<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Titel: The one to one master thesis – Implementeringsprocessen av one to one marketing ur ett sällanköpsperspektiv</p><p>Kurs: FED 321, Marknadsföring i imaginära organisationer, Vt 2006</p><p>Författare: Karolina Arestad, Christopher Horn, Christoffer Ramstadius</p><p>Handledare: Stig G Johansson</p><p>Examinator: Stig G Johansson</p><p>Nyckelord: One-to-one marketing, anpassning, lärande relation, värde, sällanköpsvaror</p><p>Bakgrund: Nytt fokus på kunden innebär att företag mer på en individuell nivå ska förstå kunden och dennes kräsenhet för att villkor och behov lättare ska kunna tillgodoses. Innebörden av detta leder till ett arbetssätt för marknadsföring som har blivit ett alltmer vanligt begrepp, nämligen one-to-one marketing, och som är myntat av Peppers och Rogers. De har teoretiskt presenterat ett tillvägagångssätt; implementeringsprocessen, för att införa one-to-one marketing. Processen innehåller fyra steg; identifiering, differentiering, interaktion och anpassning som ska hjälpa företag att mer optimalt förstå kunden så dennes behov kan tillgodoses genom anpassning av de produkter eller tjänster som erbjuds. Att utveckla en förtroendefull och trogen relation med kunden är betydelsefullt. Extra viktigt är det vid köp av sällanköpsvaror eftersom det efter köp av dessa varor kan dröja en längre tid innan kunden förhoppningsvis söker sig tillbaka till den tidigare relationen. Sällanköpsvaror är dyra konsumentvaror som till skillnad från dagligvaror inte inhandlas lika ofta.</p><p>Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att, analysera hur företag som tillhandahåller sällanköpsvaror kan arbeta med implementeringsprocessen vid införandet av one-to-one marketing och hur användandet av denna process påverkar relationen med kunden. Vidare är syftet att ge förslag på såväl teoretisk utveckling som praktiska åtgärder gällande processen ur ett sällanköpsperspektiv.</p><p>Avgränsning: Uppsatsen avgränsas till att utifrån ett företag i husbyggarbranschen, Willa Nordic, inhämta data för att kunna dra slutsatser om sällanköpsvaror och implementeringsprocessen, samt dess effekter ur ett företagsperspektiv. Företaget valdes eftersom branschen är ett utmärkt exempel på sällanköpsvaror, samt på grund av att Willa Nordics erbjudande till stor del belyser vikten av att förstå kunden. Det valdes även med tanke på dess geografiska läge.</p><p>Metod: Fallstudien av Willa Nordic har genomförts genom personliga intervjuer med utvalda personer från företaget och sekundärdata från undersökningsinstitutet IMA samt relevant litteratur. Genom att deduktivt utgått från befintliga teorier om implementeringsprocessen och belysa hur dessa fenomen kan se ut i husbyggarbranschen för att sedan dra generella slutsatser om sällanköpsvaror. Uppsatsen studerar syftet ur ett företagsperspektiv.</p><p>Slutdiskussion: Implementeringsprocessens steg klarar sig inte utan varandra och de val och beslut som tas under arbetsprocessens gång påverkar vad som sker därefter. Därför är det av yttersta vikt att varje steg tas på största allvar och verkligen genomarbetas, så både företaget och kunden i slutänden får ut något positivt och värdegivande. Vi menar att processen bör utökas genom att inkludera interaktion i anslutning till identifieringssteget, eftersom en god kommunikation ger en lättare förståelse för kundernas behov. Gällande sällanköpsvaror ska inte kunder behandlas olika, eftersom urvalet av värdefulla kunder är av mindre betydelse då alla kunder ska ses som värdefulla. Att inneha en lärande relation enbart utifrån identifieringssteget är enligt oss inte möjligt, eftersom det krävs en interaktion mellan parterna för att företag ska kunna förstå och lära sig det kunden efterfrågar. Grundpelarna för lärande relationer i implementeringsprocessen är identifiering och interaktion. Eftersom skapandet av en lärande relation gör denna process möjlig är det centralt att ständigt förstå meningen med en sådan relation och försöka arbeta därefter.</p>

Today’s increasing information supply raises the needfor more effective and automated information processing whereindividual information adaptation (personalization) is onepossible solution. Earlier computer systems for personalizationlacked the ability to easily define and measure theeffectiveness of personalization efforts. Numerous projectsfailed to live up to the their expectations, and the demand forevaluation increased. This thesis presents some underlying concepts and methodsfor implementing personalization in order to increase statedbusiness objectives. A personalization system was developedthat utilizes descriptions of information characteristics(metadata) to perform content based filtering in anon-intrusive way. Most of the described measurement methods forpersonalization in the literature are focused on improving theutility for the customer. The evaluation function of thepersonalization system described in this thesis