This study focused on the impact of the revelations at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings on 30 female victims of all races. An explanatory model, the TRC Revelation Aftermath Model was designed to direct the research and to interpret the data. Researcher made use of a non-probability sampling strategy. Five respondents were selected by purposive sampling and 25 were selected by means of the snowball sampling. The sample of this study consisted of three components, namely ten Commissioners of the TRC, ten Coordinators who worked in the TRC offices, as well as 30 female victims of all races. The Commissioners were interviewed to validate the data obtained from the victims while the Coordinators were consulted merely to obtain general information on the criteria which was used to process the applications submitted by the victims in order to receive the reparations. The analysis of the data revealed that the respondents accepted three assumptions, namely, they were invulnerable with regard to trauma such as that caused by the revelations of the TRC. In addition to this they viewed life as meaningful and that they also had a positive attitude towards it before the political conflict of the apartheid era in South Africa impacted on them. These assumptions were interpreted in terms of Janoff-Bulman and Frieze's theory. The research findings indicated that the assumptions were not only affected by the revelations but that they also influenced the way in which these women experienced the TRC process. It was found that the victim respondents, whose family members had disappeared and were never confirmed dead, had suffered exacerbated emotions which were characterised by denial. This was the result of repressed memories associated with the grief. Of importance too, was the finding that a few of the victims were successful in deriving meaning from their suffering, while others, who could not achieve this, could not reconcile with their perpetrators and this was determined by their age. As the former were willing to forgive their perpetrators they had thus found inner peace. During the interviews, the victims mentioned that although the TRC had appeared to be necessary before they made their submissions, however, after it had disappointed them by not granting them reparations, this exacerbated their suffering as they felt that they had been discriminated against in favour of the perpetrators who were granted amnesty irrespective of not having made full disclosures. According to Parsons General Action System all the respondents experienced their trauma as biological entities, and thus suffered symptoms related to psychosomatic illnesses such as, inter alia, headaches, insomnia, and ulcers. These were accompanied by personality characteristics such as anger, aggression, as well as hatred. As the victims could not function in isolation, they also endured ostracisation related to cultural stereotypes and in this way, their suffering was perceived as secondary to that of males. Furthermore, within the social system, the victims who perceived the TRC as biased, believed that it had caused the country embarrassment by bringing up the conflict of the apartheid era. However, others verbalised that the Commission was a good initiative for South Africa so that peace as well as reconciliation could be facilitated for the sake of unity. It is crucial to stress the finding that some of the respondents, although few, who had been granted reparations, were satisfied with the TRC and perceived it as fair and thus could reconcile with their perpetrators. The research report concludes with a number of recommendations for the establishment of support services for the traumatised victims as well as integrative mechanisms, which could encourage co-operation between the citizens of South Africa so that the reconciliation which the TRC facilitated can be sustained. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, amnesty, violence, human rights, reconciliation, apartheid, trauma, grief, bereavement. / Thesis (DPhil (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

The aim of this bachelor study was to examine and analyze if there were any difference in how Dagens Nyheter framed sexual crimes before and after the metoo movements peak in 2017. Framing theory was used to categorize different frames in the reporting of sexual crimes in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter. The research question was: which frames are the most common in Dagens Nyheters framing of sexual crimes and how common are these frames? Is there any difference in what frames appear in Dagens Nyheter before and after the metoo movements peak in 2017?  With a quantitative content analysis I could examine how often the frames were used by Dagens Nyheter and if it was any different after the metoo movements peak in 2017. A total of 869 articles were analyzed. 240 articles in 2014, 322 articles in 2017 and 307 articles in 2020. By using framing theory, ten frames were identified. “police report and legal process”, “sexual offenses linked to religion”, “sexual offenses as a societal problem”, “sexual offense legislation and criticism”, “men with power”, “fact about sexual offenses”, “sexual offenses as a metaphor”, “victim of sexual offenses”, “accused of sexual offenses” and “other”.  The result of the examine showed that the most used frame was “police report and legal process”. In the period of 2014 the second most used frame was “sexual offense legislation and criticism”. In the period of 2017 the second most used frame was “victim of sexual offenses” and in the period of 2020 the second most used frame was “sexual offenses as a societal problem”. The biggest difference before and after metoo movement that were found was the frame “accused of sexual offenses”. In 2014 it was not found at all while in 2020 it was one of the more common frames.

