Busca obtener altos rendimientos de extracción del mucilago de la penca de tuna mediante la aplicación de un diseño de experimentos, caracterizarlo químicamente y utilizarlo eficientemente en la remoción de la turbidez en aguas turbias. Determina, mediante un análisis de los trabajos de la literatura especializada, los factores más influyentes en el proceso de extracción del mucílago del Opuntia ficus Indica. Aplica un diseño factorial fraccionado para obtener un alto rendimiento en la extracción del mucilago. Realiza la caracterización del mucilago por medio de técnicas químicas y/o físicas. Determina la concentración óptima por medio de la prueba de jarras, aplicando el diseño factorial por bloques para obtener el máximo de remoción de la turbidez del agua. / Tesis

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La industria agro-alimentaria se encuentra en constante evolución, adaptándose a las demandas de los consumidores. Un claro ejemplo es el de la industria frutícola, que ha partido de los productos mínimamente procesados, hacia procesos mucho más complejos como las destilaciones, requiriendo mayores cantidades de materias primas. Estos procesos conllevan a la generación de millones de toneladas de residuos frutícolas al año, produciendo en muchos de los casos grandes problemas con impactos medioambientales. No obstante, la riqueza organoléptica y de compuestos nutraceúticos en estos residuos hacen posible su revalorización, haciendo de manera sostenible un cambio sustancial en el impacto negativo medioambiental y generando nuevos productos con repercusiones económicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis doctoral explora las características nutricionales, sensoriales y nutraceúticas de dos especies frutícolas (Persea americana y Opuntia spp.) y sus subproductos, con la finalidad de generar una caracterización integral y un aprovechamiento de los residuos generados por los cultivos de ambos frutos en las industrias alimentarias (pieles y semillas), así como de especies de Opuntia no utilizadas comercialmente. Esta exploración ha sido posible usando diferentes técnicas analítica, bioquímicas y microbiológicas para llevar a cabo la detección de las posibles alternativas de uso. Como resultado a las potenciales propiedades de los frutos de aguacates y de los higos chumbos, se decidió realizar una caracterización nutricional de los principales macronutrientes, y debido a la poca información encontrada en Opuntia spp., se realizó la caracterización lipídica, de los azúcares y ácidos orgánicos de los frutos. Posteriormente se evaluaron las propiedades nutraceúticas, por un lado se evaluaron espectrofotométricamente los compuestos bioactivos de ambos subproductos frutícolas mediante distintas técnicas como Folin-Ciocalteu para la determinación de polifenoles totales, Al3Cl3 para determinación de flavonoides totales, y poder reductor, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS y ß-caroteno para la determinación de capacidad antioxidante hidrofílica e lipofílica de los extractos, además, en Opuntia spp. se analizó el contenido de los colorantes betaxantinas y betacianinas. Por otro lado, mediante el uso de técnicas cromatográficas HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, se caracterizaron los perfiles polifenólicos (ácidos fenólicos y flavonoides) de ambos subproductos frutícolas, más los perfiles betalainicos de las muestras de higos chumbos. Por último, mediante técnicas microbiológicas y ensayos citotoxicológicos, se comprobó el poder antimicrobiano, antitumoral y hepatotóxico, con ayuda de 16 cepas bacterianas, y fúngicas, 4 líneas celulares tumorales y 1 línea celular sana obtenida a partir de hígado de cerdo, denominada PLP2. Finalmente, se ha realizado un ensayo de optimización multivariable de extracción de los compuestos bioactivos de Opuntia spp. mediante extracciones asistidas por microondas y ultrasonidos, haciendo uso de un diseño experimental estadístico empleando las herramientas de metodología de respuesta de superficie acopladas a un diseño central compuesto 2^4 con 7 puntos centrales, para la obtención de modelizaciones graficas de los parámetros de respuesta, que ayudan a identificar las condiciones óptimas de los factores de extracción empleados. En definitiva, estos análisis suponen la obtención de información relevante sobre la extracción de compuestos bioactivos con aplicaciones nutraceúticas y colorantes, que pueden ser añadidos a una amplia gama de productos de las industrias farmacéuticas, cosméticas y alimentarias, para reforzar o mejorar las características y funcionalidades de estos. / [CA] La indústria agroalimentària es troba en constant evolució, adaptant-se a les demandes dels consumidors. Un clar exemple és el de la indústria fructícola, que ha partit dels productes mínimament processats, cap a processos molt més complexos com les destil¿lacions, requerint majors quantitats de matèries primeres. Aquests processos comporten la generació de milions de tones de residus fructícoles a l'any, produint en molts dels casos grans problemes amb impacte mediambientals. No obstant això, la riquesa nutracèutica i organolèptica d'aquests residus fan possible la seua revaloració, fent de manera sostenible un canvi substancial en l'impacte negatiu