takes thebusiness operator’s standpoint and pragmatically focuseson one or a few measurable business objectives. In order toverify operation of the personalization system, a functioncalled bifurcation was created. The bifurcation functiondivides the customers stochastically into two or morecontrolled groups with different personalizationconfigurations. Bygiving one of the controlled groups apersonalization configuration that deactivates thepersonalization, a reference group is created. The referencegroup is used to measure quantitatively objectives bycomparison with the groups with active personalization. Two different companies had their websites personalized andevaluated: one of Sweden’s largest recruitment servicesand the second largest Swedish daily newspaper. The purposewith the implementations was to define, measure, and increasethe business objectives. The results of the two case studiesshow that under propitious conditions, personalization can bemade to increase stated business objectives. Keywords:metadata, semantic web, personalization,information adaptation, one-to-one marketing, evaluation,optimization, personification, customization,individualization, internet, content filtering, automation. / <p>QCR 20161027</p>

<p>Today’s increasing information supply raises the needfor more effective and automated information processing whereindividual information adaptation (personalization) is onepossible solution. Earlier computer systems for personalizationlacked the ability to easily define and measure theeffectiveness of personalization efforts. Numerous projectsfailed to live up to the their expectations, and the demand forevaluation increased.</p><p>This thesis presents some underlying concepts and methodsfor implementing personalization in order to increase statedbusiness objectives. A personalization system was developedthat utilizes descriptions of information characteristics(metadata) to perform content based filtering in anon-intrusive way.</p><p>Most of the described measurement methods forpersonalization in the literature are focused on improving theutility for the customer. The evaluation function of thepersonalization system described in this thesis takes thebusiness operator’s standpoint and pragmatically focuseson one or a few measurable business objectives. In order toverify operation of the personalization system, a functioncalled bifurcation was created. The bifurcation functiondivides the customers stochastically into two or morecontrolled groups with different personalizationconfigurations. Bygiving one of the controlled groups apersonalization configuration that deactivates thepersonalization, a reference group is created. The referencegroup is used to measure quantitatively objectives bycomparison with the groups with active personalization.</p><p>Two different companies had their websites personalized andevaluated: one of Sweden’s largest recruitment servicesand the second largest Swedish daily newspaper. The purposewith the implementations was to define, measure, and increasethe business objectives. The results of the two case studiesshow that under propitious conditions, personalization can bemade to increase stated business objectives.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>metadata, semantic web, personalization,information adaptation, one-to-one marketing, evaluation,optimization, personification, customization,individualization, internet, content filtering, automation.</p>

Titel: Retargeting is like a boomerang, what you give is what you get Forskningsfråga:Vilken inverkan har företags användning av retargeting på konsumenters köpintention? Vad är konsumenters attityd till vad som anses etiskt accepterat gällande retargeting? Syfte:Studiens syfte är att klarlägga hur konsumenter ställer sig till individanpassad marknadsföring genom cookies, så kallad retargeting. Studien syftar även till att belysa den inställning som existerar gällande de etiska aspekterna marknadsföringsverktyget avser och hur det påverkar konsumentens köpintention. Metod: Studien bygger på en deduktiv forskningsansats där forskarna utgått från befintlig teori och format testbara hypoteser. Hypoteserna har sedan behandlats genom en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med fokus på enkätundersökningar. Den data som samlats in har analyserats främst utifrån ett positivistiskt synsätt, med visst inslag av ett hermeneutistiskt synsätt. Studiens urval består av svenska konsumenter som infinner sig på internet. Resultat och slutsats: Retargeting är ett vanligt förekommande marknadsföringsverktyg som konsumenter dagligen exponeras för. Däremot kan retargeting idag upplevas som något mättat med hänsyn till att det upplevs som ett vanligt förekommande fenomen. Cookies är ett av flera verktyg som retargeting bygger på. Företag använder cookies i syfte att rikta sina annonser med relevant innehåll till lämpliga konsumenter. Studiens resultat har visat på att uppfattning och attityd är