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本研究主要在探討臺灣地區經濟發展'職業結構及家庭結構變遷過程中,女性高等教育參與之變化. 利用政府之調查統計資料分析:1.經濟發展'職業結構變遷'家庭結構變遷與高等教育參與之關係.2.高等教育中性別隔離狀況及其變動趨勢.3.女性就業之行職業集中狀況.並藉由文獻及性別隔離狀況變動之分析探討影響臺灣地區高等教育性別隔離之原因.

本論文主要目的是想探討蘇聯解體前後女性就業情形的轉變，以及政治經濟上的變化對於俄羅斯女性就業產生的影響。因此，在第二章中，首先回顧蘇聯時期，在各領導人所宣揚的意識型態下，女性在就業市場中的情形。本章主要根據共黨領導人的交替來劃分時期，主要可以分為1917年革命後至1930年代初，史達林統治時期（1930-1953），赫魯雪夫時期（1957-1964）及布里茲涅夫時期（1964-1982），以及戈巴契夫時期（1985-1991）。內容著重於不同時期女性就業的實際情形，並試圖分析影響蘇聯女性就業的背後因素。儘管在蘇聯時期針對女性就業做過不少的統計調查及研究，然而，政府為了宣揚男女平權的成就，往往報喜不報憂。因此在本章中會注重官方說法與實際情形間的差異，輔以西方學者所做的調查加以整理。 在第三章中，鑑於經濟制度改變對於就業市場影響甚鉅，因此有必要瞭解蘇聯解體前後政府所採取的經濟改革。此外，蘇聯時期的勞動市場情形及法令規定也為不可忽略的部分。因此在此章中將針對經濟改革內容、蘇聯時期的勞動市場及法令規定做概略性的介紹，以便接下來與解體後做比較。 在對於經濟改革及蘇聯勞動市場、相關法令有了基本的認知之後，接下來則在第四章中探討俄羅斯女性在新的市場經濟制度的就業市場中的地位，尤其是經濟轉型所帶來的失業問題。 第五章為結論，將前述內容作一整合總結。 / The goal of this thesis is to discuss the transformation from the Soviet Union to the new Russia, and analyze how the changes on the politics and economics influence women employment. In the first chapter, it displays the framework of the thesis. In the chapter two, we try to understand the women’s employment situation in the Soviet Union. It includes five periods: from 1917 revolution to the beginning of 1930s, the Stalin period (1930-1953), the Khrushev period (1964-1982), the Breznev period, and the Gorbachev period (1985-1991). It stresses the real employment situation of the Soviet women, and finds out the background reason. We’re specially cautious of the differences between the official statement and the fact. In the chapter three, it includes the economic reform and the impact on people. The law of the Soviet Union’s labor is also in this chapter. In the chapter four, it is about the status of Russia women in the new labor market, and analyzes what’s the reason influence their work situation.

