In 2016, the ATLAS experiment at CERN released data from 100 trillion proton-proton collisions to the general public. In connection to this release the ATLAS Outreach group has developed several tools for visualizing and analyzing the data, one of which is a Histogram analyzer. The focus of this project is to bridge the gap between the general public's knowledge in physics and what is needed to use this Histogram analyzer. The project consists of both the development and an evaluation of a learning resource that explains experimental particle physics for a general public audience. The learning resource is a website making use of analogies and two perspectives on learning: Variation Theory and Cognitive Load Theory. The evaluation of the website was done using a survey with 10 respondents and it focused on whether analogies and the perspectives on learning helped their understanding. In general the respondents found the analogies to be helpful for their learning, and to some degree they found the explanations based on Variation Theory to be helpful. The implementations of Cognitive Load Theory were considered to be helpful by the respondents who noticed them, but the majority did not, implying that improvements of the design are needed. The results indicate that analogies and the two perspectives on learning can be helpful for explaining experimental particle physics, but there might be other learning theories more suitable for this purpose. / ATLAS-experimentet på CERN släppte år 2016 data från 100 biljoner proton-kollisioner fritt till allmänheten. I anslutning till detta har ATLAS Outreach-grupp utvecklat ett flertal verktyg för att visualisera och analysera datan, varav en är en analys med hjälp av histogram. Fokus för detta projekt är att överbrygga klyftan mellan allmänhetens kunskaper i fysik och vad som behövs for att kunna använda Histogram-analysverktyget. Projektet består både av utvecklandet och utvärderingen av ett läromedel som förklarar experimentell partikelfysik med målgruppen allmänheten. Läromedlet är en webbsida som använder sig av analogier och två perspektiv på lärande, Variationsteori och Kognitiv Belastningsteori. Utvärderingen av webbsidan gjordes med en enkät med tio respondenter, med fokus på huruvida analogier och perspektiven på lärande hjälpte deras förståelse. I allmänhet fann respondenterna analogierna hjälpsamma för deras lärande, och de fann Variationsteori hjälpsamt i viss utsträckning. Implementeringarna av Kognitiv Belastningsteori ansågs vara hjälpsamma av de respondenter som lade märke till dem, men majoriteten gjorde inte det, vilket tyder på att förbättringar av implementeringen krävs. Resultaten indikerar att analogier och de två perspektiven på lärande kan vara hjälpsamma för att förklara experimentell partikelfysik, men det kan finnas andra lärandeteorier som uppfyller syftet bättre.

The global perspective on digital revolution is one that has received a rapturous approval from information professionals, scholars and practitioners. However, such an approval has come at a great cost to memory institutions as the preservation of digital information has proved to be a complex phenomenon to memory institutions. Guided by the multi method design and underpinned by the triangulation of questionnaires, interviews, observation and document analysis, the study examined digital preservation of e-government in Ghana. Findings revealed that the creation of databases, digital publication, emails, website information and tweets were often ocassioned by the use of ICT, e-government, and application of legislations and public policies. It observed that these types of digital records were in urgent need for preservation as most of the ministries and agencies were unable to access their digital records. While the application of a digital preservation tool (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe) was a familiar terrain to the ministries and agencies, there was expressed lack of awareness about digital preservation support organisations and digital preservation standards. The study identified funding, level of security and privacy, skills training and technological obsolescence as factors that pose key threats to digital preservation. It noted backup strategy, migration, metadata and trusted repositories as the most widely implemented preservation strategy across the ministries and agencies. On the other hand, cloud computing, refreshing and emulation were the least implemented preservation strategies used to address the digital preservation challenges . The study recommends that the ministries and agencies can address many of the digital preservation challenges if they leverage on collaborative and participatory opportunities. Such collaborative and participatory opportunities involve the use of experts from other institutions to share resources and use a common protocol through cloud computing and Open Data. It further recommends that the process of developing a digital preservation policy can be guided by a template document from other jurisdictions / Information Science / D. Litt et Phil. (Information Science)

