Die Entwicklung moderner elektronischer Rechercheinstrumente findet seit vielen Jahren unter dem Schlagwort Discovery-Systeme statt. Dieser Begriff erweitert die Bedeutung des Katalogs über den traditionellen physischen Bestand der Bibliothek auf digitale Informationen und umfasst neben ergonomischen Suchfunktionen zugleich den zuverlässigen Zugang zu den digitalen Objekten.

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Als Triumph der Open Source Bewegung wurde im vergangenen Jahr das Urteil des Landgerichts München I1 gefeiert, das als weltweit erste Gerichtsentscheidung der General Public Licence (GPL) rechtliche Verbindlichkeit zusprach und einem Sofwarehersteller die kommerzielle Verwertung eines unter der GPL stehenden Computerprogramms ohne Quellcodeweitergabe untersagte.

ICT development and deployment and supporting policies take place within a fiercely contested globalised political economy. For organisations there is a pervasiveness of change processes, often externally imposed, which are rising with these globalising effects. This not only implies that the context in which organisations are situated is continuously changing, but also that the nature of the organisation itself is subject to change (Van Tonder, 2004). However, the external influences imposed on an organisation are often heterogeneous and make the management of adapting to the external environment extremely complex. This thesis explores such an externally imposed change on an organisation around the implementation of a contentious national policy. This entails not only dealing with the more usual dimensions of change in an organisation, but also the implications of the national debate and contentions around the national policy playing out in the local setting of the organisation. In this thesis the change explored is within a government department from a proprietary Enterprise Content Management (ECM) system to an open source ECM system. An interpretative approach was followed, using a longitudinal case study. Two main aspects of this change process are explored. The first is the impact of the national open source policy on government departments - an externally imposed change of mission, vision and values. The second is how internally the government department changed its internal work processes and information systems to comply with that policy. These two aspects are intertwined. Alignment of the organisation mission, values and objectives, with the proposed technological innovation and change management models emerges as a necessary condition for managing change. However, what emerged as a more challenging issue was whether internal organisational changes can be aligned with contentious national policy imperatives. Three theoretical lenses are used to explore this contentious issue: the HEM model of Du Plooy’s (1998); the improvisational change management model of Orlikowski and Hofman (1997); and institutional theory as it applies to Information Systems. The improvisational change model of Orlikowski and Hofman (1997) in combination with Du Plooy’s (1998) HEM model, was used to understand the change process unfolding in the implementation of an OS ECM system in a Government department in SA. The result of this application is some practical recommendations for government officials on future OS implementations, as well as a theoretical add-on to extend the change management model applied. The researcher found that models can increase our understanding and reveal how one can ‘cultivate’ the human environment within which technology is to be implemented. However, the process of developing an understanding of how national policy was developed and the rationale for it was also found to be important, as is developing an understanding of the rationale of this particular department for choosing to implement the OS ECM system. By adding to, or expanding on Orlikowski and Hoffman’s (1997) model to include a fourth element, indicating the external forces in the environment, such as government regulations; government policy; and the debate on global and national FOSS versus PS, highlights the need for this external alignment as well as prevents the focus on internal alignment only. Institutional theory was consequently applied in an attempt to unpack the organisational and change management dimensions of the change model, aiming at understanding the institutional forces which legitimates or contradicts the technical/rational ideas and actions of the change. The findings were threefold. Firstly, the role played by IS as an institutional process in and of itself and the way in which this could have affected the implementation of the new OS ECM system was discussed, pointing to the possibility that the new system was not necessarily being implemented to streamline the work practices, but rather due to its institutional status of being a ‘rational myth’; something which had to be done as ‘it’s just the right thing to do.” Secondly, OSS and PS were argued to be different ‘types’ of institutions. Using the institutional pillars it was argued that OSS and PS were driven by different institutional forces, with PS leaning towards the regulative pillar and OSS being more in line with the normative pillar. These two institutions were found to mainly differ with regard to their basis of compliance and the logic behind them. The insights offered by this argument revealed that when changing from OSS to PS, it would be very valuable to recognise that OSS and PS are two different ‘types’ of institutions, and to not only understand that the new system could therefore change the organisational processes when it is implemented, but to also acknowledge the change which will take place within the IS/IT institution itself – moving from the regulative to the normative. The change should thus be understood both within the two different IS innovations themselves, and in how these two innovations interact. Lastly, the research in this thesis went beyond the technical/rational actions of the stakeholders, and included an in depth analysis of the institutional forces at play in the broader social context of the Government department. It explained the institutions which were at play on the international, national and organisational levels, pointing out which of these forces worked in favour of or against the technical/rational actions, and in the process contributed to the unexpected outcome of the new OS ECM implementation process. / Thesis (PhD-- University of Pretoria, 2014 / Informatics / unrestricted