mediambiental i generant nous productes amb repercussions econòmiques. En aquest context, la present tesi doctoral explora les característiques nutricionals, sensorials i nutracèutiques de dues espècies fructícoles (Persea americana i Opuntia spp.) i els seus subproductes, amb la finalitat generar una caracterització integral i un aprofitament dels residus generats pels cultius de tots dos fruits en les indústries alimentàries (pells i llavors), així com de les espècies d'Opuntia no utilitzades comercialment. Aquesta exploració ha estat possible usant diferents tècniques analítiques, bioquímiques i microbiològiques per a dur a terme la detecció de les possibles alternatives d'ús. A causa de les potencials propietats dels fruits d'alvocats i de les figues paleres, es va decidir realitzar una caracterització nutricional dels principals macronutrients, i a causa de la poca informació trobada en Opuntia spp., es va realitzar la caracterització lipídica, dels sucres i àcids orgànics dels fruits. Posteriorment es van avaluar les propietats nutracèutiques, d'una banda es van avaluar espectrofotomètricament els compostos bioactius de tots dos fruits mitjançant diferents tècniques com Folin-Ciocalteu per a la determinació de polifenols totals, Al3Cl3 per a la determinació de flavonoides totals, i poder reductor, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS i ß-caroteno per a la determinació de capacitat antioxidant hidrofílica i lipofílica dels extractes. A més, en Opuntia spp. es va analitzar el contingut dels colorants betaxantines i betacianines. D'altra banda, mitjançant l'ús de tècniques cromatogràfiques HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS / MS, es van caracteritzar els perfils polifenòlics (àcids fenòlics i flavonoides) de tots dos fruits, més els perfils betalainics de les mostres de figues de moro. Finalment, mitjançant tècniques microbiològiques i assajos citotoxicològics, es va comprovar el poder antimicrobià, antitumoral i hepatotòxic, amb ajuda de 8 ceps bacterians, 8 ceps fúngics, 4 línies cel·lulars tumorals i 1 línia cel·lular sana obtinguda a partir de fetge de porc, anomenada PLP2 . Finalment, s'ha realitzat un assaig d'optimització multivariable d'extracció dels compostos bioactius d'Opuntia spp. mitjançant extraccions assistides per microones i ultrasons, fent ús d'un disseny experimental estadístic emprant les eines de metodologia de resposta de superfície acoplades a un disseny central compost 2 ^ 4 amb 7 punts centrals, per a l'obtenció de modelitzacions gràfiques dels paràmetres de resposta, que ajuden a identificar les condicions òptimes dels factors d'extracció empleats. En definitiva, aquestes anàlisis suposen l'obtenció d'informació rellevant sobre l'obtenció de compostos bioactius amb aplicacions nutracèutiques i colorants, que poden ser afegits a una àmplia gamma de productes de les indústries farmacèutiques, cosmètiques i alimentàries, per reforçar o millorar les característiques i funcionalitats d'aquests. / [EN] Agro-alimentary industries are constantly evolving and adapting to their customer needs, for instance, in the fruit industry, the transition between minimum processed products to more complex process such as distillation has been occurring and increasing, thus, demanding higher volumes of raw materials. All this process and operations lead to millions of tons of fruit by-products generated every year, creating deep environmental issues with high impact most of the times. Nevertheless, revalorization of the by-products it possible due to the nutraceutical and organoleptic characteristics, which brings potential benefits in both, environmental protection and positive economic repercussion in a sustainable manner. According to the previously mentioned background, this doctoral thesis focus on the nutrimental, organoleptic and nutraceutical characteristics of two different fruits (Persea americana and Opuntia spp.) and their by-products, aiming to develop an integral characterization and revalorization of the by-product produced in the food industries (seeds and peels) from both cultivars. Likewise, the exploitation of non-commercial Opuntia species. The whole exploration was possible due to the use of analytic, biochemical and microbiological techniques, which allowed us to elucidate possible alternatives of usage. As a result of avocado and prickly pears potential functional properties, a nutritional characterization from the principal macronutrients was performed, additionally, due to the lack of information on Opuntia spp., lipid, sugar and organic acids profiling were also analysed on the edible fruits. Afterwards, nutraceutical properties were assessed, on one hand, bioactive compounds from both fruits by-products were spectrophotometric analysed through different procedures such as, total phenolic profile by Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoid content through Al3Cl3 methodology and hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity of the extracts via reducing power, ABTS, DPPH, TBARS and ß-carotene bleaching assays, besides, betaxhantins and betacyanins pigments quantification from Opuntia spp. was also performed. In the other hand, polyphenolic (phenolic acids and flavonoids) profiling in both fruit by-products was performed throughout