Les enthésopathies sur le squelette sont considérées comme des "marqueurs d'activité" en anthropologie biologique. L'étude de tels "marqueurs" pour des fossiles européens du Paléolithique supérieur et du Mésolithique offre l'opportunité d'enrichir notre connaissance des comportements et des modes de vie de ces populations et d'en illustrer certains aspects inconnus, notamment la division sexuelle du travail. Les lacunes méthodologiques (absence de référence médicale et de validation) que présente cette approche m'ont conduit à proposer une nouvelle méthode d'étude. Cette méthode, composée de 4 systèmes de cotation, a été testée sur un échantillon de référence (âge au décès, sexe et activité connus). L'analyse a permis de caractériser une relation entre les modifications osseuses et l'activité physique pour l'un des systèmes. Ce dernier a ensuite été appliqué à un ensemble de fossiles européens du Paléolithique supérieur et du Mésolithique (n = 95) dont les caractéristiques biologiques (âge et sexe) ont été réévaluées au moyen de méthodes fiables. Les résultats attestent de l'intérêt de la démarche. D'une part, ils permettent d'avancer l'hypothèse d'une division sexuelle du travail à ces périodes, avec une pratique du lancer dévolue aux hommes. Ils révèlent d'autre part des différences comportementales entre les populations gravettiennes et celles des périodes plus récentes, impliquant notamment une réduction des distances parcourues et une intensification de l'exploitation du milieu à la fin du Paléolithique supérieur et au Mésolithique. / In bioarchaeology, enthesopathies i.e. "musculoskeletal stress markers" are assumed to reflect the activity of the attaching musculature. The study of enthesopathies in European Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic human fossils offers the opportunity to improve our knowledge of the behaviours and lifestyles of these populations and to reveal some unknown aspects like sexual division of labour. The methodological gaps in this approach (e.g. absence of medical reference and validation) led me to propose a new method of studying enthesopathies based on current medical data. This method consists of four scoring systems and has been tested on a reference sample of known age at death, sex and activity. The analysis has established a link between osseous modifications and physical activity for one of the systems. The latter has been applied to a sample of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic fossils (n = 95) after a new assessment of their sex and age at death by using reliable methods. The results give evidence of the relevance of this approach. First, they allow to propose the hypothesis of a sexual division of labour during this period, with throwing activities devolved to men. Second, the results reveal behavioural differences between Gravettian populations and more recent ones, implying a reduction in mobility and an intensification of subsistence activities at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic and during the Mesolithic.

Le confort est devenu un enjeu major dans le monde de travail. Parmi les diverses disciplines qui s’intéressent à ce concept, nous avons choisi d’articuler deux disciplines, l’architecture et la psychologie environnementale, pour mieux le cerner. Ainsi nous nous sommes appuyés sur les travaux de Vischer (2004) et Rioux (2013) en psychologie environnementale et ceux de « la démarche HQE » en architecture pour définir le confort par deux dimensions : physique et psycho-environnemental (évaluatif et psychologique). La dimension physique sera cernée par « la démarche HQE » et la dimension psycho-environnementale par la satisfaction environnementale au travail (confort évaluatif) et l’attachement au lieu de travail (confort psychologique). Notre travail de doctorat se propose de comparer le confort psycho-environnemental des soignants dans deux structures hospitalières tunisiennes se différenciant par leur architecture (pavillonnaire et monobloc) et de cerner l’impact des variables psycho-organisationnelles (épuisement professionnel, stress au travail et stratégies de coping) sur le confort psychologique dans ces deux hôpitaux. Une enquête par questionnaire a été menée auprès de 297 soignants travaillant dans les deux hôpitaux. Les résultats montrent notamment que les soignants de l’hôpital monobloc sont plus attachés mais moins satisfaits de leur environnement de travail que ceux de l’hôpital pavillonnaire ; ils se sentent plus épuisés et stressés et utilisent davantage de stratégies de coping centré sur l’émotion. L’impact des variables psycho-organisationnelles sur le confort psychologique des soignants diffèrent en fonction du type d’hôpital. / Comfort has become a major issue in the world of work. Among the various disciplines that have been interested in this concept, we have chosen to articulate two disciplines, notably architecture and environmental psychology. As such, this research relies on the work of Vischer (2004) and Rioux (2013) in environmental psychology and those of the « HQE Approach » in architecture in order to define comfort in terms of two dimensions: physical and psycho-environmental (evaluative and psychological). The physical dimension will be identified through the « HQE Approach » while the psycho-environmental dimension will be detected via the environmental satisfaction in the workplace (evaluative comfort) and via the attachment to the workplace (psychological comfort).Our research is meant to compare the psycho-environmental comfort of professional care providers in two different Tunisian hospital structures and whose difference lies in the architecture (pavilion and monobloc). The research attempts to detect the impact of psycho-organisational variables (professional burn out, perceived occupational stress and coping strategies) on the psychological comfort of professional care providers in these two different hospitals. Therefore, a questionnaire survey covering 297 professional care providers working in the two hospitals has been relied upon as a research tool. The findings of the analysis tend to indicate that monobloc professional care providers are more attached to their workplace but they are less satisfied with their working environment than those working in the pavilion hospital. They are more exhausted and more stressed and they rather use the coping strategies which is centred on emotions. The impact of psycho-organisational variables on the psychological comfort of professional care providers depends on the type of hospital.