本研究探討公部門清潔隊員工作特質，以及性別對於清潔隊員在工作職務分配和勞動過程的影響。研究者使用田野觀察和深度訪談進行資料蒐集，並以新北市樹林區的清潔隊中垃圾清運班、資源回收班和掃路工作三項職務者為觀察對象，分析著重於清潔隊員工作的性別職務隔離、勞動過程中表現出的技術與情緒勞動。主要研究發現與貢獻如下：（一）本研究指出清潔隊中存在著性別職務隔離現象，而形成職務隔離的原因除了性別，工作方式、工作可替代性與工作影響程度等三項因素也是形成職務隔離的原因；（二）清潔隊員工作環境處於開放式空間，且工作的進行主要是受到時間壓力的限制，因此清潔隊員執行工作所需之技術特質與所產生的勞動經驗，和傳統上在工廠工作的工人所處的工作環境及以提高生產產品數量為目的的勞動有所不同。本研究對於清潔隊工作技術與勞動的討論，突破了傳統勞動理論中對於「技術」的定義與想像；（三）本研究發現在清潔隊中職務比性別更會影響情緒勞動付出的多寡，雖然女性助手比男性司機需要付出更多情緒勞動，但是男性司機卻可以透過性別特質，幫助女性助手情緒勞動中不足之處。本研究的貢獻在於增加性別與勞動社會學討論的多元性，且可成為未來清潔隊相關工作社會學研究的基礎。 / This study explores the job characteristics of the janitorial service workers in the public sector and the gender influence on job distribution and the labor process therein. Participant observation and in-depth interviews were utilized for collecting data from those who worked in the Garbage Collecting Unit, the Resource Recycling Unit, and the Road Cleaning Unit of the Shu-Lin District Cleaning Team in New Taipei City. The major findings of this study are listed as follows: (1) The study illuminates the phenomenon of gendered occupational segregation among janitorial service workers. The study further finds that occupational segregation is not only shaped by gender but also by methods used for completing the tasks, substitutability of the individual who performs the job, and the degree in which the job may affect the overall outcome of the work unit. (2) The janitorial service workers work in an open space, and the pressure of work comes mainly from the time allocated to complete the tasks. The work environment as well as skills required for and the labor experiences generated from work are thus different from the traditional industrial workers working in factories whose goal is mainly to maximize the production output. The discussion in this study on skills and labor entailed in janitorial service work expands the horizon of traditional labor theories on the conceptualization and definition of "skill." (3) The study shows that job category is more important than gender in affecting the input of emotional labor in the janitorial service work. Female assistants are required to put in more emotional labor than male truck drivers, and male truck drivers can supplement the female workers' emotional labors by exercising the masculine characteristics. The results of this study may not only contribute to gender and labor studies by enriching the discussion on gender and work as well as the concept of skill, but also provide an importance foundation for future research on janitorial service work.

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The Brazilian labor market is characterized by considerable differences in income, treatment and occupational insertion between white and black workers. With this in mind, this paper aims to identify and measure the factors causing this discrepancy between blacks and whites, highlighting discrimination and occupational segregation and using the PNAD 2009 as database. In order to measure the level of occupational segregation by color we used the following Occupational Segregation Indices: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D) Index of Dissimilarity Standardized by Size (Ds) and Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results of these indices showed that there is considerable occupational segregation by color in the Brazilian labor market, and the blacks are inserted in occupations with lower pay. The analysis of color discrimination was performed using the Oaxaca decomposition, and this method was applied separately for integrated and segregated occupations, indicating that the integrated occupations have a high level of discrimination and the occupation of majority white show less discrimination. The analyzes were also applied separately to the Northeast and Southeast in order to more efficiently capture the determinants of the wage differential by color between these different regions of Brazil. It was shown that both occupational segregation and discrimination are important factors to explain the wage gap between whites and blacks, and public policies necessary to combat this discriminatory treatment, especially policies aimed at equal opportunities, in order to obtain greater social justice and equal treatment among different groups of workers. / O mercado de trabalho brasileiro se caracteriza por consideráveis diferenças de rendimentos, tratamento e inserção ocupacional entre trabalhadores brancos e negros. Tendo isso em vista, a presente dissertação objetiva identificar e mensurar os fatores que causam essa discrepância entre brancos e negros, destacando a discriminação e a segregação ocupacional e utilizando a PNAD de 2009 como base de dados. A fim de medir o nível de segregação ocupacional por cor foram utilizados os seguintes Índices de Segregação Ocupacional: Índice de Dissimilaridade de Duncan e Duncan (D), Índice de Dissimilaridade Padronizado pelo Tamanho (Ds) e Índice de Karmel-MacLachlan (KM). Os resultados desses índices demonstraram que existe considerável segregação ocupacional por cor no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, sendo que os negros estão inseridos nas ocupações de menor remuneração. A análise da discriminação por cor foi realizada por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca, sendo que esse método foi aplicado separadamente para ocupações integradas e segregadas, indicando que as ocupações integradas apresentam alto nível de discriminação e as ocupações de predominância de brancos exibem menor discriminação. As análises também foram aplicadas separadamente para as regiões Nordeste e Sudeste, a fim de captar de forma mais eficiente os determinantes do diferencial salarial por cor entre essas distintas regiões brasileiras. Foi demonstrado que tanto a segregação ocupacional quanto a discriminação são importantes fatores para explicação do hiato de rendimentos entre brancos e negros, sendo necessárias políticas públicas que combatam esse tratamento diferenciado, principalmente políticas que visem igualdade de oportunidades, a fim de se obter maior justiça social e tratamento igualitário entre os diferentes grupos de trabalhadores. / Mestre em Economia