L’importance de la documentation du patrimoine culturel croit parallèlement aux risques auxquels il est exposé tels que les guerres, le développement urbain incontrôlé, les catastrophes naturelles, la négligence et les techniques ou stratégies de conservation inappropriées. De plus, la documentation constitue un outil fondamental pour l'évaluation, la conservation, le suivi et la gestion du patrimoine culturel. Dès lors, cet outil majeur nous permet d’estimer la valeur historique, scientifique, sociale et économique de ce patrimoine. Selon plusieurs institutions internationales dédiées à la conservation du patrimoine culturel, il y a un besoin réel de développer et d’adapter de solutions informatiques capables de faciliter et de soutenir la documentation du patrimoine culturel peu documenté surtout dans les pays en développement où il y a un manque flagrant de ressources. Parmi ces pays, la Palestine représente un cas d’étude pertinent dans cette problématique de carence en documentation de son patrimoine. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous proposons une approche d’acquisition et d’extraction de connaissances patrimoniales dans un contexte peu documenté. Nous prenons comme cas d’étude l’église de la Nativité en Palestine et nous mettons en place notre approche théorique par le développement d’une plateforme d’acquisition et d’extraction de connaissances patrimoniales à l’aide d’un Framework pour la documentation de patrimoine culturel.Notre solution est basée sur les technologies sémantiques, ce qui nous donne la possibilité, dès le début, de fournir une description ontologique riche, une meilleure structuration de l'information, un niveau élevé d'interopérabilité et un meilleur traitement automatique (lisibilité par les machines) sans efforts additionnels.De plus, notre approche est évolutive et réciproque car l’acquisition de connaissance (sous forme structurée) améliore l’extraction de connaissances patrimoniales à partir de texte non structuré et vice versa. Dès lors, l’interaction entre les deux composants de notre système ainsi que les connaissances patrimoniales se développent et s’améliorent au fil de temps surtout que notre système utilise les contributions manuelles et validations des résultats automatiques (dans les deux composants) par les experts afin d’optimiser sa performance. / The importance of cultural heritage documentation increases in parallel with the risks to which it is exposed, such as wars, uncontrolled urban development, natural disasters, neglect and inappropriate conservation techniques or strategies. In addition, this documentation is a fundamental tool for the assessment, the conservation, and the management of cultural heritage. Consequently, this tool allows us to estimate the historical, scientific, social and economic value of this heritage. According to several international institutions dedicated to the preservation of cultural heritage, there is an urgent need to develop computer solutions to facilitate and support the documentation of poorly documented cultural heritage especially in developing countries where there is a lack of resources. Among these countries, Palestine represents a relevant case study in this issue of lack of documentation of its heritage. To address this issue, we propose an approach of knowledge acquisition and extraction in the context of poorly documented heritage. We take as a case study the church of the Nativity in Palestine and we put in place our theoretical approach by the development of a platform for the acquisition and extraction of heritage knowledge. Our solution is based on the semantic technologies, which gives us the possibility, from the beginning, to provide a rich ontological description, a better structuring of the information, a high level of interoperability and a better automatic processing without additional efforts.Additionally, our approach is evolutionary and reciprocal because the acquisition of knowledge (in structured form) improves the extraction of heritage knowledge from unstructured text and vice versa. Therefore, the interaction between the two components of our system as well as the heritage knowledge develop and improve over time especially that our system uses manual contributions and validations of the automatic results (in both components) by the experts to optimize its performance.

A pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo dos fatores institucionais críticos para a adoção dos dados abertos governamentais como referencial de tratamento das informações públicas na Era Digital. Dados abertos governamentais (open government data, OGD) são dados públicos, publicados na Web em formato aberto, estruturado e compreensível logicamente, de modo que qualquer pessoa possa livremente acessar, reutilizar, modificar e redistribuir, para quaisquer finalidades, estando sujeito a, no máximo, exigências de creditar a sua autoria e compartilhar sob a mesma licença. Os OGD carregam consigo a premissa de que afetam positivamente a democracia, ao promover a transparência, facilitando o acesso a informações necessárias à participação e à realização do controle social. Afetam igualmente a capacidade estatal, ao possibilitar a integração e a interoperabilidade, viabilizando o acesso tempestivo a dados essenciais à gestão e à tomada de decisão, bem como a colaboração governo-sociedade, a partir da reutilização dos dados na criação de novos serviços e aplicações. Contudo, apesar dos benefícios propalados pelos defensores dos OGD, variáveis institucionais modulam os esforços de abertura dos dados das organizações públicas e, consequentemente, limitam os ganhos democráticos e de efetividade governamental a ele associados. Com base no institucionalismo histórico e no conceito de políticas públicas digitalmente mediadas (PPDM), proposto por Jane Fountain, argumentamos que variáveis associadas não só à regulamentação do acesso das informações públicas e à estrutura de implementação da política, mas também decorrentes da dependência da trajetória de escolhas tecnológicas legadas, afetam a incorporação (embeddedness) dos OGD Em virtude desses fatores institucionais, uma política de dados abertos governamentais apresentará um padrão de desenvolvimento incremental, a despeito da característica disruptiva das tecnologias da Era Digital. A pesquisa emprega uma metodologia qualitativa e o método do estudo de caso exploratório da política de dados abertos do Governo Federal, lançada em 2012 e conduzida pela Infraestrutura Nacional de Dados Abertos (INDA). O Brasil foi o primeiro país a prever a publicação de dados em formato aberto em sua Lei de Acesso à Informação (Lei nº 12.527/2011), reunindo em um mesmo âmbito as perspectivas democrática e técnica dos dados abertos. A análise dos dados abrange o período que vai desde 1988, quando do reconhecimento do direito de acesso à informação pública na Constituição Federal, até a publicação dos primeiros planos de dados abertos (PDAs) decorrentes do Decreto nº 8.777/2016, que regulamentou a abertura dos dados públicos no Governo Federal. As técnicas de pesquisa empregadas compreendem a análise de documentos, registros de atividades, relatos de entrevistas e notícias, com vistas a reconstituir as trajetórias de institucionalização da transparência pública e da interoperabilidade no Governo Federal – ambas as searas nas quais se inserem os OGD enquanto PPDM A pesquisa identificou um padrão de desenvolvimento incremental da Política, inserida na longa construção da agenda tanto da transparência (no âmbito da Controladoria-Geral da União), quanto da governança digital (pelo Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão). Não obstante o incrementalismo, identificaram-se alguns momentos de maior avanço, especialmente a instituição oficial da Política por meio do Decreto nº 8.777/2016, com a conseguinte publicação de PDAs de vários órgãos federais. Ao problematizar os OGD e identificar fatores críticos para a sua adoção, a pesquisa cumpre seu objetivo geral de contribuir com subsídios teórico-práticos para o processo de aprendizagem e planejamento de estratégias de abertura de dados mais realista e adequadamente escalonadas segundo incentivos e recursos disponíveis. / This research is dedicated to the study of the critical institutional factors for the adoption of open government data as a reference to the treatment of public information in the Digital Age. Open government data (OGD) are public data published on the Web in an open format, structured and logically understandable, so that anyone can freely access, re-use, modify and redistribute them, for any purpose, subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike. OGD carry the premise of affecting democracy positively by promoting transparency, since they simplify the access to the information necessary for participation and social control. OGD also affect the state capacity by enabling integration and interoperability, which allow the opportune access to critical data for governance and decision-making, and the collaboration between government and society through data re-use, in order to create new services and applications. Despite the benefits publicized by the proponents of OGD, institutional variables modulate the efforts of opening public organizations data. Therefore, they limit the democratic gains and government effectiveness associated with OGD. Based on the historical institutionalism and on the concept of digitally mediated public policy (DMPP), proposed by Jane Fountain, we argue that variables associated with the regulation of the access to public information, and with the implementation framework of the policy, as well as variables resultant from the path dependence of technological choices, affect the embeddedness of OGD Due to these institutional factors, an open government data policy will present an incremental development pattern, despite the disruptive feature of Digital Age technologies. The investigation employs a qualitative methodology and the method of exploratory case study of the Brazilian federal government open data policy, launched in 2012 and conducted by the National Infrastructure of Open Data (INDA, in portuguese). Brazil was the first country to state the publication of data in open format through its Access to Information Act (Law nº 12.527/2011), gathering in the same context the democratic and technical perspectives of open data. The analysis of the data ranges from 1988, when the right of access to public information was recognized by the Federal Constitution, to the publication of the first open data plans following the Decree nº 8.777/2016, which regulated the opening of Federal Government public data. The research techniques employed include analysis of documents, activity reports, interviews notes and news, in order to rebuild the trajectories of public transparency and interoperability institutionalizations in the Federal Government, both fields in which OGD work as PPDM The investigation identified an incremental development pattern of the Open Data Policy, as part of the extensive process of agenda building of both transparency (under the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union) and digital governance (by the Ministry of Planning, Budget, and Management). Regardless of the incrementalism, it was identified some moments of greater advance, particularly with the official adoption of the Policy by the Decree nº 8.777/2016 and the following publication of open data plans by several federal agencies. By problematizing OGD and identifying the critical factors to its implementation, this investigation accomplishes its overall objective of contributing with theoretical and practical arguments for more realistic learning and planning processes of data opening strategies, considering the incentives and available resources.