chromatographic techniques such as HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, in the same manner, betalainic profile was also analysed on prickly pears. Lastly, applying microbiological techniques and cytotoxic assays, hepatotoxicity, antimicrobial and antitumor activity was tested using a freshly porcine liver extracted cell line (namely PLP2), 16 bacterial and fungus strains and 4 carcinogenic cell lines respectively. Finally, multivariable ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions of Opuntia spp. bioactive compounds were optimized, performing an experimental design using statistical tools such as response surface methodology (RSM) coupled to 2^4 central composite design (CCD) with 7 star points, in order to obtain graph modelling of the response parameters, which help to identify the optimal conditions of the extraction factors used. Summarizing, relevant information on the extraction of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical and colouring applications was achieved through specific analysis, thus, the previously mention phytochemical molecules can then be added to a wide range of products within the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, to strengthen or improve the characteristics and functionalities of the final products. / Melgar Castañeda, B. (2019). APROVECHAMIENTO DE SUBPRODUCTOS DE CULTIVOS DE HIGO CHUMBO (Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Y AGUACATE (Persea americana) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/121145 / Compendio

Les orientations de la politique agricole marocaine, notamment le Plan Maroc Vert, encouragent la valorisation des zones arides et le développement de cultures qui s’adaptent au réchauffement climatique. Le figuier de Barbarie est une plante qui s'adapte au climat aride et semi-aride mais il reste encore sous-exploité au Maroc. Les cladodes du figuier de Barbarie sont largement consommées au Mexique et elles contiennent des composants bioactifs qui ont des effets bénéfiques sur la santé. Le jus extrait à partir des cladodes des deux espèces Opuntia ficus-indica (inerme) et Opuntia megacantha (épineuse) a fait l’objet de ce travail. Les cladodes ont été récoltées dans la région de Marrakech (commune rurale Ouled Dlim) au Maroc durant trois saisons entre 2013 et 2014 (printemps, été et hiver) afin d’évaluer l’effet du temps de récolte sur la composition physico-chimique et biochimique ainsi que sur les propriétés antioxydantes. Le rendement en jus des cladodes varie en fonction des saisons et des espèces (20,83 – 63,39 %). Les analyses physico-chimiques et biochimiques ont montré que le jus de cladode est riche en polyphénols (455,65 ± 7,63 – 542,70 ± 1,35 µg EGA/ mL), en acide ascorbique (17,60 ± 1,87 – 22,88 ± 0,62 mg /100 mL) et en potassium (44,23 – 409,35 mg /100 mL), mais pauvre en sucre (0,66 ± 0,01 – 1,45 ± 0,03 g /100 mL). L’analyse HPLC sur les composés phénoliques a montré que le jus de cladode est riche en flavonols à savoir l’isoquercetine et l’hyperoside (645,90 µg/mL et 164,50 µg/mL respectivement). L’activité antioxydante du jus de cladode a été mesurée avec le test FRAP (1,74 ± 0,07 – 3,33 ± 0,02 µmol ET/mL) et l’activité antiradicalaire a été réalisée avec le test DPPH (1,78 ± 0,03 – 4,10 ± 0,02 µmol ET/mL) et le test ABTS (12,78 ± 1,69 – 23,10 ± 0,17 µmol ET/mL). La corrélation entre les analyses a montré qu'il y avait une relation significative (p<0,05) entre les méthodes d’analyses, les espèces et les saisons. Le jus de cladode extrait à partir de l’espèce épineuse (Opuntia megacantha) et la récolte effectuée au mois d’août nous ont donné les plus grandes valeurs en composants biochimiques et pour l’activité antioxydante. L’analyse quantitative du jus de cladode du mois de mars par HPLC-DAD à montré la présence d’une quantitié importante de flavonoïdes essentiellement l’isoquercetine et l’hyperoside. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré la richesse du jus en nutriments et son potentiel antioxydant. Le jus de cladode peut être conservé durant 42 jours à 4°C, après une pasteurisation à 95°C pendant 3 min dans un bain-marie et un abaissement du pH à 3,5 avec de l’acide citrique. Le jus peut être commercialisé sous forme de nectar, thé glacé ou boisson gazeuse, sans oublier une valorisation de ses coproduits (confiture, soupe, poudre, etc.). / The orientations of the Moroccan agricultural policy concerning the Green Morocco Plan, promote the development of the arid zones and the development of crops that adapt to global warming. The prickly pear cactus is a plant which is adapted to the arid climate and still untapped in Morocco. Prickly pear cladodes contain bioactive components that have beneficial health effects. The juice extracted from cladodes of both species Opuntia ficus-indica(spineless) and Opuntia megacantha(spiny) was the subject ofthis work. The cladodes were harvested in the region of Marrakech (Ouled Dlim) in Morocco for three seasons (spring, summer and winter) between 2013 and 2014 to assess the effect of harvest time on the physico-chemical and biochemical composition and antioxidant activity. The yield of cladode juice varies within the seasons and species (63,39 –20,83 %). The physico-chemical and biochemical analyzes showed that cladode