Il semble aujourd'hui possible de considérer que le numérique et le cyberespace ont complètement changé les rapports de force dans notre société moderne. En se numérisant, la société permet à ses membres un accès quasi illimité et instantané à des millions de ressources et données. Par ailleurs, il facilite largement les relations personnelles et professionnelles entre les individus. Si le numérique peut être présenté comme une véritable révolution, celui-ci expose son utilisateur à de nouvelles vulnérabilités, à de nouveaux risques. Le droit pénal, en ce qu'il régit la société et choisit les valeurs sociales à protéger, s'est donc intéressé au développement du numérique et à ses conséquences. La présente étude constate un arsenal législatif étendu pour lutter le plus efficacement possible contre la délinquance numérique. Néanmoins, l'analyse observe qu'il existe de nombreux obstacles à l'application du droit pénal au cyberespace en raison des particularités liées aux réseaux. La délinquance numérique n'est, en outre, pas la seule menace générée par le numérique, puisque désormais, il est possible de parler du cyberespace comme d'un nouvel espace de confrontation. Ainsi, à la délinquance numérique s'ajoute la menace militaire puisque les États investissent les réseaux par la mise en place d'armes numériques. Il s'agit alors de s'interroger sur la pertinence de ces choix étatiques et sur les solutions permettant d'accentuer la lutte contre la délinquance numérique. / Today, it seems possible to consider that digital technology and cyberspace have completely changed the balance of power in our modern society. By digitizing, the society gives its members almost unlimited access to millions of resources and data. Digital technology also facilitates personal and professional relationships between individuals. If digital technology can be presented as a real revolution, it exposes its user to new vulnerabilities and risks. The criminal law, insofar as it governs society and chooses the social values to be protected, has therefore been concerned with the development of digital technology. The present study notes the extensive legislative arsenal for fighting in the most effective manner against digital delinquency. Nevertheless, the analysis observes that many obstacles are against the application of criminal law into the cyberspace because of networks particularities. Moreover, digital crime is not the only threat generated by digital technology, since it is now possible to consider the cyberspace as a new space for confrontation. Thus, military threat is added to digital delinquency as the States set up electronics weapons into networks. Then, the arised question is about the relevance of these state choices and the solutions to intensify the fight against digital delinquency.

Imposition of punishments on adults Abstract This work is focused on the topic of imposition punishments on adults. The first part defines the concept and purpose of punishment. The characteristics of these concepts are a prerequisite for understanding the following chapters. Retributive, utilitarian and mixed theories of punishment are defined here. The individual functions of punishment are also described here. Another chapter is devoted to the principles of sentencing. The core of the work deals with the gradual analysis of individual criteria that the court takes into account when imposing punishments, together with issues of mitigating and aggravating circumstances. In the final part, attention is paid to the concurrence of crimes, recidivism and their punishment. This part begins with a definition of simultaneity and further elaborates on the three main principles governing the imposition of punishment. Finally, it also provides a detailed overview of the legal concepts of concurrent and aggregate sentences. The thesis is supplemented by selected judgments of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. The main goal of this work is to collect and provide as much information as possible on the issue of imposition of punishments on adults, as well as to analyze the theoretical foundations of this...

[pt] Este trabalho discorre sobre o uso de palavras e expressões da Bíblia encontradas com valor ofensivo em contextos de interação verbal entre falantes de língua portuguesa, em especial, o grupo dos evangélicos, que criam e se utilizam de boa parte desse léxico em suas rotinas linguístico-interacionais. A fim de se compreender como o léxico de ofensa atua nessas interações, utilizam-se vertentes teóricas associadas a aspectos linguísticos, pragmáticos, culturais e interculturais, através de autores como Hall (1976), Brown e Levinson (1987), Culpeper (1996, 2010), DaMatta (1997), Hofstede (2001) e Carretero (2011). Os resultados da análise de vinte e uma expressões colhidas na rede social Twitter demonstram que seu uso é bastante produtivo, ao possibilitar o ato de ofender alguém sem o uso de ofensas usuais e palavrões, substituindo-os por expressões bíblicas. Segundo as seis categorias de análise adotadas, são identificados diferentes tipos de ofensas e seus respectivos contextos de uso. Essa pesquisa traz contribuição para as áreas dos estudos religiosos e do Português como Segunda Língua Para Estrangeiros (PL2E); para esta última, são apresentadas três propostas de aplicação didática. / [en] This work discusses the use of words and expressions of the Bible found with offensive value in contexts of verbal interaction between Portuguese speakers, especially the group of evangelicals, who create and use a good part of this lexicon in their linguistic routines- interactional. In order to understand how the lexicon of offense acts in these interactions, theoretical aspects associated with linguistic, pragmatic, cultural and intercultural aspects are used, through authors such as Hall (1976), Brown and Levinson (1987), Culpeper (1996; 2010), DaMatta (1997), Hofstede (2001) and Carretero (2011). The results of the analysis of twenty-one expressions collected on the social network Twitter demonstrate that its use is quite productive, by enabling the act of offending someone without the use of usual offenses and profanity, replacing them with biblical expressions. According to the six categories of analysis adopted, different types of offenses and their respective contexts of use are identified. This research contributes to the areas of religious studies and Portuguese as a Second/Foreign Language (PSL/PFL); for the latter, three proposals for didactic application are presented.