Providing citizens with the robust and suitable tools to effectively participate in the planning process is a necessity nowadays. Also, changes in the capabilities and popularity of new technologies have dramatically raised the number of technology-based tools that are potentially available for enhancing public participation in the planning process. This study explores both the theoretical aspect of collaborative planning and the effects that Web-based Public Participatory GIS (WPPGIS) applications and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has on the planning process. Findings indicate that the WPPGIS applications have the potential for increasing participation. It is also found that besides the contextual elements like the attitudes of planners and decision makers, the technological features such as proper user interface, price of software, technical and literacy skills are seen as crucial hindrances to bridging the planning process and technology-based solutions. This research also attempts to combine IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum and technological functionalities into a single framework to understand the implementation of WPPGIS applications in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Finally, based on the given criteria and assessment of the reviewed applications, this study concludes with the design and implementation of a prototype WPPGIS application using Open-Source Technologies (OST).

Im Rahmen des sächsischen Projektes finc schaltet auch die Bibliothek der Hochschule für Musik und Theater „Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy“ Leipzig ein Discovery-System auf Basis der open-source-Software „VuFind“ online. Der Artikel setzt sich mit den Überlegungen auseinander, wie auch für eine hoch spezialisierte Bibliothek die Vorteile von Discovery-Lösungen genutzt werden können. Vorgestellt werden zum einen Ideen zur Verbesserung des Suchkomforts sowie der Funktionserweiterung durch optimierte Metadatennutzung. Zum anderen werden erste Ergebnisse der Integration externer elektronischer Datenquellen präsentiert. Auch ohne kommerziellen aggregierten Index bietet der neue MT-Katalog eine deutliche Suchraumerweiterung mit passgenauen Inhalten.

Der vorliegende Tagungsband beinhaltet 13 Beiträge von Referenten der Chemnitzer Linux-Tage 2014 sowie Zusammenfassungen von weiteren 78 Vorträgen und 14 Workshops. Die Beiträge umfassen das breite Spektrum der Veranstaltung, darunter Probleme von eingebetteten Systemen und vertrauliche Kommunikation.