Job-related aspects of the work environment, such as work pressure, workload, leadership, and management support cause occupational stress and increase costs to organizations. Grounded in the job demands-resources model theory, the purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies some bank managers use to reduce employees' occupational stress. The interview process included 5 managers employed at a bank in the Caribbean who successfully implemented strategies that reduced employees' occupational stress. The data collection and analysis process involved face-to-face, semistructured interviews and analysis of organizational documentation. Using the exploratory approach in data analysis, data were systematically integrated, evaluated, and summarized through a process of coding and generating themes and patterns. During the coding process, 4 major themes emerged: organizational protection and leadership, supportive organization, occupational health and well-being, and prevention. Business managers who develop and execute strategies centered on these themes might reduce job-related stress factors and the negative consequences of occupational stress. The study results might prompt business leaders to develop prevention strategies to address the causes of potential stressors linked to work conditions. The implications for positive social change include the potential for improving employee health and reducing health costs to employees, their families, and communities.

Using the Job Demands – Resources Model, this study investigates the moderating role of support in the organization, such as coworker, supervisor, and perceived organizational support, in attenuating the relationship between emotional job demand and employees’ emotional exhaustion. A series of hierarchical regression analysis on 237 respondents indicate that emotional job demand is negatively related to emotional exhaustion. With respect to the moderating role of support variables, although both instrumental and emotional support from supervisors are shown to moderate the relationship between emotional job demand and emotional exhaustion, only instrumental support is associated with lower levels of emotional exhaustion. This finding provides evidence for the buffering effect. Findings indicate several promising theoretical and managerial implications, and suggestions for future research.

Work stress has a substantial impact on employees, organisations and economies; especially in the fragile economic environment since the ‘Great Recession’ of 2008; which has seen employment levels drop and employees willing to endure more stress at work to avoid retrenchment. These impacts include serious health and financial consequences. Attempts should therefore be made to effectively manage and address work stress to lessen these dire consequences. Many models have been developed and theorised to assist in explaining work stress, the pinnacle of these being the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. In JD-R theory, the dual process explains that work-related well-being follows the following processes: An energetic, also called the health impairment process, in which job demands leads to ill health outcomes through burnout; and then a motivational process which presents that job resources leads to positive organisational outcomes, e.g. organisational commitment, through engagement. The main objectives of this research were 1) to investigate a JD-R model in a large South African sample with a categorical estimator; 2) to investigate the reversed causal hypotheses of burnout and engagement in job demands-resources theory over time; 3) to investigate the likelihood of reporting treatment for health conditions based on burnout and engagement, and 4) to investigate the link between burnout and objective financial outcomes, i.e. by medical aid provider expenditure. To achieve the first objective a cross-sectional design was used (n = 15 633) covering numerous sectors in South Africa. A dual process model was specified with job demands (work overload) leading to ill health through burnout, and job resources (colleague and supervisor support, communication, growth opportunities and role clarity) leading to organisational commitment through engagement. Results of structural equation modelling indicated that the proposed JD-R model was a good fit to the sample. Furthermore, burnout was found to mediate the relationship between job demands and ill health with a medium effect. Engagement was found to mediate the relationship between job resources and organisational commitment with a large effect. The second objective, concerning reversed causality, was achieved with a longitudinal design (n = 593). The hypothesized model included burnout and engagement at time one, and at time two work overload as indicator of job demands, and colleague and supervisor support, communication, growth opportunities and role clarity as indicators of job resources. Results indicated that burnout had a significant negative reversed causal effect to supervisor support and colleague support. Engagement showed only one significant result, i.e. a small negative reversed causal relationship with supervisor support. To achieve the third objective, a cross-sectional design was used (n = 7 895). Results for logistic regression analyses showed that an increase in burnout was associated with a significant increase in the estimated odds for reporting an affirmative answer for receiving treatment for any of the health conditions, i.e. cardiovascular conditions, cholesterol, depression, diabetes, hypertension and irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast, an increase in engagement was associated with a decrease in affirmative reporting for cardiovascular conditions, cholesterol and depression; but