D. Litt. et Phil. (African Politics) / This study is an exploration of transitional justice mechanisms available to post conflict communities. It is a context sensitive and sustained interrogation of the effectiveness of endogenous transitional justice mechanisms in post-colonial Zimbabwe. The study utilised Ruti Teitel’s (1997: 2009-2080) realist/idealist theory as its theoretical framework. Using the case of Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular, it analyses the application of imported idealist transitional justice mechanisms, mainly International Criminal Court (ICC) trials. It also debates the efficacy of realist transitional justice mechanisms, mainly the South African model of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).The study explores the application of what it terms broad realist transitional justice mechanisms used mostly in rural areas of Zimbabwe to achieve peace building and reconciliation. These modes of everyday healing and reconciliation include the traditional institutions of ngozi (avenging spirit), botso (self-shaming), chenura (cleansing ceremonies), nhimbe (community working groups) and nyaradzo (memorials). The key finding of this exploration is that local realist transitional justice mechanisms are more efficacious in fostering peace building and reconciliation than imported idealist mechanisms such as the ICC trials and imported realist mechanisms such as the TRC. More value can be realised when imported realist mechanisms and local realist transitional justice mechanisms complement each other. The study contributes to the literature on transitional justice in general and bottom-up, victim-centred reconciliation in particular. It offers a different approach to the study of transitional justice in post conflict Zimbabwe by recasting the debate away from the liberal peace paradigm which critiques state centric top-down approaches such as trials, clemencies, amnesties and institutional reform. The study considers the agency of ‘ordinary’ people in resolving the after effects of politically motivated harm. It also lays the foundation for further research into other traditional transitional justice mechanisms used for peace building and reconciliation elsewhere in Africa / Political Sciences

The threat posed by non-ferrous metal theft to industries in South Africa is substantial but is also regarded with indifference. A reason for this view may be that the criminal act is ordinarily not accompanied by violence and the target of the crime is an object that is far removed from the vicinity of the majority of South Africans. Non-ferrous metal theft may sometimes even be erroneously termed a victimless crime. This study endeavours to shed light on the complexities of non-ferrous metal theft and the industrial dangers that may be suffered if this crime is not eradicated. A case study from the mining industry was used to examine the nature and extent of non-ferrous metal theft. A mixed methods approach was followed in terms of which qualitative and quantitative research was done sequentially to provide the best possible representation of the situation. The participant allowed access to data over a six-year period as well as access to mine employees for interviews to assist with understanding the safety and security measures that the mine put in place to protect its workforce. This information led to another realisation, namely that if non-ferrous metal thieves cut an electricity supply line that is critical for life support and transportation in the mine, mineworkers may succumb to the harsh conditions underground. It also became evident that the police and the criminal justice system must develop a better understanding of the seriousness of non-ferrous metal theft. If this does not happen in the near future, managing the consequences of nonferrous metal theft at South African mines will become a mammoth task. Such mines and other industries affected by non-ferrous metal related theft must collaborate with each other and the police in order to understand the nature of the crime and to ensure that the prosecution of the perpetrators is handled properly. These industries should also subscribe to a pragmatic approach to crime prevention whereby various components from different crime prevention strategies are used to address the issues being experienced and whereby a unique crime prevention model for each industry and mining site can be developed. / Police Practice / M.A. (Policing)