juice is rich in polyphenols (543 ± 1–456 ± 8mg GAE/mL), in ascorbic acid (17,60 ± 1,87 –22,88 ± 0,62 mg/100 mL) and in potassium (409,35 –44,23 mg/100mL) but poor in sugar (0,66 ± 0,01–1,45 ± 0,03 g/100 mL). HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds has shown that cladode juice is rich in flavonols namely isoquercetin and hyperoside (645,90 mg/mL and 164,50 mg/mL respectively). The antioxidant activity of cladode juice was measured with FRAP test (1,74 ± 0,07 –3,33 ± 0,02 μmol TE/mL) and the antiradical activity was carried out with the DPPH test (1,78 ± 0,03 –4,10 ± 0,02 μmol TE/mL ) and the ABTS test (12,78 ± 1,69 –23,10 ± 0,17 μmol TE/mL ). The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship (p<0,05) between the methods of analysis, species and seasons.Quantitative analysis of cladode juice harvested in March HPLC-DAD showed the presence of a significant quantity of flavonoids essentially isoquercetin and hyperoside. Results of these analyzes showed that cladode juice is rich in nutriments and has an antioxidant activity potential. The juice can be stored for 42 days at 4°C, after pasteurization at 95°Cfor 3 min in a water bath and lowering the pH to 3,5 with citric acid. Cladode juice can be used as nectar, iced tea or soft drink and with a valorization of its coproducts (jam, soup, powder etc.).

Natural contamination of groundwater by arsenic (As) has become a critical public health threat in many parts of the world. The well-known regions associated with As contamination of groundwater are Bangladesh and West Bengal, India where approximately 100 million people are exposed to high levels of arsenic by drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater and about 35 million are already affected. Long-term drinking of arsenic-contaminated water leads to arsenicosis, which is characterized by cancers of the skin, organ disease and certain other types of cancer. Affected developing communities are at higher risk because they may not have access to conventional water treatment facilities. This problem has focused research efforts on providing accessible arsenic removal technologies. In this study, cactus mucilage, an extract from the Opuntia ficus-indica (also known as Nopal and Prickly Pear cactus), is investigated as a natural agent for As removal from water. Cactus mucilage is a natural hydrocolloid with known flocculant abilities and a demonstrated interaction with As. Two mucilage fractions were extracted - a gelling extract (GE) and a non-gelling extract (NE). Two As removal systems were studied: the cactus mucilage acting alone and a hybrid mucilage and iron treatment system. The mechanism of action of the mucilage's interaction with arsenic was also studied. Batch experiments were used to study the arsenic removal systems. Total As was determined with Hydride Generation - Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (HGAFS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS). In the hybrid system, iron (Fe) was also determined by ICP-MS. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis was used to determine mucilage concentration. Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UVVIS) were used to study the molecular composition. Additionally, the mucilage was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for physical morphology and by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for inorganics and sugars composition. Both cactus extracts showed an interaction with As by binding and transporting As to the air-water interface of the treatment container, with GE and NE causing a 14% and 9% respective increase in As concentration at the air-water interface. TOC analysis showed that the mucilage migrated to the top of the treatment container but also settled on the bottom. This interaction with As was shown to be pH dependent - optimal performance was at pH 5.5 and 9. The mucilage interaction with As was also dependent on the ionic strength of the solution. ATR-FTIR showed the role of the carboxyl functional group as the binding site for the As(V). The hybrid iron-mucilage treatment system was studied in order to capitalize on the strong affinity of iron for As, as well as to exploit the flocculant properties of the mucilage. Mucilage was successfully applied as a coagulant aid in the removal of As by Fe(III) salt, achieving between 75% to 96% As removal. The process depended on the hydrolysis of the Fe(III) salt to form iron hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, which reacted with and adsorbed the dissolved As(V). The iron arsenate colloidal precipitate which formed was then adsorbed onto the mucilage surface forming larger, heavier, denser flocs. The As removal increased with increasing mucilage concentration reaching a maximum at 100 mg/L GE. Increasing Fe(III) concentration increased the As removal reaching an optimum concentration at 40 mg/L Fe. The As removal had rapid kinetics, achieving visual separation within 10 minutes and completing the majority of the removal within 30 minutes. These results are important because they demonstrate that the mucilage is the versatile basis for an As removal treatment, being able to interact as a complexant for the arsenic as well as an effective coagulant aid for iron arsenate