The global perspective on digital revolution is one that has received a rapturous approval from information professionals, scholars and practitioners. However, such an approval has come at a great cost to memory institutions as the preservation of digital information has proved to be a complex phenomenon to memory institutions. Guided by the multi method design and underpinned by the triangulation of questionnaires, interviews, observation and document analysis, the study examined digital preservation of e-government in Ghana. Findings revealed that the creation of databases, digital publication, emails, website information and tweets were often ocassioned by the use of ICT, e-government, and application of legislations and public policies. It observed that these types of digital records were in urgent need for preservation as most of the ministries and agencies were unable to access their digital records. While the application of a digital preservation tool (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe) was a familiar terrain to the ministries and agencies, there was expressed lack of awareness about digital preservation support organisations and digital preservation standards. The study identified funding, level of security and privacy, skills training and technological obsolescence as factors that pose key threats to digital preservation. It noted backup strategy, migration, metadata and trusted repositories as the most widely implemented preservation strategy across the ministries and agencies. On the other hand, cloud computing, refreshing and emulation were the least implemented preservation strategies used to address the digital preservation challenges . The study recommends that the ministries and agencies can address many of the digital preservation challenges if they leverage on collaborative and participatory opportunities. Such collaborative and participatory opportunities involve the use of experts from other institutions to share resources and use a common protocol through cloud computing and Open Data. It further recommends that the process of developing a digital preservation policy can be guided by a template document from other jurisdictions / Information Science / D. Litt et Phil. (Information Science)

A pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo dos fatores institucionais críticos para a adoção dos dados abertos governamentais como referencial de tratamento das informações públicas na Era Digital. Dados abertos governamentais (open government data, OGD) são dados públicos, publicados na Web em formato aberto, estruturado e compreensível logicamente, de modo que qualquer pessoa possa livremente acessar, reutilizar, modificar e redistribuir, para quaisquer finalidades, estando sujeito a, no máximo, exigências de creditar a sua autoria e compartilhar sob a mesma licença. Os OGD carregam consigo a premissa de que afetam positivamente a democracia, ao promover a transparência, facilitando o acesso a informações necessárias à participação e à realização do controle social. Afetam igualmente a capacidade estatal, ao possibilitar a integração e a interoperabilidade, viabilizando o acesso tempestivo a dados essenciais à gestão e à tomada de decisão, bem como a colaboração governo-sociedade, a partir da reutilização dos dados na criação de novos serviços e aplicações. Contudo, apesar dos benefícios propalados pelos defensores dos OGD, variáveis institucionais modulam os esforços de abertura dos dados das organizações públicas e, consequentemente, limitam os ganhos democráticos e de efetividade governamental a ele associados. Com base no institucionalismo histórico e no conceito de políticas públicas digitalmente mediadas (PPDM), proposto por Jane Fountain, argumentamos que variáveis associadas não só à regulamentação do acesso das informações públicas e à estrutura de implementação da política, mas também decorrentes da dependência da trajetória de escolhas tecnológicas legadas, afetam a incorporação (embeddedness) dos OGD Em virtude desses fatores institucionais, uma política de dados abertos governamentais apresentará um padrão de desenvolvimento incremental, a despeito da característica disruptiva das tecnologias da Era Digital. A pesquisa emprega uma metodologia qualitativa e o método do estudo de caso exploratório da política de dados abertos do Governo Federal, lançada em 2012 e conduzida pela Infraestrutura Nacional de Dados Abertos (INDA). O Brasil foi o primeiro país a prever a publicação de dados em formato aberto em sua Lei de Acesso à Informação (Lei nº 12.527/2011), reunindo em um mesmo âmbito as perspectivas democrática e técnica dos dados abertos. A análise dos dados abrange o período que vai desde 1988, quando do reconhecimento do direito de acesso à informação pública na Constituição Federal, até a publicação dos primeiros planos de dados abertos (PDAs) decorrentes