The concept of Operational decision making is not new, but in the context of Enterprise Resource Planning implementation as is the case at PFK Electronics (PTY) Ltd., it becomes part of what ERP process that makes organisations more competitive and profitable as Wallace and Kremzar (2001) comment, "Effective forecasting, planning, and scheduling is fundamental to productivity and ERP is a fundamental way to achieve it. Properly implementing ERP will give you a competitive advantage and help you run your business more effectively, efficiently and responsively." The Operational decision making process that forms part of the research question is a process known as Sales and Operational Planning process (SOP's). The research paper is looking at how Real Time Shop floor information can impact on the decision making process, as Wallace and Kremzar (2001 : 165) state that this is the most important element in making ERP systems work. The study looks at what information is required to make effective decisions in the SOP's process and how the respondents perceive information quality, its value and the impact on decision making in the SOP's process. The research sought to further investigate a diverse demographic population, the behavioural culture within the organisation and their perception on having this information in real time directly from the shop floor. Data was collected via a survey questionnaire and an interview process which also required the review of organisational documentation where available. The research aimed to investigate what information Operations (SOP's) need to make effective decisions to meet the organisational strategic objectives and to determine the best means of obtaining and communicating the information to managers. Developing this further the research was then broken down into three objectives: • To investigate 'what' information sales and operations managers need in order to make effective decisions that will have an impact on them meeting strategic performance objectives. • To evaluate 'how' real time shop floor information can improve the decision making process in Operations in meeting strategic objectives; by understanding the types and methods used in decision making and the significance of time on information. • To recommend suitable Information Communication Technology (ICT) systems to obtain and communicate information to managers effectively within operations. During this process time constraints were of a concern, which manifested in objective three not being able to be completed to the satisfaction of the researcher. However the research process, which included the survey and interviews of respondents, the researcher felt that respondents where honest and open in expressing their views which adds to the validity and reliability of the research. The results showed that there was a clear understanding of the topic amongst the respondents. It showed that the respondents had a good understanding of information and its importance in meeting strategic objectives by making better decisions. It became clear that ERP was generally working well but that timeliness of information was the biggest obstacle in meeting strategic objectives in balancing supply and demand. The research identified the information necessary for the SOP's process to be effective and it also showed the impact of having real time shop floor information available to the decision making process. It also showed that there would be other benefits as performance could also be improved by having real time performance indicators that are used to set the pace and common goal. The report also identified some cultural differences between PFK electronics culture and NUMSA unionised employees culture and the impact it has on relationships and communication. The report concludes with the research question being answered and with a recommendation that the single most important means of improving operational effectiveness is going to be to improve the quality of information used in decision making. The research has shown that getting this information in 'real time' or as close as possible to real time is the best means of improving the quality of information and its impact on management decisions. It is further recommended to investigate the implementation of systems such as Manufacturing Execution Systems to link the shop floor directly into the current ERP system and lastly to find a means of bridging the cultural differences between NUMSA unionised employees and PFK behavioural culture. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.A.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi identificar fatores relacionados ao planejamento operacional da produção que intervêm no desempenho de uma pequena empresa metalúrgica. Como objetivos específicos, pretendeu-se: identificar a existência de políticas e práticas de planejamento na empresa, bem como procedimentos de sua formalização; descrever as características e as atividades do planejamento operacional da produção e os fatores intervenientes em seu desempenho; identificar as características organizacionais específicas da pequena empresa que influenciam o funcionamento do planejamento operacional da produção. Diversos trabalhos da literatura destacam uma relação positiva entre as atividades de planejamento e o desempenho empresarial no âmbito das empresas de pequeno porte e isto motiva o estudo deste assunto. A pequena empresa, devido a suas características específicas tais como restrição de recursos (humanos, financeiros e materiais) e limitado poder de negociação diante de fornecedores, concorrentes e clientes, demonstra dificuldades na sua gestão, entre elas para planejar, controlar e programar a produção de modo a obter um bom desempenho. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso em uma empresa metalúrgica de pequeno porte da cidade de São Carlos/SP, sendo o pesquisador um dos integrantes do quadro de funcionários da empresa, na função de supervisor de PCP, somado à revisão bibliográfica a cerca do tema. Isso, possibilitou o confronto entre a teoria e a prática e a obtenção de conclusões a respeito do tema estudado. Como principais resultados observou-se que: o planejamento operacional carece de informações e análises para a tomada de decisão; o desempenho de uma empresa é influenciado por diversos fatores, e não é possível isolar planejamento e desempenho desses demais fatores, foi verificado um ganho de desempenho expressivo registrado entre os anos de 2002 a 2006 na empresa, porém este trabalho não pôde afirmar que as mudanças realizadas e os fatores do planejamento operacional da produção, PCP, foram influentes no desempenho da empresa. O motivo que impossibilita esta afirmação é o fato de que outros fatores não analisados neste trabalho revelaram-se como de maior impacto sobre o desempenho, por exemplo, a ação da concorrência e a indisponibilidade de recursos de curto prazo em caixa. / The aim of this research was to identify related factors to the operational production planning that intervene in the performance of a small metallurgic company. As specific purposes, it was intended: to identify the existence of politics and practical planning in the company as well as procedures of its formalizing; to describe the characteristics and activities of the operational production planning and intervenient factors in its performance; to identify specific organizational characteristics of the small business that influence the functioning of the operational production planning. Several researches detach a positive relation between planning activities and enterprise performance in the scope of small businesses, which motivates the study of this subject. The small business, due to its specific characteristics such as restriction of resources (human, financial and material) and its limited negotiation approach over suppliers, competitors and customers, demonstrates difficulties in its management, such as to plan, control and program the production in order to get a good performance. To achieve the established goal, a case study was developed in a small metallurgic company in the city of São Carlos/SP, in which the researcher belongs to the employees board of the company as the supervisor of PPC, added up to a bibliographical review about the subject. This made possible the confrontation between the theory and practice and obtainment of conclusions regarding the subject studied. As main results it was observed that: the operational planning lacks information and analyses for decision making; a company\'s performance is influenced by many factors and it is not possible to separate planning and performance from these factors, a significant gain of performance was verified between the years 2002 and 2006 in the company, however this work could not assert that the carried through changes and the factors of the operational production planning, PPC, were influential in the performance of the company. The reason why this affirmation is disabled is the fact that other factors not analyzed in this study were brought out as the biggest impact in performance, for example, the action of the competitors and the unavailability of resources of short term in the company.

MATS Satellite

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi identificar fatores relacionados ao planejamento operacional da produção que intervêm no desempenho de uma pequena empresa metalúrgica. Como objetivos específicos, pretendeu-se: identificar a existência de políticas e práticas de planejamento na empresa, bem como procedimentos de sua formalização; descrever as características e as atividades do planejamento operacional da produção e os fatores intervenientes em seu desempenho; identificar as características organizacionais específicas da pequena empresa que influenciam o funcionamento do planejamento operacional da produção. Diversos trabalhos da literatura destacam uma relação positiva entre as atividades de planejamento e o desempenho empresarial no âmbito das empresas de pequeno porte e isto motiva o estudo deste assunto. A pequena empresa, devido a suas características específicas tais como restrição de recursos (humanos, financeiros e materiais) e limitado poder de negociação diante de fornecedores, concorrentes e clientes, demonstra dificuldades na sua gestão, entre elas para planejar, controlar e programar a produção de modo a obter um bom desempenho. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso em uma empresa metalúrgica de pequeno porte da cidade de São Carlos/SP, sendo o pesquisador um dos integrantes do quadro de funcionários da empresa, na função de supervisor de PCP, somado à revisão bibliográfica a cerca do tema. Isso, possibilitou o confronto entre a teoria e a prática e a obtenção de conclusões a respeito do tema estudado. Como principais resultados observou-se que: o planejamento operacional carece de informações e análises para a tomada de decisão; o desempenho de uma empresa é influenciado por diversos fatores, e não é possível isolar planejamento e desempenho desses demais fatores, foi verificado um ganho de desempenho expressivo registrado entre os anos de 2002 a 2006 na empresa, porém este trabalho não pôde afirmar que as mudanças realizadas e os fatores do planejamento operacional da produção, PCP, foram influentes no desempenho da empresa. O motivo que impossibilita esta afirmação é o fato de que outros fatores não analisados neste trabalho revelaram-se como de maior impacto sobre o desempenho, por exemplo, a ação da concorrência e a indisponibilidade de recursos de curto prazo em caixa. / The aim of this research was to identify related