precipitation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:55:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ps_me_jabo.pdf: 335704 bytes, checksum: 115114dd0becad3405d05e364da4f676 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) / Nos últimos anos o ataque da Dactylopius opuntiae, conhecida como cochonilha-do-carmim, à palma forrageira no Nordeste, tem causado grandes prejuízos principalmente na região da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Alagoas. Uma alternativa em desenvolvimento para o controle da praga é a seleção de fungos patogênicos e virulentos ao inseto. Neste estudo foi proposta a avaliação de produtos a serem usados como componentes da formulação de bioinseticidas, para o preparo de caldas a serem aplicadas no controle da cochonilha. Foi utilizado o isolado LCB63 de Beauveria bassiana previamente selecionado quanto à patogenicidade e virulência ao inseto. Avaliou-se a exposição do isolado a diferentes concentrações (0,005, 0,01, 0,05, 0,1, 0,5 e 1,0%) de surfactantes (Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100, Ultratan D, Surfon 3403, Surfon 5409, Sabão OMO®, Detergente neutro Ypê®) através do crescimento de colônias, germinação após exposição temporária aos produtos e a influência do balanço hidrofílico-lipofílico (HLB) na dispersão e viabilidade de conídios. Em outro experimento, avaliou-se a tolerância dos conídios do isolado à radiação solar e ultravioleta em fluxo laminar sob efeito de diferentes concentrações de fotoprotetores (Neo Heliopan AV, Neo Heliopan E1000, Oxibenzona, Amido e Leite) em diferentes períodos de exposição. Finalmente, verificou-se a mortalidade de ninfas de D. opuntiae utilizando-se formulações contendo os surfactantes e fotoprotetores que apresentaram os melhores resultados nos experimentos anteriores. Unitol L/20 e Ultranex NP/100 não apresentaram efeito deletério na formação de colônias, e Surfon 5409, detergente neutro Ypê® e sabão OMO®, apresentaram grande toxicidade ao fungo. Não houve interferência de Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100 e Ultratan D na germinação dos conídios nos primeiros 10 minutos de exposição aos surfactantes... / For the last years the attack of Dactylopius opuntiae know as Carmine cochineal to forage palm, in northern states of Brazil, have causes great prejudice, mainly in the regions of Paraíba, Pernambuco e Alagoas. One developing alternative for the control of this pest is the selection of pathogenic and virulent fungi to the insect. This study proposed the evaluation of products to be used as compounds in the formulation of bioinsecticides, for the preparation of broths applied in the control of cochineal. The isolate LCB63 of Beauveria bassiana previously selected for its pathogenicity and virulence to the insect, was used. The exposition of the isolate in different concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%) of surfactants (Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100, Ultratan D, Surfon 3403, Surfon 5409, OMO® washing powder, Ypê® neutral detergent) was evaluated through the colonies growth, germination after temporary exposition to the products and influence of the hydro-lipofilic balance (HLB) in the dispersion and viability of the conidia. Another experiment evaluated the tolerance of the conidia to solar radiation and ultraviolet in laminar flow hood, under the effect of different photoprotector concentrations (Neo Heliopan AV, Neo Heliopan E1000, Oxibenzona, starch and milk) with different exposition timing. Finally, the mortality of D. opuntiae in the nymph stage was verified by using the formulations containing the surfactants and the photoprotectors that demonstrated the best results in the previous experiments. Unitol L/20 and Ultranex NP/100 didn’t show a deleterious effect in the formation of the colonies, while Surfon 5409, Ypê® neutral detergent and OMO® washing powder showed great toxicity to the fungus. There was no interference of Unitol L/20, Ultranex NP/100 and Ultratan D in the conidia germination during the first ten minutes of exposition to the surfactants... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Submitted by Rebeka Godeiro (rebeka_carvalho@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-21T12:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO JEFFERSON DA SILVA MACÊDO - DISSETAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 3604549 bytes, checksum: cc2db5d074017596cb0db0a6266af30d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T12:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALBERTO JEFFERSON DA SILVA MACÊDO - DISSETAÇÃO ZOOTECNIA 2018.pdf: 3604549 bytes, checksum: cc2db5d074017596cb0db0a6266af30d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Capes / Essa dissertação foi composta por dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial agronômico e características morfológicas de 34 genótipos de palma destinadas a produção de forragem. Os genótipos foram implantados em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com 34 tratamentos e três repetições. Após 330 dias de cultivo realizou-se medições biométricas das características morfológicas, verificação de mortalidade, ocorrência de pragas e doenças e corte das plantas para aferição da produção agronômica. A produção de