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Tiriamoji problema Šiame darbe yra tiriama nusikalstamų veikų daugeto instituto problematika. Nusikalstamų veikų daugetas kaip baudžiamosios teisės institutas pasižymi tuo, kad savyje apjungia tiek nusikalstamų veikų kvalifikavimo, tiek ir baudžiamosios atsakomybės individualizavimo problemas. Su nusikalstamų veikų kvalifikavimo problemomis yra susiduriama tada, kai yra sprendžiami pavienės nusikalstamos veikos atribojimo nuo nusikalstamų veikų daugeto klausimai. Konstatavus nusikalstamų veikų daugeto egzistavimą, yra būtina pereiti prie kitos problemos sprendimo – baudžiamosios atsakomybės individualizavimo. Baudžiamosios atsakomybės individualizavimas priklauso nuo nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formos. Taigi vieningai teismų praktikai formuoti yra būtini vienodi ir aiškūs nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formų išskyrimo bei tarpusavio atribojimo kriterijai. Apibrėžus nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formas, yra būtina nustatyti ir jų įtaką asmens, padariusio nusikalstamas veikas, baudžiamajai atsakomybei. Žinoma, pagrindinė įtaka baudžiamajai atsakomybei pasireiškia per bausmių bendrinimo taisykles, tačiau reikia nepamiršti ir kitų aktualių klausimų (tokių kaip bausmės vykdymo atidėjimas, lygtinis atleidimas nuo laisvės atėmimo bausmės prieš terminą ir neatliktos laisvės atėmimo bausmės dalies pakeitimas švelnesne bausme, apkaltinamojo nuosprendžio priėmimo senatis ir t.t.), kurių sprendimas vienaip ar kitaip priklauso nuo nusikalstamų veikų daugeto buvimo. Ne gana to, kartais tenka... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research problem In the present doctoral dissertation, the problematic issues of the institute of multiple offences are analysed. Multiple offences as an institute of criminal law is characterised as involving the problems of both the qualification of criminal offences and the individualisation of criminal liability. The problems of the qualification of criminal offences are relevant, when questions of the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences are dealt with. When the existence of multiple offences is established, it is necessary to move on to the consideration of another problem—the individualisation of criminal liability. The individualisation of criminal liability depends on the form of multiple offences. Therefore, for the formation of a uniform case-law, homogeneous and clear criteria for the differentiation of the forms of multiple offences and their separation form each other are essential. When the forms of multiple offences are defined, it is necessary to evaluate their impact on the criminal liability of the person who committed the criminal act. Of course, the key influence on criminal liability manifests through the rules of the combination of sentences; however, one should not forget other topical issues (such as sentence suspension, release from a custodial sentence on parole and the replacement of the term not served of the custodial sentence with a more lenient penalty, statute of limitations of a judgement of conviction, etc.) the... [to full text]

Les sciences criminelles ont mis en lumière le développement contemporain des infractions commises en groupe. Leur domaine recouvre des activités criminelles variées, du trafic de stupéfiants à la traite des êtres humains, en passant par la piraterie ou le terrorisme. La complexité et la gravité des crimes commis par ces groupes, ainsi que la capacité d'organisation qu'ils révèlent, constituent aujourd'hui une menace pour l'État de droit et pour la démocratie. Les groupes criminels prennent des formes diverses, depuis le regroupement ponctuel d'amateurs jusqu'aux réseaux organisés de professionnels aguerris et socialement implantés (bandes, mafias, sectes, milices...). Aussi le droit pénal doit-il s'adapter à cette délinquance collective et concertée. Cela pose la question des modalités de répression en cas de division des tâches et de pluralité d'agents, quand le droit pénal est traditionnellement soumis au principe de personnalité de la responsabilité. Cette recherche se propose donc de réaliser une étude comparative des dispositions adoptées en droit français et libanais, qui permettent d'appréhender les infractions commises en groupe en mettant l'accent sur la légitimité et sur l'efficacité des différentes techniques pénales introduites ces dernières années. / Criminal sciences have highlighted the recent rise of group crime. This cover term refers to a variety of criminal activities, from drug smuggling to piracy and terrorism to human trafficking. The complexity and seriousness of the crimes committed by these groups, as well as the organizational capacity they reveal, constitute a threat for the rule of law and democracy today. Criminal groups take various forms, from informal, random petty thief bands to organized networks of hardened and socially embedded professionals (gangs, mafias, cults, militias). In response to this collective, well-planned crime, criminal law has to adapt itself. This raises the issue of how to tackle this problem in a context of division of labor and multiple agents, when criminal law traditionally applies the principle of personal liability. This piece of research therefore aims to make a comparative study of the measures taken by the French and Lebanese law to deal with group crime, focusing on the legitimacy and effectiveness of various criminal techniques introduced in recent years.