factors to the operational production planning that intervene in the performance of a small metallurgic company. As specific purposes, it was intended: to identify the existence of politics and practical planning in the company as well as procedures of its formalizing; to describe the characteristics and activities of the operational production planning and intervenient factors in its performance; to identify specific organizational characteristics of the small business that influence the functioning of the operational production planning. Several researches detach a positive relation between planning activities and enterprise performance in the scope of small businesses, which motivates the study of this subject. The small business, due to its specific characteristics such as restriction of resources (human, financial and material) and its limited negotiation approach over suppliers, competitors and customers, demonstrates difficulties in its management, such as to plan, control and program the production in order to get a good performance. To achieve the established goal, a case study was developed in a small metallurgic company in the city of São Carlos/SP, in which the researcher belongs to the employees board of the company as the supervisor of PPC, added up to a bibliographical review about the subject. This made possible the confrontation between the theory and practice and obtainment of conclusions regarding the subject studied. As main results it was observed that: the operational planning lacks information and analyses for decision making; a company\'s performance is influenced by many factors and it is not possible to separate planning and performance from these factors, a significant gain of performance was verified between the years 2002 and 2006 in the company, however this work could not assert that the carried through changes and the factors of the operational production planning, PPC, were influential in the performance of the company. The reason why this affirmation is disabled is the fact that other factors not analyzed in this study were brought out as the biggest impact in performance, for example, the action of the competitors and the unavailability of resources of short term in the company.

Enligt gällande västliga militära planeringsdoktriner, inklusive den svenska som den formuleras i Svensk planerings och ledningsmetod (SPL), är tyngdpunktsanalyser av såväl motståndaren som den egna sidan avgörande steg i planeringsprocesserna på både strategisk och operativ nivå. Tyngdpunkten kan anfallas eller påverkas direkt eller indirekt, i det ideala fallet genom att slå mot kritiska sårbarheter. Kritiska sårbarheter kan ofta vara av teknisk karaktär, vilket historiska erfarenheter visar. Bristande teknisk förståelse riskerar därmed leda till att kritiska sårbarheter hos fienden inte exploateras och att våra egna inte skyddas. De nyckelfaktorer som bygger upp tyngdpunkten ska enligt doktrinerna identifieras genom systemanalys. Beskrivningarna av vad en systemanalys är eller hur denna kan genomföras saknar dock både tillräckligt djup och tydlighet för att kunna användas praktiskt och ge önskad kvalitet. Detta riskerar att ge stora konsekvenser för den fortsatta planeringen. I uppsatsen föreslås en utvecklad metod för tyngdpunktsanalys, med fokus på hur de kritiska sårbarheterna identifieras och värderas. Metodens huvudsakliga moment är modellering och klassificering, där klassificeringsmomentet sker med en föreslagen metod som hämtat stöd från såväl verkansprocessen som civil forskning om systemsårbarheter. Metoden operationaliseras i uppsatsen och prövas i en fallstudie med två fall. Slutsatserna från undersökningen indikerar att den föreslagna metoden är användbar och har förklaringskraft i de undersökta fallen. För att analysen av kritiska sårbarheter ska nå tillräcklig kvalitet krävs djupa systemkunskaper och inte minst resurser i form av personal och tid. Den föreslagna metoden behöver prövas i sin helhet för att utvärdera den praktiska användbarheten. / According to contemporary western military doctrines, and Swedish doctrine is no exception, analyses of the centers of gravity of enemy and friendly forces are vital steps in the planning process at the strategic and operational levels of war. Centers of gravity might be attacked or influenced directly or indirectly, ideally by targeting critical vulnerabilities. Critical vulnerabilities are often of a technical nature, as shown by historical experience. A lack of technical understanding might lead to enemy vulnerabilities not being exploited and our own not being adequately protected. According to doctrine, a center of gravity’s key factors should be identified through systems analysis of enemy and friendly forces. However, descriptions of what these analyses are, or how they should be conducted, lack sufficient depth and clarity to be used in practice and provide sufficient quality. This is likely to have negative consequences for continued planning. This thesis proposes a developed method for center of gravity analysis, focusing on the identification and evaluation of critical vulnerabilities. The main elements of the method are modeling and classification, where the classification is conducted using a proposed method, supported by a method within the targeting process, and by civilian research into system vulnerabilities. The full method is operationalized in the thesis and tested in a two-case study. The conclusions from the study indicate that the proposed method is usable and has explanatory value in the cases studied. To achieve sufficient quality in the analysis of critical vulnerabilities, in-depth systems knowledge and, not least, resources in terms of staff and time are required. The proposed method needs to be tested in its entirety to evaluate its practical usability.