de två aspekter som påverkar köpintentionen rörande området. Kännedom och integritetsbekymmer som studien avsåg att undersöka visade sig inte vara de främsta aspekterna i relation till köpintention rörande retargeting. Avslutningsvis kan förevisa att såsom retargeting exploateras idag uppger konsumenter inneha en mer negativ inställning till marknadsföringen än positiv, vilket företag bör ta i beaktning. / Title: Retargeting is like a boomerang, what you give is what you get Research question: How does the influence of retargeting impact consumers purchase intentions? What is the consumers attitude towards what is considered to be ethically correct regarding retargeting? Purpose: The purpose of the research is to clarify how consumer respond to individualized marketing through cookies, also called retargeting. The study also put emphasis on the attitude that exist regarding the ethical aspect of the marketing tool and how it impact consumers purchase intentions. Method: The study builds upon a deductive research approach where the researchers have used an already established theory in order to develop further hypotheses. The hypotheses have been developed through quantitative research method with emphasis on surveys. The data collected have been analyzed through a positivistic viewpoint, with certain elements of hermeneutical viewpoint. The study consists of swedish consumers on the internet. Results and conclusions:Retargeting is a common marketing tool that consumers are facing on a daily basis. However, retargeting can appear saturated with regards to recurring phenomenon. Cookies is one out of many tools that retargeting builds upon. Businesses are using cookies for the purpose to target their ads with relevance to content suited to the expected consumer. The result have shown that interpretation and attitude are the two major aspects that influence purchase intention. Knowledge and privacy violations were not two of the major aspects that would influence the purchase intention regarding retargeting. Consequently, the use of retargeting have resulted in a significant negative attitude among consumers, which businesses should highly take into consideration.

I och med teknologins framfart har digital marknadsföring blivit ett av de vanligaste sätten för marknadsförare att nå sin publik. Med denna digitala utveckling ökar också möjligheterna för marknadsföringen. Något som för 25 år sedan bara var en dröm är idag en mycket aktuell verklighet -nämligen digital one-to-one marknadsföring. Denna marknadsföringsform går ut på att enorma mängder data samlas in om individer som sedan används för att skapa personaliserade annonser anpassade just för dessa individers behov. Teknologin gör detta möjligt och denna marknadsföringsform befinner sig ofta på sociala medier. En konsumentgrupp som spenderar mycket tid på sociala medier är tonåringar. Denna studie ämnar därför undersöka hur tonåringar upplever att deras köpbeteende påverkas av digital one-to-one marknadsföring.  Kvalitativa intervjuer har utförts till empiriinsamlingen med respondenter i åldrarna 15-17 år. Alla respondenter känner sig påverkade av digital one-to-one marknadsföring. De känner oro för vad deras information används till och tycker att riskerna med att ge ifrån sig information överväger nyttan av att få anpassade annonser. Denna integritetsoro skulle möjligtvis kunna dämpas om information försågs med var företaget hittat den personliga informationen. Hos tonåringar kan denna marknadsföring skapa behov som de inte hade tidigare och bidra med fler alternativ för att tillfredsställa detta behov. One-to-one marknadsföring har alltså en direkt påverkan på tonåringars köpbeteende. / With the steady and rapid growth of technology, digital marketing has become one of the most common ways for advertisers to reach out to a broader audience. Instagram and Snapchat are the most commonly used social networking services among today’s adolescents that highly utilise the concept of personalised digital advertising through third parties. One-to-one marketing is a form of personalised marketing that aims to collect information about individual consumers in order to provide each individual with advertisements fitted to their interests. This study takes a closer look on how teenagers perceive the personal effect of one-to-one marketing.  The empirical research was obtained from qualitative interviews carried out among teenagers aged 15 to 17 years old. Upon conclusion of the study, it was found that all respondents felt influenced by digital one-to-one marketing and are worried about the use of their information. Ultimately, respondents think the risks outweigh the benefits and want to know where the company gets their information from. In adolescents, one-to-one marketing can create needs that did not exist before and can be met through the provision of more options. Hence, one-to-one marketing has a direct impact on the purchasing behaviour of adolescents.