not for diabetes, hypertension or irritable bowel syndrome. Addressing the link between burnout and financial outcomes was the fourth objective; and met with a cross-sectional design (n = 3 182). Participants were divided into a high and low burnout group based on the comorbidity of exhaustion and cynicism Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was implemented, controlling for age and gender, to investigate the difference in medical aid provider expenditure of the two groups. Results revealed that expenditure in the high burnout group was consistently more in all cases, compared to the low burnout group. By way of conclusion, the implications of the research were discussed and recommendations for managers and for future research were made. / Thesis (PhD (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Work stress has a substantial impact on employees, organisations and economies; especially in the fragile economic environment since the ‘Great Recession’ of 2008; which has seen employment levels drop and employees willing to endure more stress at work to avoid retrenchment. These impacts include serious health and financial consequences. Attempts should therefore be made to effectively manage and address work stress to lessen these dire consequences. Many models have been developed and theorised to assist in explaining work stress, the pinnacle of these being the job demands-resources (JD-R) model. In JD-R theory, the dual process explains that work-related well-being follows the following processes: An energetic, also called the health impairment process, in which job demands leads to ill health outcomes through burnout; and then a motivational process which presents that job resources leads to positive organisational outcomes, e.g. organisational commitment, through engagement. The main objectives of this research were 1) to investigate a JD-R model in a large South African sample with a categorical estimator; 2) to investigate the reversed causal hypotheses of burnout and engagement in job demands-resources theory over time; 3) to investigate the likelihood of reporting treatment for health conditions based on burnout and engagement, and 4) to investigate the link between burnout and objective financial outcomes, i.e. by medical aid provider expenditure. To achieve the first objective a cross-sectional design was used (n = 15 633) covering numerous sectors in South Africa. A dual process model was specified with job demands (work overload) leading to ill health through burnout, and job resources (colleague and supervisor support, communication, growth opportunities and role clarity) leading to organisational commitment through engagement. Results of structural equation modelling indicated that the proposed JD-R model was a good fit to the sample. Furthermore, burnout was found to mediate the relationship between job demands and ill health with a medium effect. Engagement was found to mediate the relationship between job resources and organisational commitment with a large effect. The second objective, concerning reversed causality, was achieved with a longitudinal design (n = 593). The hypothesized model included burnout and engagement at time one, and at time two work overload as indicator of job demands, and colleague and supervisor support, communication, growth opportunities and role clarity as indicators of job resources. Results indicated that burnout had a significant negative reversed causal effect to supervisor support and colleague support. Engagement showed only one significant result, i.e. a small negative reversed causal relationship with supervisor support. To achieve the third objective, a cross-sectional design was used (n = 7 895). Results for logistic regression analyses showed that an increase in burnout was associated with a significant increase in the estimated odds for reporting an affirmative answer for receiving treatment for any of the health conditions, i.e. cardiovascular conditions, cholesterol, depression, diabetes, hypertension and irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast, an increase in engagement was associated with a decrease in affirmative reporting for cardiovascular conditions, cholesterol and depression; but not for diabetes, hypertension or irritable bowel syndrome. Addressing the link between burnout and financial outcomes was the fourth objective; and met with a cross-sectional design (n = 3 182). Participants were divided into a high and low burnout group based on the comorbidity of exhaustion and cynicism Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was implemented, controlling for age and gender, to investigate the difference in medical aid provider expenditure of the two groups. Results revealed that expenditure in the high burnout group was consistently more in all cases, compared to the low burnout group. By way of conclusion, the implications of the research were discussed and recommendations for managers and for future research were made. / Thesis (PhD (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Text in Afrikaans / The purpose of the research was to determine the extent to which health issues, and particularly work stress, are managed at a welfare organization. The group investigated consisted of 49 registered social workers employed at nine welfare organizations in the Nelson Mandela Metropole. The research process was directed by quantitative research, the research information being obtained through a literature study and structured questionnaire. A number of health issues were identified in the workplace. Based on the empirical investigation it was concluded that health management does not enjoy a high priority at welfare organisations. The health issues that have the most impact on the respondents' work ability are work stress and