Skogen brukas allt intensivare och större och tyngre maskiner vid skogliga operationer innebär förhöjd risk för körskador. En körskada kan innebära stora ekonomiska förluster likväl som allvarlig påverkan på miljö och sociala värden. Den skogliga branschen jobbar kontinuerligt för att utveckla nya mer hållbara metoder. Ett sätt är att använda sig av digitala beslutsstöd vid planeringstillfället. Timbertrail är ett sådant som tar hänsyn till en trakts beskaffenhet för att hitta bästa avlägg och basväg. Studien visade på att beslutsstödet i teorin hänvisar till bättre bärighet och minskad risk för körskador. Den kan vara ett bra hjälpmedel vid planering men att den skogliga operationen till sist är beroende av att alla inblandade också tar ett personligt ansvar för att minimera risken för körskador.

In today’s competitive market it is more important than ever to have effective and efficient Supply Chain Planning. Despite its wide adoption and many years of development, Sales and Operational Planning, one of the most commonly applied tactical Supply Chain Planning processes, is not generating the desired results as companies are still experiencing difficulties in synchronizing demand and supply. Furthermore, a company’s competitiveness depends on its knowledge management and how that knowledge is disseminated across functions. Therefore, a case study was conducted with the purpose to investigate how knowledge management is used in the Sales and Operational Planning process to streamline its operations. The study presents a conceptual framework built on prior research on how to use knowledge management in the Sales and Operational Planning process. The framework highlights the importance of alignment of targets and information as well as continuous documentation and learning to improve the streamlining of the process. Additionally, the study illustrates linkages between the stages of creating, spreading, and applying knowledge by applying the framework to the case company. The study identified a gap in research where the combination of Sales and Operational Planning and Knowledge Management had not fully been explored. This gap was addressed by the creation of the conceptual framework. The practical contribution identified both systematic, functional, and individual areas of Knowledge Management that can work to streamline the process. / Dagens konkurrenskraftiga marknad gör att det är viktigare än någonsin att ha en effektiv planering av försäljningskedjan. Sälj- och verksamhetsplanering är en av de mest tillämpade taktiska processerna för planering av försäljningskedjan. Trots sin breda användning och många år av utveckling så genererar inte processen de önskade resultaten då företag fortfarande upplever svårigheter i att synkronisera utbud och efterfrågan. Fortsättningsvis finns det korrelation mellan ett företags konkurrenskraft och kunskapsspridning samt hur kunskap sprids internt mellan funktioner. Därför genomfördes en fallstudie med syftet att undersöka hur kunskapshantering kan integreras i sälj- och verksamhetsplaneringen för att effektivisera processen. Studien presenterar ett ramverk baserat på tidigare forskning, om hur sälj- och verksamhetsplaneringen kan effektiviseras genom kunskapshantering. Ramverket belyser vikten av samspel mellan mål och information samt kontinuerlig dokumentation för effektivisering av processen. Vidare illustrerar studien kopplingar mellan stadierna att skapa, sprida och använda kunskap genom att tillämpa ramverket på det undersökta företaget. Studien identifierar ett forskningsgap där kombinationen av sälj- och verksamhetsplanering och kunskapshantering inte har undersökts fullständigt. Detta forskningsgap adresseras genom skapandet av ramverket. Det praktiska bidraget består av både systematiska, funktions-baserade och individ-baserade områden inom kunskapshantering som kan arbeta för att effektivisera processen.