隨著競爭環境日漸嚴苛，顧客需求日趨多元，企業需要有更有效率的方式來管理與顧客間的關係，顧客關係管理CRM（Customer Relationship Management, CRM）成為企業關心的熱門議題。但過去的學者研究中，僅止於針對影響企業導入＆系統與否之決策進行研究，然而CRM對於企業經營顧客關係之重要性已被企業所認同，同時面對如此牽涉到龐大人力、資金，與時間投入的系統導入計畫，在導入過程中仍會面臨許多重要決策，因此本研究將針對響導入過程的相關因 數，並經由個案研討的實際驗證，提出具解釋力的理論架構。 經由過去文獻的整理，本研究以Rogers（1983）的創新擴散模型為基礎，將影響CRM導入過程的因素分為認知階段的環境面與組織面因素，以及說服階段認知的創新特質，另外系統供應商及顧問公司則扮演特殊的角色，同時在說服、決策及實行階段皆產生影響。其中環境面又包含競爭強度，需求不確定性及產業環境變化速度；組織面因素包含規模、結構化程度、以及高階主管態度。而認知的創新特質則包含相容性以及系統特性。另外則以資訊與資料的蒐集、累積與儲存、吸收與整理、展現與應用等為被影響的研究變數。並選取目前導入最積極的產業中之標竿企業，包含證券、人壽、行動電話系統業者、電子電腦公司，及網際網路服務提供業者等六家企業，進行深入之訪談，期能從這些正在導入的公司之經驗裡，發現可供參考與依循的準則。 經由對個案公司的深入訪談之後，本研究之研究架構有重大修正。認知階段的影響因素除了環境與組織構面仍存在外，從組織構面中抽離複雜度，並與產品特質、顧客基礎，公司依賴業務人員推廣業務及提供服務的程度共同組成新構面—業務面因素，而系統與顧問公司的選擇則成為企業採用CRM系統時重要的決策因素之一。更重要的是，本研究經由訪談對探討主題有更廣泛而完整的延伸，導入過程可以導入積極度、建置組織，以及建置方式來描述。導入積極度代表導入的速度；建置組織裡包含以專案小組的方式來推動，以及高階主管的參與程度；建置方式則包含CRM要素的建置優先順序、以及委外程度。 研究發現，環境面的因素與組織面的因素皆同時影響到CRM導入過程的積極度及建置方式裡的優先順序；而新增的業務面的因素則同時對CRM導入過程的積極度及建置方式裡的優先順序及自建或委外的選擇有較顯著影響。至於認知的創新特質中，不論是專案管理或是高階參與，其影響到的皆為CRM在建置單位上的特性。而協力單位則因為企業對於系統特性的要求有所不同，而同時成為決策結果與影響導入方式的變數。 本研究期望能藉由結合學術理論與實務應用的方案，提供給正在導入或評估規劃中的企業實用的考慮方向與實際例證，以協助企業在導入過程中自我檢測，選擇最適當的導入程序及設計組織關的配套措施，俾使導入過程順利而達到預期目標。 / To cope with the current increase in both competition and customer requirements, enterprises need more efficient methods to manage their relationships with customers. Previous researches focused mainly on the factors affecting the decision whether or not to adopt the CRM system. As the importance of CRM pertaining to management of relationships with customers has been recognized, meanwhile, with regard to implementation of the extensive software which involves investment of massive human resources, capital, and time, many critical decisions still need to be concerned. This research aims at extracting relevant factors affecting the adoption process and proposes a convincing framework verified by an empirical case study. The research in this study is based on the Innovation Diffusion Model of Rogers (1983) and divides factors affecting the CRM adoption process into knowledge and persuasion stages with environmental and organizational factors in the knowledge stage, and perceived characteristics of innovation in the persuasion stage, while system suppliers and consulting firms as joint associates. Environmental factors include competition intensity, demand uncertainty, and industry changing speed. Organizational factors consist of size, structure, and managerial attitude. Perceived characteristics of innovation are composed of compatibility and system characteristics. Data collection, data storage, data mining, and data visualization work as independent variables. Six companies in securities, life insurance, cellular telephone system, electronics and computers, and the Internet service provider industry were selected as study cases. However, the research frame was revised after investigation. In the knowledge stage, complexity is extracted and integrated with product attribute, customer base, and corporation dependence on sales representative to form one integrated factor called business. Moreover, the independent variables are amended to be more extensive, including adoption activeness, constructing section, and constructing manner. The research shows that environmental