burnout. It is recommended that organisations compile a holistic policy for health management. There is a need for implementation of employee assistance and wellness programmes for health management. Such programmes promote the productivity and general wellbeing of social workers. / Die doel van die navorsingstudie was om te bepaal tot watter mate gesondheidskwessies, in die besonder werkstres, by 'n welsynsorganisasie bestuur word. Die ondersoekgroep het bestaan uit 49 geregistreerde maatskaplike werkers werksaam by nege welsynsorganisasies in die Nelson Mandela Metropool. Die navorsingsproses is deur kwantitatiewe navorsing gerig en die navorsingsinligting is met behulp van 'n literatuurstudie en gestruktureerde vraelys bekom. Daar word tans 'n aantal gesondheidskwessies in die werkplek geidentifiseer. Na aanleiding van die empiriese ondersoek is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat gesondheidbestuur nie 'n hoe prioriteit geniet by welsynsorgnisasies nie. Die gesondheidskwessies wat die mees beduidende impak op die respondente se werkvermoe het, is werkstres en uitbranding. Daar word aanbeveel dat organisasies 'n holistiese beleid ten opsigte van gesondheidsbestuur opstel. Daar is 'n behoefie aan die implementering van werknemerhulp- en werknemerwelstandprogramme vir gesondheidsbestuur omdat sulke programme die produktiwiteit en algemene welstand van maatskaplike werkers kan bevorder. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Social Work)

Burnout can occur in any occupation and is a risk in the modern world of work. The objective of the study was to investigate how burnout, coping and sense of coherence are related and influence each other in an engineering environment. A Cross-sectional survey design was used in this descriptive study. The convenience sample consisted of 118 engineers and scientists at various levels in a global engineering organisation that is based in South Africa. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced (COPE) and Sense of Coherence (SOC) questionnaires were administered for this quantitative study. A theoretical relationship was proved by means of a literature study and an empirical relationship proved that there is indeed a relationship between the constructs and that focus and venting of emotions as well as SOC are predictors of emotional exhaustion and cynicism. SOC also proved to be a predictor of professional efficacy. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Na empresa familiar a existência de conflitos familiares, somada à competitividade e inovação no mercado de negócios, exige um olhar para novas estratégias necessárias, o papel da gestão na condução dos processos, e o reflexo das atitudes por parte dela nas demais pessoas que fazem as empresas familiares. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral observar as implicações da família na incidência de conflitos presentes em empresas familiares, na perspectiva dos gestores. Especificamente almejou: identificar os principais tipos de conflitos vivenciados pelos gestores e suas consequências na empresa; compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelos gestores para lidar com os conflitos oriundos de sua família no ambiente de trabalho; enumerar as situações mais frequentes geradoras de conflitos. Participaram da pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, quatro gestores de empresas familiares, na faixa etária de 57 a 73 anos, sendo três homens e uma mulher. Todos são casados, têm filhos e possuem escolaridade entre ensino médio completo e/ou nível superior, fundadores de empresas situadas na cidade de Recife. Além de um questionário sociodemográfico, utilizou-se a entrevista semidirigida, composta de quatro questões que atendem aos objetivos da pesquisa, bem como um álbum de fotografias com onze figuras, abordando temáticas relacionadas a trabalho e família. A análise das entrevistas e das respostas às figuras foi feita a partir da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Em linhas gerais, os resultados apontaram que as três empresas encontram-se consolidadas no mercado. Quanto à existência de conflitos foram identificados: pontos de vista diferentes entre os membros da família, tomada de decisões duras que podem afetar ou magoar familiares, falta de plano de carreira que pode gerar desigualdade. No que se refere às estratégias utilizadas pelos gestores, para lidar com os conflitos, foram enumerados: diálogo, ter jogo de cintura, saber recuar quando o outro tem razão, imparcialidade nas decisões. Quanto às situações que mais geram conflitos foram citadas: atrasos ou faltas por parte de familiares que não investem na empresa, chegada de novos membros na família e não distinção entre a família e o ambiente de trabalho. Futuras pesquisas são necessárias para um maior aprofundamento sobre o tema. / In the family business the existence of family conflicts, added to the competitiveness and innovation in the business market requires a look at new strategies needed, the role of management in the conduct of proceedings, and the reflection of the attitudes of it in other people who make family businesses. This study aimed to observe the family implications for the incidence of present conflicts in family businesses, from the perspective of managers. Specifically craved: to identify the main types of conflicts experienced by managers and its consequences in the company; understand the strategies used by managers to deal with conflicts arising from his family in the workplace; list the most frequent situations generate conflicts. Three men and a woman, managers of family businesses, in the age group 57-73 years, participated in the qualitative survey. All are married, have children and have education between high school and / or university, founders of companies located