Après des décennies de luttes sociales engagées pour la démocratisation des biotechnologies, des pays des quatre coins du globe assistent à l’essor de la « Do-It-Yourself Biology » (DIYbio). Dans le prolongement des mouvements source ouverte et DIY/Maker, la DIYbio entreprend de démocratiser les biotechnologies en les livrant aux mains du public. Le principe en étant que chaque citoyen doit pouvoir s’approprier et fabriquer librement des bio-artefacts. L’objectif de la présente thèse est de comprendre ce modèle démocratique, de saisir les enjeux sociaux et culturels soulevés par l’imbrication entre autonomie individuelle et bio-innovation sur laquelle il s’appuie, ainsi que ses résonnances à l’ère néolibérale. À la croisée des études sur la science et de la théorie critique, cette étude interroge la démocratie DIYbio à partir de son idéologie, une notion entendue non pas en un sens péjoratif, mais en tant qu’une vision du monde. L’hypothèse déployée à travers les chapitres pose que la démocratie DIYbio repose sur un déplacement de l’idéal d’autonomie politique, des facultés réflexives vers les facultés manuelles de bio-expérimentation, donnant lieu à ce que je nomme, en analogie avec le concept d’espace public, le « laboratoire autonome ». L’idéologie du laboratoire autonome y est examinée en dialogue permanent avec son alter ego technoscientifique, le programme de la biologie synthétique. Cette double focale fait ressortir l’engouement commun des domaines socio-politique et scientifique, pour les facultés manuelles comme médium privilégié de leurs activités. Conceptuellement, cette thèse puise dans les assises épistémologiques de la culture hacker, alors que son corpus analytique est composé d’entretiens qualitatifs menés auprès d’acteurs du réseau DIYbio, d’observations réalisées au sein de groupes DIYbio canadiens et de données documentaires. À l’aide de l’analyse du discours, six grands piliers de la structure idéologique du laboratoire autonome y sont mis à nu: l’articulation entre les inscriptions socio-culturelles des adeptes (artistes, techies et universitaires en biotechnosciences) et leur quête d’autonomie individuelle dans le travail de laboratoire; l’idéal d’une modalité de recherche présidée par des valeurs d’auto-référentialité et d’autodétermination normative, ouvrant par là à l’instauration d’un processus de laissez-faire bio-expérimental aux dépens de médiations sociales (telles que le savoir théorique, le jugement des pairs et l’enseignement universitaire) qui assoient la pratique de la science en tant qu’entreprise collective; la capacité d’innovation comme condition à l’autonomisation bio-expérimentale; le mode d’existence technologique assigné à la matière vivante et la conception de l’éthique comme conduite individuelle responsable; la démocratisation de la propriété intellectuelle sur les entités biotiques; et enfin, une lutte socio-politique en faveur du génie génétique conjuguée à une perspective positiviste de l’opposition publique aux biotechnologies. Je suggère que les soubassements idéologiques du laboratoire autonome répondent aux impératifs d’une « démocratisation néolibérale » des biotechnologies. L’approche manuelle de la démocratie DIYbio révèle somme toute une déprise des exigences de la démocratie délibérative, dans la mesure où y est promulgué non pas l’idéal de l’éthique de la discussion, mais plutôt l’ethos hacker de la source ouverte et sa défense de la souveraineté individuelle dans l’innovation. / After decades of social struggles over the democratization of biotechnologies, societies from all corners of the globe witness the burgeoning of « Do-It-Yourself Biology » (DIYbio). In the wake of the open-source and DIY/Maker movements, DIYbio claims that every citizen should be able to freely appropriate and make bio-artefacts. Accordingly, it undertakes the democratization of biotechnologies by putting them in the hands of the public. This doctoral dissertation seeks to understand this democratic model, to grasp the social and cultural stakes of the intertwining between individual autonomy and bio-innovation on which it is grounded, as well as and its neoliberal echoes. At the crossroads between science studies and critical theory, this study delves into the DIYbio democracy through its ideological content, understood here not in a derogatory sense, but rather as a vision of the world. Each chapiter explores the hypothesis that the democratic model of DIYbio rests on a displacement of the ideal of political autonomy, its center of gravity moving from mental towards manual faculties. This gives rise to what I call the « autonomous laboratory », a notion analogous to the concept of public sphere. The ideology of the autonomous laboratory is examined in constant dialogue with its technoscientific alter ego, namely synthetic biology. This twofold perspective highlights how both the sociopolitical and the scientific domains share a common cherishing of manual faculties as the prime medium of their activities. Conceptually, this study draws on the epistemological foundations of the hacker culture. The corpus analysed consists of qualitative interviews conducted with actors of the DIYbio network, of observations within Canadian DIYbio groups, and of documentary data. Through discourse analysis, this dissertation brings to light six pillars of the ideological structure of the autonomous laboratory: the sociocultural identities of the adherents—grouped as artists, techies and biotechnoscience academics—and their quest for individual autonomy in bio-experimental work; the ideal of a research model rooted on self-referentiality and normative self-determination, which fosters a bio-experimental laissez-faire process at the expense of social mediations (such as abstract knowledge, peer judgement, academic education) that ground the practice of science as a collective activity; the reliance of bio-experimental autonomy on the innovation regime; the technological mode of existence ascribed to living entities and the view of ethics as an individual responsible act of conduct; the democratization of intellectual property over biological entities; and lastly, the combination between a sociopolitical commitment to genetic engineering and a positivist representation of the public opposition to gene technologies. I suggest that the ideological cornerstones of the autonomous laboratory meet the exigencies of a “neoliberal democratization” of biotechnologies, and that the DIYbio hands-on approach to democracy reveals, all in all, a disengagement from deliberative democracy biddings. Rather than the ideal ethics of discussion, it favors the open-source hacker ethos ingrained in the individual autonomy on innovation.

Technology has become closely interwoven with our lives, positioning us as authors of large and diverse databases. These extensive collections of digital assets will be left behind as digital legacies after users eventually die. Addressing the inevitability of death in digital systems, including considerations for pre-configuring, or accessing these digital legacies, calls for thanatosensitivity in design. As a relatively new field, thanatosensitive HCI research on digital legacy has primarily focused on data storage and security as well as social networking systems. However, people might create online content that can be of relevance postmortem beyond the next of kin and private network, such as contributions to digital commons communities. In my research, I explore challenges and opportunities for thanatosensitive design in the context of digital commons communities by examining two design cases as samples of that area: GitHub and the Free Music Archive. Through a process inspired by programmatic design research, I followed a mixed method approach including literature reviews, interviews, workshop sessions, and iterative design synthesis. The outcome is a guidebook consisting of annotated portfolios with design exemplars for each design case, accessible to different stakeholders for further collaboration. Drawing on the annotations and intersections between both cases, I frame the knowledge contributions of this study as insights from the design process, aiming to provide directions for future research on thanatosensitivity in systems for digital commons contributions.

Modern research in the life sciences is unthinkable without computational methods for extracting, quantifying and visualising information derived from microscopy imaging data of biological samples. In the past decade, we observed a dramatic increase in available software packages for these purposes. As it is increasingly difficult to keep track of the number of available image analysis platforms, tool collections, components and emerging technologies, we provide a conservative overview of software that we use in daily routine and give insights into emerging new tools. We give guidance on which aspects to consider when choosing the platform that best suits the user's needs, including aspects such as image data type, skills of the team, infrastructure and community at the institute and availability of time and budget.