and organizational factors affect adoption activeness and priority; and that the business factor influences adoption activeness, adoption priority, as well as outsourcing decisions. Project management and managerial participation representing a CRM constructing section are affected by perceived characteristics of the innovation. Through the integration of theory and empirical data , this research hopes to provide direction for examining the CRM adoption process and organization design, so as to facilitate the fulfilling of the adoption objective.

本研究旨在探討國內外符合體驗經濟時代的品牌，透過文獻回顧與探討，整理出一個可由消費體驗發展品牌的架構，並以此架構進行個案分析與檢視，提出研究發現，提供想要由消費體驗發展品牌的廠商，作為自我檢視品牌發展之用；同時，作為品牌操作之實務運作可依循的方向，強化品牌發展之路。 本研究使用質性研究的多個案研究方法，選擇選取了國內外各兩家消費體驗的代表品牌為研究對象，進行深度的訪談，分別為法藍瓷、王德傳、美體小舖與無印良品四個品牌；並同時蒐集相關的次級資料進行彙整，最後，透過本研究架構進行個案的分析與比較，以了解其公司如何從消費體驗發展品牌的經營之道，並彙整出研究發現。 本研究發現乃藉由「由消費體驗發展品牌的觀念架構」，指出互動過程可透過體驗行銷策略模型之實務操作形成客戶消費體驗；透過顧客關係管理實務建立長期的品牌關係，而衡量關係準則可藉由關係密度與關係活動了解關係品實質以調整品牌互動的方式；最終使顧客感受品牌精神。並透過四個成功案例分析與印證，彙整發現與結論如下: 1. 品牌精神乃品牌經營之根本，需具備「獨特、真實、談論性高」之特質。 2. 品牌關係可透過顧客關係管理之行銷操作，以會員經營與管理為主，可使品牌行銷更精準有效率。 3. 客戶體驗可透過Schmitt(1999)體驗行銷策略之運用，發現: 3-1.體驗類型，感官、情感、思考、行動與關聯並非獨立存在，而是互相影響。 3-2.體驗類型首重感官之視覺刺激誘發情感體驗 3-3.客戶體驗影響品牌與顧客關係 3-4.客戶體驗首重情境式體驗與圖像式溝通 3-5.對體驗媒介之產品呈現方式(品質、設計與包裝等)最為重視 3-6.共同建立品牌之聯合行銷的方式最為常用，以補足較少的廣告行銷預算。 4. 品牌精神、品牌關係與客戶體驗之相互關係 4-1.需以全面觀點規劃與設計，三者兼備，缺一不可。 4-2.三者關係需兼顧一致性與相互呼應 / The purpose of this research is to discuss the brand of Experience Economy at home and abroad. According to a literature review and research, we first developed a conceptual framework of brand development through consumption experience. Then, we analyzed and viewed successful cases based on this conceptual framework of brand development. Finally, we proposed findings. This research may help companies that want to develop brands through consumption to view brand development. At the same time, it is also a way to practice brand execution and may enhance brand development. In this research, we adopted a multi–case study method of qualitative research. We selected four brands at home and abroad in the case study: Franz, Wang De Chuan, the Body Shop, and MUJI. The analysis of these case brands was based on the primary material, which we obtained from in-depth interviews and from related secondary materials collected and archived from many ways. Finally, we analyzed and compared the four cases using this conceptual framework of brand development, and we made several discoveries. The study found that the interactive process can be applied in practice through the strategies of experiential marketing and can then be used to form customers’ consumption experiences, to develop long-term brand relationships through customer relationship management, to evaluate the relationship’s criteria through relationship activities, which can the be adjusted in brand-interactive manner; and to make the customer feel brand spirit finally. Above all else, we based our work on the conceptual framework of brand development through consumption experience. Below are the findings and conclusion from the analysis and proof of the four case studies: 1. Brand spirit is the base of brand development. It requires several features, such as unique, real, and intense discussion. 