in the city of Recife. In addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire, we used a semi directed interview, made up of four issues that meet the research objectives, as well as a photo album with eleven figures, addressing issues related to work and family. The analysis of the interviews and responses to the figures was made from the Content Analysis. In general, the results show that the three companies are consolidated in the market. About the existence of conflicts were identified: differing views among family members, making tough decisions that can affect or hurt family, lack of career path that can lead to inequality. With regard to the strategies used by managers to deal with conflicts, they were listed: dialogue, have left field, knowing retreat when the other has reason, impartiality in decisions. As for the situations that generate more conflicts were mentioned: delays or defaults by family members who do not invest in the company, arrival of new members in the family and no distinction between the family and the workplace. Future research is needed to develop further on the subject.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:29:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ana_patricia_souza_amaral.pdf: 848649 bytes, checksum: f2ebb1cf26c7ccaebe36dbff035a9c5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / In the family business the existence of family conflicts, added to the competitiveness and innovation in the business market requires a look at new strategies needed, the role of management in the conduct of proceedings, and the reflection of the attitudes of it in other people who make family businesses. This study aimed to observe the family implications for the incidence of present conflicts in family businesses, from the perspective of managers. Specifically craved: to identify the main types of conflicts experienced by managers and its consequences in the company; understand the strategies used by managers to deal with conflicts arising from his family in the workplace; list the most frequent situations generate conflicts. Three men and a woman, managers of family businesses, in the age group 57-73 years, participated in the qualitative survey. All are married, have children and have education between high school and / or university, founders of companies located in the city of Recife. In addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire, we used a semi directed interview, made up of four issues that meet the research objectives, as well as a photo album with eleven figures, addressing issues related to work and family. The analysis of the interviews and responses to the figures was made from the Content Analysis. In general, the results show that the three companies are consolidated in the market. About the existence of conflicts were identified: differing views among family members, making tough decisions that can affect or hurt family, lack of career path that can lead to inequality. With regard to the strategies used by managers to deal with conflicts, they were listed: dialogue, have left field, knowing retreat when the other has reason, impartiality in decisions. As for the situations that generate more conflicts were mentioned: delays or defaults by family members who do not invest in the company, arrival of new members in the family and no distinction between the family and the workplace. Future research is needed to develop further on the subject. / Na empresa familiar a existência de conflitos familiares, somada à competitividade e inovação no mercado de negócios, exige um olhar para novas estratégias necessárias, o papel da gestão na condução dos processos, e o reflexo das atitudes por parte dela nas demais pessoas que fazem as empresas familiares. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral observar as implicações da família na incidência de conflitos presentes em empresas familiares, na perspectiva dos gestores. Especificamente almejou: identificar os principais tipos de conflitos vivenciados pelos gestores e suas consequências na empresa; compreender as estratégias utilizadas pelos gestores para lidar com os conflitos oriundos de sua família no ambiente de trabalho; enumerar as situações mais frequentes geradoras de conflitos. Participaram da pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, quatro gestores de empresas familiares, na faixa etária de 57 a 73 anos, sendo três homens e uma mulher. Todos são casados, têm filhos e possuem escolaridade entre ensino médio completo e/ou nível superior, fundadores de empresas situadas na cidade de Recife. Além de um questionário sociodemográfico, utilizou-se a entrevista semidirigida, composta de quatro questões que atendem aos objetivos da pesquisa, bem como um álbum de fotografias com onze figuras, abordando temáticas relacionadas a trabalho e família. A análise das entrevistas e das respostas às figuras foi feita a partir da Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Em linhas gerais, os resultados apontaram que as três empresas encontram-se consolidadas no mercado. Quanto à existência de conflitos foram identificados: pontos de vista diferentes entre os membros da família, tomada de decisões duras que podem afetar ou magoar familiares, falta de plano de carreira que pode gerar desigualdade. No que se refere às estratégias utilizadas pelos gestores, para lidar com os conflitos, foram enumerados: diálogo, ter jogo de cintura, saber recuar quando o outro tem razão, imparcialidade nas decisões. Quanto às situações que mais geram conflitos foram citadas: atrasos ou faltas por parte de familiares que não investem na empresa, chegada de novos membros na família e não distinção entre a família e o ambiente de trabalho. Futuras pesquisas são necessárias para um maior aprofundamento sobre o tema.