do Decreto nº 8.777/2016, que regulamentou a abertura dos dados públicos no Governo Federal. As técnicas de pesquisa empregadas compreendem a análise de documentos, registros de atividades, relatos de entrevistas e notícias, com vistas a reconstituir as trajetórias de institucionalização da transparência pública e da interoperabilidade no Governo Federal – ambas as searas nas quais se inserem os OGD enquanto PPDM A pesquisa identificou um padrão de desenvolvimento incremental da Política, inserida na longa construção da agenda tanto da transparência (no âmbito da Controladoria-Geral da União), quanto da governança digital (pelo Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão). Não obstante o incrementalismo, identificaram-se alguns momentos de maior avanço, especialmente a instituição oficial da Política por meio do Decreto nº 8.777/2016, com a conseguinte publicação de PDAs de vários órgãos federais. Ao problematizar os OGD e identificar fatores críticos para a sua adoção, a pesquisa cumpre seu objetivo geral de contribuir com subsídios teórico-práticos para o processo de aprendizagem e planejamento de estratégias de abertura de dados mais realista e adequadamente escalonadas segundo incentivos e recursos disponíveis. / This research is dedicated to the study of the critical institutional factors for the adoption of open government data as a reference to the treatment of public information in the Digital Age. Open government data (OGD) are public data published on the Web in an open format, structured and logically understandable, so that anyone can freely access, re-use, modify and redistribute them, for any purpose, subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike. OGD carry the premise of affecting democracy positively by promoting transparency, since they simplify the access to the information necessary for participation and social control. OGD also affect the state capacity by enabling integration and interoperability, which allow the opportune access to critical data for governance and decision-making, and the collaboration between government and society through data re-use, in order to create new services and applications. Despite the benefits publicized by the proponents of OGD, institutional variables modulate the efforts of opening public organizations data. Therefore, they limit the democratic gains and government effectiveness associated with OGD. Based on the historical institutionalism and on the concept of digitally mediated public policy (DMPP), proposed by Jane Fountain, we argue that variables associated with the regulation of the access to public information, and with the implementation framework of the policy, as well as variables resultant from the path dependence of technological choices, affect the embeddedness of OGD Due to these institutional factors, an open government data policy will present an incremental development pattern, despite the disruptive feature of Digital Age technologies. The investigation employs a qualitative methodology and the method of exploratory case study of the Brazilian federal government open data policy, launched in 2012 and conducted by the National Infrastructure of Open Data (INDA, in portuguese). Brazil was the first country to state the publication of data in open format through its Access to Information Act (Law nº 12.527/2011), gathering in the same context the democratic and technical perspectives of open data. The analysis of the data ranges from 1988, when the right of access to public information was recognized by the Federal Constitution, to the publication of the first open data plans following the Decree nº 8.777/2016, which regulated the opening of Federal Government public data. The research techniques employed include analysis of documents, activity reports, interviews notes and news, in order to rebuild the trajectories of public transparency and interoperability institutionalizations in the Federal Government, both fields in which OGD work as PPDM The investigation identified an incremental development pattern of the Open Data Policy, as part of the extensive process of agenda building of both transparency (under the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union) and digital governance (by the Ministry of Planning, Budget, and Management). Regardless of the incrementalism, it was identified some moments of greater advance, particularly with the official adoption of the Policy by the Decree nº 8.777/2016 and the following publication of open data plans by several federal agencies. By problematizing OGD and identifying the critical factors to its implementation, this investigation accomplishes its overall objective of contributing with theoretical and practical arguments for more realistic learning and planning processes of data opening strategies, considering the incentives and available resources.

A pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo dos fatores institucionais críticos para a adoção dos dados abertos governamentais como referencial de tratamento das informações públicas na Era Digital. Dados abertos governamentais (open government data, OGD) são dados públicos, publicados na Web em formato aberto, estruturado e compreensível logicamente, de modo que qualquer pessoa possa livremente acessar, reutilizar, modificar e redistribuir, para quaisquer finalidades, estando sujeito a, no máximo, exigências de creditar a sua autoria e compartilhar sob a mesma licença. Os OGD carregam consigo a premissa de que afetam positivamente a democracia, ao promover a transparência, facilitando o acesso a informações necessárias à participação e à realização do controle social. Afetam igualmente a capacidade estatal, ao possibilitar a integração e a interoperabilidade, viabilizando o acesso tempestivo a dados essenciais à gestão e à tomada de decisão, bem como a colaboração governo-sociedade, a partir da reutilização dos dados na criação de novos serviços e aplicações. Contudo, apesar dos benefícios propalados pelos defensores dos OGD, variáveis institucionais modulam os esforços de abertura dos dados das organizações públicas e, consequentemente, limitam os ganhos democráticos e de efetividade governamental a ele associados. Com base no institucionalismo histórico e no conceito de políticas públicas digitalmente mediadas (PPDM), proposto por Jane Fountain, argumentamos que variáveis associadas não só à regulamentação do acesso das informações públicas e à estrutura de implementação da política, mas também decorrentes da dependência da trajetória de escolhas tecnológicas legadas, afetam a incorporação (embeddedness) dos OGD Em virtude desses fatores institucionais, uma política de dados abertos governamentais apresentará um padrão de desenvolvimento incremental, a despeito da característica disruptiva das tecnologias da Era Digital. A pesquisa emprega uma metodologia qualitativa e o método do estudo de caso exploratório da política de dados abertos do Governo Federal, lançada em 2012 e conduzida pela Infraestrutura Nacional de Dados Abertos (INDA). O Brasil foi o primeiro país a prever a publicação de dados em formato aberto em sua Lei de Acesso à Informação (Lei nº 12.527/2011), reunindo em um mesmo âmbito as perspectivas democrática e técnica dos dados abertos. A análise dos dados abrange o período que vai desde 1988, quando do reconhecimento do direito de acesso à informação pública na Constituição Federal, até a publicação dos primeiros planos de dados abertos (PDAs) decorrentes do Decreto nº 8.777/2016, que regulamentou a abertura dos dados públicos no Governo Federal. As técnicas de pesquisa empregadas compreendem a análise de documentos, registros de atividades, relatos de entrevistas e notícias, com vistas a reconstituir as trajetórias de institucionalização da transparência pública e da interoperabilidade no Governo Federal – ambas as searas nas quais se inserem os OGD enquanto PPDM A pesquisa identificou um padrão de desenvolvimento incremental da Política, inserida na longa construção da agenda tanto da transparência (no âmbito da Controladoria-Geral da União), quanto da governança digital (pelo Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão). Não obstante o incrementalismo, identificaram-se alguns momentos de maior avanço, especialmente a instituição oficial da Política por meio do Decreto nº 8.777/2016, com a conseguinte publicação de PDAs de vários órgãos federais. Ao problematizar os OGD e identificar fatores críticos para a sua adoção, a pesquisa cumpre seu objetivo geral de contribuir com subsídios teórico-práticos para o processo de aprendizagem e planejamento de estratégias de abertura de dados mais realista e adequadamente escalonadas segundo incentivos e recursos disponíveis. / This research is dedicated to the study of the critical institutional factors for the adoption of open government data as a reference to the treatment of public information in the Digital Age. Open government data (OGD) are public data published on the Web in an open format, structured and logically understandable, so that anyone can freely access, re-use, modify and redistribute them, for any purpose, subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike. OGD carry the premise of affecting democracy positively by promoting transparency, since they simplify the access to the information necessary for participation and social control. OGD also affect the state capacity by enabling integration and interoperability, which allow the opportune access to critical data for governance and decision-making, and the collaboration between government and society through data re-use, in order to create new services and applications. Despite the benefits publicized by the proponents of OGD, institutional variables modulate the efforts of opening public organizations data. Therefore, they limit the democratic gains and government effectiveness associated with OGD. Based on the historical institutionalism and on the concept of digitally mediated public policy (DMPP), proposed by Jane Fountain, we argue that variables associated with the regulation of the access to public information, and with the implementation framework of the policy, as well as variables resultant from the