massa verde se correlacionou com produção de massa seca, acúmulo de água, eficiência de uso da água, acúmulo de água e número de cladódio por planta. Os genótipos indicados para cultivo são Negro Michoacan (V07), Tamazunchale (V12), Califórnia (V14), Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (V17) e Amarillo 2289 (T32) por terem apresentado maiores produções de massa seca e verde, como também maiores acúmulo de água, eficiência de uso da água e capacidade de suporte. No segundo experimento objetivou-se avaliar o padrão de fermentação e a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca de silagens sob a forma de ração. Cinco rações foram formuladas com base em palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill cv. Gigante) e capim-buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições em que as rações diferiram na proporção de capim-buffel (0, 15, 25, 30 e 35%, com base na matéria natural). Observou-se efeito para a composição química das rações, todos os teores de matéria seca (MS) estavam dentro da faixa ideal para uma adequada fermentação. Não houve efeito para concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal. Houve efeito para recuperação da matéria seca (RMS), que variou de 96,3 a 99,9%. Os valores de pH diminuíram à medida que o tempo de abertura (dias) foi prolongado. Os teores de ácidos orgânicos diferiram em todas as rações. No entanto, em geral, todas as rações apresentaram conteúdo de ácido láctico satisfatório. À medida que aumentou a proporção de capim-buffel nas rações, a degradação da MS diminuiu. Com base no perfil de fermentação, perdas e composição química, a ração com maior proporção de palma forrageira pode ser recomendada para produção de silagem. / This dissertation was composed by two experiments. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the agronomic potential and morphological characteristics of 34 cactus pear genotypes destined for forage production. The genotypes were implanted in a randomized complete block design, with 34 treatments and three replications. After 330 days of cultivation, biometric measurements of the morphological characteristics, mortality check, pest and disease occurrence, and crop cutting were performed for agronomic production. Green mass production correlated with dry mass production, water accumulation, water use efficiency, water accumulation and cladode number per plant. The genotypes indicated for cultivation are Negro Michoacan (V07), Tamazunchale (V12), Califórnia (V14), Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (V17) e Amarillo 2289 (T32) for having presented higher yields of dry and green mass, as well as greater accumulation of water, water use efficiency and carrying capacity. In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the fermentation pattern and the in situ degradability of dry matter of silages in the form of diet. Five diets were formulated based on spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill cv. Gigante) and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and three replications in which the diets differed in the proportion of buffelgrass (0, 15, 25, 30 and 35%, based on natural matter). Effect was observed for the chemical composition of the diets, with all dry matter (DM) contents were within the ideal range for adequate fermentation. There was no effect on ammonia nitrogen concentration. There was effect for dry matter recovery (RMD), which ranged from 96.3 to 99.9%. The pH values decreased as the opening time (days) was prolonged. The levels of organic acids differed in all diets. However, in general, all diets had satisfactory lactic acid content. As the proportion of buffelgrass increased in diets, the degradation of DM decreased. Based on the profile of fermentation, losses and chemical composition, the diet with higher a proportion of spineless cactus can be recommended for silage production.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-03-09T23:59:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoCesarDeAzevedoRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2611645 bytes, checksum: c8f02eb0e8383192110ff23c062debbb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-16T20:11:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoCesarDeAzevedoRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2611645 bytes, checksum: c8f02eb0e8383192110ff23c062debbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-16T20:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenatoCesarDeAzevedoRibeiro_DISSERT.pdf: 2611645 bytes, checksum: c8f02eb0e8383192110ff23c062debbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / As nanoemuls?es s?o sistemas emulsionados, caracterizados pelo tamanho de got?cula reduzido (50-500nm), que tem como principais caracter?sticas a estabilidade cin?tica e a instabilidade termodin?mica. S?o sistemas promissores na ?rea cosm?tica devido ao seu tamanho de got?cula que lhes atribui diferentes vantagens quando comparados aos sistemas convencionais, dentre outras, maior ?rea de superf?cie e melhor permeabilidade. A Opuntia ficus-indica ? uma planta cultivada no bioma brasileiro da Caatinga de grande import?ncia socioecon?mica para a regi?o. Apresenta em sua composi??o qu?mica carboidratos utilizados pela ind?stria cosm?tica