Submitted by Fabio Lanzillotta (fldeabreu@hotmail.com) on 2015-06-12T19:51:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fabio_lanzillotta_versao_final_02.pdf: 2072253 bytes, checksum: 27f0bb0010f15bb2b236228076d3c70e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2015-06-16T13:01:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fabio_lanzillotta_versao_final_02.pdf: 2072253 bytes, checksum: 27f0bb0010f15bb2b236228076d3c70e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-06-19T12:00:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fabio_lanzillotta_versao_final_02.pdf: 2072253 bytes, checksum: 27f0bb0010f15bb2b236228076d3c70e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-19T12:00:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fabio_lanzillotta_versao_final_02.pdf: 2072253 bytes, checksum: 27f0bb0010f15bb2b236228076d3c70e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / The purpose of the presentation is to analyze the main issues in the operationalization of a sports mega-event when thousands of volunteers become the work force without receiving any kind of remuneration, as Brazil will host, during the decade, important mega-events of that kind and will be in need voluntary workforce. For that reason, an explorative qualitative research was conducted, by means of individual interviews with volunteers having previous experience in sports events and with managers of the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee, in order to take a closer look at the analysis on incentives, event planning, organization during the event and the legacy in the vision of these two groups. / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar os pontos de atenção na operacionalização de um megaevento esportivo, em que milhares de voluntários participam como força de trabalho, sem qualquer tipo de remuneração, considerando que o Brasil, nesta década, sediará importantes megaeventos e precisará contar com o uso de mão de obra voluntária. Para tal, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, por meio de entrevistas individuais em profundidade com voluntários que apresentavam experiências anteriores em eventos esportivos e com gestores do Comitê Organizador dos Jogos Olímpicos e Paralímpicos do Rio de Janeiro em 2016. Assim, aprofundou-se as análises sobre motivação, planejamento do evento, organização durante o evento e legado, na visão destes dois grupos

This study aimed to analyze the system adopted in the administrative processes of the Unified Secretariat of the Departments - SUDEP the Federal University of Santa Maria - Campus Frederick. As a new department structure, different from that adopted in the university headquarters, where all of the registry servers meet the demands of all campus departments, there may be some difficulties in the execution of daily processes. In order to identify possible difficulties and propose subsidies to minimize them or ban them was conducted this study. The study focused on the processes carried out in SUDEP and had as subjects surveyed the employees of this department. The methodology used was descriptive qualitative research, with data collection using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to the SUDEP servers to identify the processes that are performed in the office as well as those requiring formalization and those who do not require formalization. Using these data proceeded to the classification of processes that require formalization as an analytical category the degree of difficulty and the execution time in primary and critics using the model proposed by Valle and Oliveira (2009). From a total of fourteen identified processes that require formulation, five were classified as primary nine as critical. Thus, flowcharts were created, it was possible to clearly demonstrate the flow steps of each process follows during its development, providing subsidies for easy understanding and application for the development of formalized guidelines on standard procedure of the processes considered critical by the current server this sector. Moreover, it was possible to identify all considered critical processes is related to the planning of the institution, where some have characteristics related to strategic planning and other related operational planning. It is concluded that research achieved its objectives by identifying the processes developed in SUDEP that present greater difficulties in their development and proposing