path dependence of technological choices, affect the embeddedness of OGD Due to these institutional factors, an open government data policy will present an incremental development pattern, despite the disruptive feature of Digital Age technologies. The investigation employs a qualitative methodology and the method of exploratory case study of the Brazilian federal government open data policy, launched in 2012 and conducted by the National Infrastructure of Open Data (INDA, in portuguese). Brazil was the first country to state the publication of data in open format through its Access to Information Act (Law nº 12.527/2011), gathering in the same context the democratic and technical perspectives of open data. The analysis of the data ranges from 1988, when the right of access to public information was recognized by the Federal Constitution, to the publication of the first open data plans following the Decree nº 8.777/2016, which regulated the opening of Federal Government public data. The research techniques employed include analysis of documents, activity reports, interviews notes and news, in order to rebuild the trajectories of public transparency and interoperability institutionalizations in the Federal Government, both fields in which OGD work as PPDM The investigation identified an incremental development pattern of the Open Data Policy, as part of the extensive process of agenda building of both transparency (under the Office of the Comptroller General of the Union) and digital governance (by the Ministry of Planning, Budget, and Management). Regardless of the incrementalism, it was identified some moments of greater advance, particularly with the official adoption of the Policy by the Decree nº 8.777/2016 and the following publication of open data plans by several federal agencies. By problematizing OGD and identifying the critical factors to its implementation, this investigation accomplishes its overall objective of contributing with theoretical and practical arguments for more realistic learning and planning processes of data opening strategies, considering the incentives and available resources.

This thesis studies the open dataplatform Trafiklab, which provides openaccess to data regarding public transportin Sweden. The study is from the perspective ofthird-party developersand deals with the question of how theyvalue creating mechanisms towards themcan be improved. It is based on twodifferent surveys and severalinterviews conducted with third-partydevelopers using Trafiklab. The resultsshow that Trafiklab needs to improvetheir documentation, communication,initial use, and change theirperspective and role towards thedevelopers using Trafiklab. To improveopen data, in general, a greater focus ontransparency rather then transparency issuggested. / Detta examensarbete syftar till att skapa förbättringsförslag till en specifik typ avmjukvara utifrån använderupplevelse. Detta område är inom den öppna data branschen,öppna data innebär att man öppnar upp data så att vem som helst ta del och använda sigav den. Inom kollektivtrafikbranschen distribueras öppen data via en plattform somheter Trafiklab, som ägs gemensamt av branschens parter via en organisation mednamnet Samtrafiken. Det är inom detta område som denna uppsats försöker besvarafrågan hur Trafiklab kan bli mer värdefullt för tredjepartsutvecklare utifrån enmultidisciplinär ansats. Detta kommer att genomföras genom att både försöka ta reda påvad för värde Trafiklab idag har och hur deras nätverk gör värdeskapande möjligt.Detta projekt bestod av tre delprojekt som alla byggde på varandra. Först genomfördeen förstudie att skapa en grund för vidare undersökning presenteras teori kring öppendata och plattform. En plattform är något som skapar en grund som andra aktörer kanbygga på, ett exempel på detta är Apples iPhone där andra aktörer kan byggakomplementerande applikationer. När man har plattformer som tillhandahåller öppendata är det viktig med en balans mellan kontroll och tillgänglighet, något somsammanfattas i teorin kring ”plattform gränsresurser”. Det andra delprojektet varutformades och genomfördes av en enkät, baserat delvis på en redan genomförd enkät.Detta leda till det tredje delprokelt till mer djupgående intervjuer med enkät deltagarnaför att få en mer detaljerad bild av situationen.Resultatet från studien som helhet presenteras i form av en genomgång av Samtrafikenoch Trafiklab följt av en presentation av tredjepartsutvecklares åsikter om Trafiklab.Utvecklarnas kommentarer var i grunden positiva men det fanns områden därförbättringar skulle kunna genomföras. Detta var inom områden som dokumentation,kommunikation, förenkling att börja utveckla och Trafiklabs syn påtredjepartsutvecklare och deras relation. Detta resultat sammanfattas och diskuterassedan med hjälp av de teoretiska begreppen. Där presenteras en kartläggning avTrafiklabs plattforms ekosystem. Detta följs av en mer grundläggande teoretiskdiskussion som avslutas med att ”plattform gränsresurs modellen” appliceras ochförbättringsförslag ges.Uppsatsen avslutas med att föreslå att begreppet öppen data inte enbart betonartillgänglighet men också transparens. Detta gäller både för Trafiklab och för öppen datai Sverige generellt. Några ytterligare förslag till Trafiklab och på fortsatt intressantforsking inom området ges också som avslutning.