2. Brand relationships can let brand marketing be precise and effective through the practices of customer relationship management and member management. 3. Customer experience can be expressed through the strategies and execution of experiential marketing from Schmitt (1999). Below are discoveries: 3-1. An experience model describes the way we sense, feel, think, act, and relate. These reactions are independent but are interactive in their influence. 3-2. An experience model pays attention to stimulation from the sense of sight to induce feelings and experiences. 3-3. The customer experience affects the relationship between the brand and customer. 3-4. The customer experience emphasizes communication based on situation and picture. 3-5. Experience media emphasize product expression, e.g., quality, design, and packaging. 3-6. A marketing strategic alliance is usually used in order to keep a low budget for marketing. 4. What is the interactive relationship among brand spirit, brand relationship, and the customer’s experience? 4-1. The relationship of the three needs to be planned and designed using an indispensable overall concept. 4-2. The relationship of the three needs consistency to keep one another healthy.

The procedures of the study are mainly through the review on the relevant reference documents related to the subject of those have been published domestically and internationally, meanwhile to get a better understanding on the most recent development on Information Technology and its associated models which are being applied to the customer relationship management by the organizations and/or business units in the world. Then, through the investigation and review on steel industries to understand the real situations domestically and internationally, specifically to focus on the Sheng Yu Steel Co., Ltd. As an example, for which to plan the implementation of Extranet System for the improvement of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) by using Information Technology, what problems it will be faced and how is the best strategyfor this implementation. Then after the completion of the study, to make a constructive recommendation to the Sheng Yu Steel Co., Ltd as an useful reference when the Extranet system to be planned and implementedfor. In Chapter-1 ¡©Introduction¡ª¡Ato descibe the backgroud, purposes, procedures and the limitation related to the study¡Fin Chapter-2, the major is concentrate on the review and understand on the relevant documents of the subject related¡Fin Chapter-3, specifically to focus on the existing situations of the steel industries and the Sheng Yu Steel Co., Ltd. how it is the current situation to the subject issue¡Fin Chapter-4, to have further investigation on recent situations for the use of Information Technology in Sheng Yu Steel Co., Ltd. to make a recommendation for their reference whn they plan for the implementation of Extranet System for the improvement of Customer Relationship Management¡Fand finally, in Chapter-5, to describe the findings and issues for whicht to be expected to have further study in the future to come up a generalized model for which can be applied to all companies not only for steel industies but also to all conventional enpterprises as an important and valuable reference guideline.