subsidies in the form flowcharts that will serve to enhance the development of processes, contributing to the achievement of institutional objectives. / A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a sistemática adotada nos processos administrativos da Secretaria Unificada dos Departamentos (SUDEP) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus Frederico Westphalen. Por ser uma estrutura de secretaria nova, diferente da adotada na sede da universidade, em que todos os servidores da secretaria atendem às demandas de todos os departamentos do Campus, é possível que haja algumas dificuldades na execução dos processos cotidianos. Com o objetivo de identificar as existentes e propor subsídios para minimizá-las ou extingui-las, foi realizado este estudo. A pesquisa concentrou-se nos processos realizados na SUDEP e teve como sujeitos pesquisados os servidores dessa secretaria. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, com coleta de dados, utilizando questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicados aos servidores da SUDEP, para a identificação dos processos que são realizados na secretaria bem como os que exigem formalização e os que não exigem formalização. De posse destes dados, procedeu-se à classificação dos processos que exigem formalização, tendo como categorias de análise o grau de dificuldade e o tempo de execução, classificados em primários e críticos, utilizando-se o modelo proposto por Valle e Oliveira (2009). De um total de quatorze processos identificados que exigem formalização, cinco foram classificados como primários e nove como críticos. Com isso, foram criados fluxogramas, nos quais foi possível demonstrar, de forma clara, o fluxo que as etapas de cada processo segue durante seu desenvolvimento, proporcionando subsídios de fácil entendimento e aplicação para a elaboração de orientações formalizadas em procedimento-padrão dos processos considerados críticos pelos atuais servidores desse setor. Além disso, foi possível identificar que todos os processos considerados críticos têm relação com o planejamento da instituição, no qual alguns têm características relacionadas ao planejamento estratégico e outros, relacionadas com o planejamento operacional. Conclui-se que a pesquisa atingiu seus objetivos, identificando quais os processos desenvolvidos na SUDEP que apresentam maiores dificuldades no seu desenvolvimento e propondo subsídios, sob a forma de fluxogramas, que servirão para melhorar o desenvolvimento dos processos e contribuir para o alcance dos objetivos institucionais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MaxCPF.pdf: 2755624 bytes, checksum: a03e472afc07077b6c8f8b043b88366b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developping the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. Its important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformers secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity / A utiliza??o de c?lculos de fluxo de carga para an?lise de sistemas de transmiss?o de energia el?trica ? algo que vem sendo feito desde da d?cada de 50. Portanto, sabendo-se as caracter?sticas f?sicas do sistema, como os tipos de cabos utilizados nas linhas e seu comprimento, transformadores utilizados, capacitores, geradores e as cargas do sistema, era poss?vel calcular os valores das tens?es, correntes, dos fluxos de pot?ncia e das perdas do mesmo. Contudo, naquela ?poca, este tipo de c?lculo apresentava algumas limita??es como, em primeiro lugar, o m?todo utilizado para resolver o sistema de equa??es n?o lineares, Gauss-Siedel, fundamental para realiza??o do c?lculo de fluxo de carga, era bastante lento. E em segundo, os computadores da ?poca al?m de extremamente caros e raros eram grandes e lentos. No final da d?cada de 60, Domell apresenta em seu trabalho uma proposta de resolu??o de fluxo de carga baseado no m?todo Newton-Rhapson. A partir da?, o m?todo apresentado por Domell passou a se uma referencia na resolu??o de c?lculo de fluxo de carga. O m?todo de Newton (como passou a ser chamado), al?m de apresentar uma excelente converg?ncia para sistemas ditos mal comportados, ? bastante r?pido. Depois da apresenta??o do trabalho de Domell muitos outros trabalhos foram publicados baseados na sua formula??o, tentando melhorar ainda as caracter?sticas do m?todo. Pois, mesmo naquela ?poca, os computadores ainda apresentavam duas limita??es b?sicas, velocidade de processamento e a limita??o de mem?ria. Portanto, os m?todos