Sverige har länge haft en god kultur av öppenhet i den offentliga sektorn tack vareoffentlighetsprincipen. Men med allt större tekniska framsteg och ökade krav på datatillgängligheträcker den klassiska öppenheten inte längre till. Det finns redan mycket intressant offentlig data iSverige, men i de flesta fall är den antingen sparad i format som är svåra att avläsa digitalt eller fördyr att använda.I denna uppsats undersöks hur ett API kan utvecklas, användas och integreras med andra API:er föratt öppna upp ovan nämnda data på ett bättre sätt och göra den mer tillgänglig för potentiellaanvändare. Vidare undersöks också PSI-direktivets egentliga nytta och hur det tillsammans medoffentlighetsprincipen kan bidra till den nya öppenheten. Med koppling till denna uppsats har ävenen prototyp utvecklats för att ge exempel på hur man kan kombinera olika API:er för att visualiserageografisk data samt hur ett API kan byggas ovanpå visualiseringen för att göra denna data mertillgänglig. / Sweden has long had a good tradition of openness in the public sector, thanks to the principle ofpublic access. But due to increasing technological advances and demands on data availability theclassic transparency is no longer sufficient. There are already very interesting public data sets inSweden, but in most cases they are either stored in formats that are difficult to read digitally or it'stoo expensive to use.This thesis examines how an API can be developed, used and integrated with other API:s to open upthe above mentioned data in a better way and make it more accessible to potential users.Furthermore, the real benefits of the PSI directive are examined, and how they along with theprinciple of public access can contribute to the new openness. In connection to this thesis aprototype has also been developed to provide examples of how to combine different API:s for thevisualization of geographic data, and how an API can be built on top of the visualization to makethis data more available.

Les objets, les supports, les sources, la gouvernance, les contenus, les acteurs, les fins et les formes de la transparence publique connaissent à présent une évolution rapide et profonde, qui dépasse les frontières nationales et dépend de l’interaction entre facteurs politiques, technologiques, juridiques et socio-culturels. Cela s’avère notamment lorsque la transparence se prévaut des moyens du paradigme de l’"Open Government Data" et s’inscrit dans les perspectives de la doctrine de l’"Open Government".Ce travail de recherche vise à esquisser les mutations et les axes de progrès de la transparence publique, à l’aune de l’évolution des systèmes juridiques italien et français. On se penchera à titre liminaire sur l’articulation entre les notions de transparence et d’ouverture, afin de cerner les questions juridiques soulevées par l’ouverture des données publiques à des fins de transparence. Ensuite, on parcourra le niveau supranational, à la fois un forum et un lieu d’élaboration des orientations fondamentales en la matière. Une place de choix sera réservée au droit (et à la politique) de l’Union Européenne, dont on examinera les développements les plus récents. Enfin, on analysera les ordres juridiques susmentionnés, qui font à l’heure actuelle de la refonte du droit à l’information publique l’un des chantiers majeurs, dans le cadre de partenariats multi-parties prenantes tels que l’"Open Government Partnership". / Objects, medium, sources, governance, content, actors, purposes and forms of public transparency are experiencing a rapid and profound evolution, which transcends national borders, and depends on the interaction between political, technological, legal and socio-cultural drivers. This happens when transparency exploiting the Open Government Data means and falls under the Open Government framework.Through the Italian and French legal systems, this thesis aims to highlight the recent advancements in public transparency. At first, we will look at the interplay between the concepts of transparency and openness, to identify the legal issues raised by the disclosure of public data. Subsequently, we will turn to the supranational context, which plays a key role in developing guidelines, standards and recommendations. A special place will be reserved to the right (and political) of the European Union. In the second part, we will analyse the above-mentioned legal systems, which are actively engaged in the wider reform of their Public Information Acts, within the framework of multi-stakeholder initiatives, such as the Open Government Partnership.On the whole, we will see how the shift from “transparency through documents” ” to “transparency through data” challenges the public action models.