempo, o combustível que nos motiva em busca de melhores soluções e alternativas para a reconstrução dos modelos até então empregados de produção, consumo e convivência. A crise ambiental pode se tornar uma oportunidade. Nesse sentido, o saber científico e o conhecimento tecnológico, por mais contraditórios que possam parecer, detêm caráter central para a continuidade da vida humana no planeta, pois servem como meios para o reconhecimento dos novos riscos, criticando e aprimorando tanto em campo ambiental quanto em campo empresarial o desenvolver das novas políticas de produção. No mesmo contexto, as pessoas jurídicas sejam pequenas empresas ou grandes corporações abandonam o antigo estigma de culpadas pela degradação das condições da vida no planeta e passam a ocupar a posição de protagonistas nas questões socioambientais. Trata-se da adoção de uma política de duplo ganho (win X win). As empresas ganham em imagem corporativa positiva, expandem sua clientela, abordam novos nichos de mercado, melhoram e reduzem custos de produção e, ainda, incrementam seu lucro. Por sua vez, a sociedade ganha com a melhoria da produção, uso racional dos recursos naturais, alternativas às formas de consumo, bem como uma importante aliada aos projetos humanitários, sociais e ambientais. Agir ético, participação ativa e cidadã dos indivíduos, inclusão do outro e conduta fraterna são apenas alguns dos fatores que comprovam que a vida humana em sociedade pode ainda ter futuro. / The world risk society is characterized for its negative dimension of equality, since citizens are not equal anymore for their rights or benefits that they share, but in detriment, for the common risks which they are exposed. The technological development as well as the scientific knowledge addressed the man to a modernity context promising to integrally accomplish the many and uncountable benefits to the well living. However, and with the qualitative life winnings, what we have seen are nuclear accidents, atomic wars, environmental damages and other effects caused by the radicalization of the inserted pattern. This fact filled the society with doubts and uncertainness, resulting on a forced redemocratization, which put all the terrestrial globe individuals in the same condition: victims of a possible annihilation. In this idea, the ambivalence that comes from the risks infiltrates the various segments of the social reality, not any knowledge has the same meaning as it had a few years ago. Concepts, paradigms and contemporaneity institutions need to be now rethought. Thus, the magnitude of the risks requires a new way of social and political engagement in a worldwide ambit: active participation of the individuals as citizens, adoption of global policies modeled in educational bases preventing environmental damages, insertion of companies as moral agents, production improvement, alternatives instead of consumption, critical debate about the science discoveries, inclusion and valorization of the other individuals, among others. This hard reality that terrorizes us is, at the same time, the fuel that gives us motivation in search of better solutions and alternatives for the reconstruction of the production, consume and living patters applied so far. The environmental crises may become an opportunity. In this idea, the scientific knowhow and the technological knowledge, although sometimes seem to be contradictory, detain central character for the human life continuity in the planet because they are used as means for the recognition of the new risks, criticizing and improving either in the environmental field or in the entrepreneurial field , in the development of new production policies. In the same context small companies or big corporations abandon the old label as responsible for the planet life condition degradation and thus, taking the position of protagonist in the socio-environmental issues. It´s about the adoption of a double winning policy (win x win). Companies win positive corporative image, expand customers, approach new market niche, improve and reduce production costs and also increase profits. The society, wins with the production improvement, rational natural resources use, alternative instead of consumption ways as well as wins an important support to humanitarian social and environmental projects. Ethical action, active individual´s participation as citizens, inclusion of the others and fraternal conduct, are just some of the factors that prove human life in society may still be have a future.

La législation belge est reconnue comme l'une des meilleures en Europe. Elle est pourtant perfectible, surtout dans un souci d'aide aux victimes. Afin de renforcer la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains en Belgique, l'étude de la législation nationale sera éclairée de normes internationales, française, luxembourgeoise et suisse. L'introduction de la thèse, disponible ci-après, donne, entre autres, l'objet de l'étude et son postulat de départ. Nous y renvoyons le lecteur. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

To gather together is a natural human activity shared by all people. The majority of these activities take place without the involvement of the government, and is of no interest to the law. In South Africa, the right to assemble peacefully, to demonstrate, to picket or to present petitions, is protected in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. When people gather, be it peaceful or violent, participants run the risk of being arrested for committing offences. The way the government of the day reacts to gatherings influence the policing, prosecution and adjudication of offences arising from the right to gather. Current legislation and common-law offences utilised to curb disorder in South Africa are measured against international and regional case law and guidelines. Most of these case law and guidelines linked to international and regional instruments are similar in many respects, and can be deemed as universally acceptable. It is proposed that the government revisits the mixture of current offences utilised by the prosecution during dissent, public violence or protest action, and that specific public order offences are created, providing for specific unlawful conduct with corroborating sentences. Police powers must furthermore be clearly defined to strengthen the hand of the police to secure law and order, serve as guarantee for the rights and freedoms of everyone, and to create legal certainty. The government must organise applicable public order offences in a single public order act. Legislation applicable to public order must be accessible and easily understandable since protest may be the only avenue for a member of the public to bring his or her plight under the attention of the government. Existing guidelines from applicable international and regional instruments which guide and monitor executive conduct must be included since these guidelines qualify as public order offences. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D. (Criminal and Procedural Law)