baseados no de Newton tentavam diminuir a quantidade de c?lculos e o tamanho das matrizes utilizados no processo, tentado conservar a robustez do m?todo original. Uma caracter?stica comum entre os m?todos apresentados at? o final dos anos 80, era que eles eram desenvolvidos baseados nas caracter?sticas dos sistemas de transmiss?o de energia el?trica. Ou seja, at? ent?o, a distribui??o de energia era uma ?rea em que os engenheiros n?o se preocupavam. E para realiza??o de qualquer estudo para sistemas de distribui??o era utilizava-se os m?todos desenvolvidos para sistemas de transmiss?o. Por?m, nos anos 90, esta tend?ncia come?ou a mudar, em Janeiro de 1990 Cespedes apresenta um m?todo desenvolvido especialmente para sistemas radiais de distribui??o de energia el?trica. O m?todo apresentado por Cespedes explora a principal caracter?stica dos sistemas de distribui??o, a sua forma??o radial e, al?m disso, o m?todo n?o sugere na sua formula??o que o sistema tenha alto valor da rela??o entre a indut?ncia e a resist?ncia das linhas, como no m?todo de Newton. Com o passar dos anos, o aparecimento de novos tipos de cargas mais sens?veis a qualidade da energia, a regulamenta??o do fornecimento de energia com o aparecimento de novas leis, a competi??o entre as distribuidoras, a privatiza??o do fornecimento e a necessidade de redu??o dos custos em geral, os engenheiros passaram a ter uma outra preocupa??o: a qualidade e custo do fornecimento. Ou seja, o problema da resolu??o de c?lculos de fluxo de carga n?o seria mais o de tempo de processamento nem da quantidade de mem?ria envolvida, os engenheiros estariam agora preocupados com a fidelidade da representa??o matem?tica dos elementos do sistema e o desenvolvimento de t?cnicas de otimiza??o para a instala??o e dimensionamento dos elementos dos sistemas. Nos primeiros fluxos de carga as representa??es dos elementos eram bastante elementares, fazendo-se muitas aproxima??es. Inicialmente, todo o sistema era reduzido a um equivalente monof?sico, ou seja, as indut?ncias m?tuas das linhas eram desprezadas, as cargas eram consideradas perfeitamente equilibradas, teriam que ser necessariamente todas trif?sicas e o efeito da liga??o das bobinas entre o prim?rio e o secund?rio dos transformadores n?o era considerado. Estes tipos de aproxima??es limitavam muito o poder de an?lise dos engenheiros, pois a representa??o matem?tica era bem diferente da realidade encontrada no sistema real, dificultando an?lises mais precisas. Com o passar dos anos e o aumento da necessidade foram aparecendo fluxos de carga trif?sicos, com uma modelagem matem?tica mais fiel dos equipamentos, e com isso os resultados passaram a ser mais compat?veis com a realidade, possibilitando aos engenheiros an?lises mais precisas. O uso de t?cnicas de otimiza??o associado a c?lculos de fluxo de carga, permitiu que os resultados dos fluxos n?o somente apresentasse o estado do sistema, calculando-se unicamente os valores das vari?veis de interesse, para um carregamento qualquer. Agora, com esta nova ferramenta, os engenheiros poderiam fazer estudos verificando a localiza??o e dimensionamento ?timo de equipamentos no sistema. Domell, em um trabalho pioneiro, desenvolveu um m?todo de c?lculo defluxo de carga no qual eram calculados os reativos necess?rios que deveriam ser injetados em cada barra do sistema, de modo que as perdas do sistema fossem m?nimas. Em resumo, c?lculos de fluxo de carga ?timos permitem que, se escolhendo uma vari?vel de controle e uma fun??o objetivo, encontre-se um ponto onde o valor da fun??o objetivo seja ?timo quando for calculado para o valor encontrado da vari?vel de controle. A proposta desse trabalho ?, inicialmente, desenvolver um fluxo de carga trif?sico para sistemas radiais de distribui??o, baseado no m?todo de CESPEDES, cuja representa??o matem?tica dos elementos do sistema seja o mais fiel poss?vel ao seu funcionamento real. Este fluxo de carga servir? como base para, em uma segunda etapa, a aplica??o de t?cnicas de otimiza??o visando o dimensionamento ?timo de elementos do sistema. Para que se possa utilizar t?cnicas de otimiza??o, inicialmente, foram desenvolvidos m?todos para se encontrar como o sistema se comporta, sobre algum aspecto, quando o valor de uma vari?vel de controle ? modificado, ou seja, calcular o valor da derivada de uma fun??o com rela??o a uma vari?vel espec?fica. Em posse do c?lculo dessas derivadas, ser?o aplicadas t?cnicas de otimiza??o para se encontrar o ponto de ?timo