como ativos hidratantes. Assim este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver, caracterizar, avaliar estabilidade e efic?cia hidratante de nanoemuls?es cosm?ticas aditivadas com extrato vegetal de Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. A obten??o das nanoemuls?es, foi realizada com metodologia de baixa energia. Foram formuladas diferentes nanoemuls?es variando as propor??es das fases oleosa e aquosa e tensoativos al?m da adi??o de goma xantana (0,5% e 1%) e a incorpora??o do extrato hidroglic?lico de Opuntia ficusindica (L.) Mill nas concentra??es de 1 e 3%. As nanoemuls?es obtidas foram submetidas aos testes de estabilidade preliminar e acelerada. Os par?metros avaliativos da estabilidade acelerada monitorados foram: o aspecto macrosc?pico, determina??o do valor do pH, do tamanho de got?cula, do potencial zeta e o do ?ndice de polidispers?o, durante 60 dias em diferentes temperaturas. As formula??es est?veis foram submetidas ? avalia??o da efic?cia hidratante por meio das metodologias de capacit?ncia e perda de ?gua transepidermal durante 5 horas. As amostras est?veis apresentaram aspecto homog?neo, fluido e colora??o branca, valores de pH dentro da faixa ideal (4,5-6,0) para aplica??o t?pica e tamanho de got?culas abaixo de 200nm caracterizando o sistema como nanoemuls?o. As nanoemuls?es desenvolvidas n?o reduziram a perda de ?gua transepidermal, no entanto aumentaram o conte?do h?drico do estrato c?rneo, destacando-se a nanoemuls?o contendo 0,5% de goma xantana e 1% de extrato hidroglic?lico. Esse trabalho apresenta nanoemuls?es cosm?ticas hidratantes compostas com mat?ria-prima vegetal da Caatinga brasileira com potencial para aplica??o na ?rea cosm?tica. / Nanoemulsions are emulsified systems, characterized for reduced droplet size (50- 500nm), which the main characteristic are kinect stability and thermodynamic instability. These are promising systems on cosmetic area due to their droplet size that provide different advantages when compared to conventional systems, among others, larger surface area and better permeability. The Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill is a plant cultivated on Caatinga Brazilian biome, which has great socioeconomic importance to region. This plant shows carbohydrates utilized for cosmetic industry as moisturizing active in their chemical composition. The aim of study was to develop, characterize, evaluate stability and moisturizing efficacy of cosmetic nanoemulsions added to Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill extract. Nanoemulsions preparation was made using a low energy method. Different nanoemulsions were formulated varying the ratio of oil, water and surfactant phases beyond xanthan gum (0.5% e 1%) and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill hydroglycolic extract addition on 1% and 3%. Obtained nanoemulsions were submitted to preliminary and accelerated stability tests. The evaluated parameters monitored were: macroscopic aspect, pH value, droplet size, zeta potential and polydispersion index, during 60 days on different temperatures. Stable formulations were submitted to moisturizing efficacy assessment by capacitance and transepidermal water loss methodologies during 5 hours. Stable samples were white and showed homogeneous and fluid aspect, pH value was inside ideal range (4,5-6,0) to topical application and droplet size under 200nm characterizing these system as nanoemulsions. Developed nanoemulsions did not decrease transepidermal water loss, however increased the water content on stratum corneum, highlighting the nanoemulsions containing 0.5% of xanthan gum and 1% of hydroglycolic extract. This work presents cosmetic moisturizing nanoemulsions composed to vegetal raw material from Brazilian Caatinga with potential to be used on cosmetic area.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-10T15:16:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 520749 bytes, checksum: 34a80646a660667123fe064eb9d896da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T15:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza.pdf: 520749 bytes, checksum: 34a80646a660667123fe064eb9d896da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replecement of soy bean hull by tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon) on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and microbial synthesis of goats feeding spineless cactus (Opuntia fícus-indica, Mill). Ten goats were used, half with 40 kg and others with 20 kg average live weigh. The experimental design was two 5 x 5 Latin Square (5 diet and 5 period). Diets consisted of spineless cactus, tifiton hay (0; 6,25; 12,5; 18,75 and 25%), soy bean meal, soy bean hull and mineral salt. The dry matter intake showed linear increase (P<0.05) with hay inclusion in the diets. However, with he increasing hay inclusion there were linear reduction (P<0.05) on dry matter digestibility. For each percent of hay inclusion there was a increase of 0,5 g of microbial protein. Nevertheless, there was no effect (P>0,05) on the microbial efficiency with increasing hay inclusion. It can be concluded that increasing hay inclusion in spineless cactus diets leaded to increase dry matter intake and microbial protein synthesis, but decreased nutrient digestibility. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de casca de soja por feno de tifton (Cynodon dactylon) sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana em caprinos alimentados com palma forrageira (Opuntia fícus-indica, Mill). Foram utilizados dez caprinos, castrados, sem padrão racial definido, sendo cinco com peso vivo médio de 40 kg e os outros cinco com peso médio de 20 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 5 x 5 (5 dietas e 5 períodos). A dieta experimental foi composta por palma forrageira, níveis de feno de tifton substituindo a casca de soja (0; 6,25; 12,5; 18,75 e 25%), farelo de soja e sal mineral. Foram utilizados dois quadrados simultâneos. O consumo de matéria seca apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão de feno de tifton na ração. Por outro lado, o aumento do nível de feno na dieta provocou efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) para o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca. Para cada percentual de feno adicionado na ração ocorreu aumento diário de 0,5 grama de proteína microbiana. Entretanto, para eficiência microbiana não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05). Sendo assim, a inclusão de feno de tifton em substituição a casca de soja em dietas a base de palma forrageira proporcionou aumento no consumo de matéria seca e na síntese de proteína microbiana. Entretanto, levou a redução na digestibilidade dos nutrientes.

This work seeks to fabricate, optimize, and characterize nanofibers of cactus Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage and Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by electrospinning. Mucilage is a neutral mixture of sugars produced by cactus and PVA is a non-toxic, water-soluble, synthetic polymer, which is widely used as a co-spinning agent for polymers. Mucilage was extracted from the cactus pad and prepared for electrospinning by mixing with acetic acid. Two types of PVA were used differentiating in high and low molecular weights. Concentrations of PVA were varied to find an adequate threshold for fiber formation. Changing the ratio of PVA to cactus mucilage produced fibers of different diameter and quality. The optimizations of the parameters used in the electrospinning setup were also a factor in creating quality fibers without deformity. An acceptable PVA to mucilage ratio mixture was reached for the use of the electrospinning process and consistent nanofibers were accomplished with the use of both the low and high molecular weight PVA. The fibers were observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. In this project we were able to obtain nanofiber meshes made with environmentally friendly materials with fiber diameters raging from 50nm to 7um sized. The produced nanofibers were made in the hope that it can be utilized in the future as an inexpensive, biocompatible, and biodegradable water filtration system.

Energy demand has grown due to the pressures caused by the emission control of greenhouse gases and due to oil exploration and its derivatives as an energy source. An alternative to reduce emissions of gases that cause the greenhouse effect is mix ethanol in gasoline to oxygenated. The worldwide increase generated by the demand for ethanol requires the search for alternative processes for implementation of ethanol production. An alternative is the fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol production. The degree of complexity involved in the structure and composition of the lignocellulosic biomass; and the availability of sugars present in cellulose and hemicellulose require pre-treatment processes in the production of lignocellulosic ethanol. The steps involved in the conversion of sugars to ethanol are pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the hydrolyzate. This work shows the results related to fermentability of pre-treated and hydrolyzed biomass Opuntia ficus-indica in order to compare the efficiency of industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus for ethanol production. In the methodology, it was employed an experimental design 2³ in order to obtain the best condition by the variables investigated concentration of acid (0.5%, 1.0%) pre-treatment time (30 min, 60 min) and the amount of mass (1g, 2g). The pre-treatment under the condition of 1.0% of sulfuric acid for 30 minutes with 2g of biomass was the best result, being the chosen condition to follow the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps. Ethanol production in the fermentation was 5.85 g L-1 with S. cerevisiae, 5.15 g L-1 at K.marxinus and 5.74 g L-1 with the process conducted with the two species. The consumption of reducing sugars during the fermentation stage were similar for the three fermentation conditions. / A exigência energética tem crescido devido às pressões provocadas pelo controle da emissão de gases do efeito estufa devido à exploração de petróleo e seus derivados como fonte de energia. Uma alternativa para redução da emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa é a mistura do etanol na gasolina com agente antidetonante. O incremento mundial gerado pela demanda por etanol requer a busca por processos alternativos para implementação da produção. Uma alternativa é a fermentação da biomassa lignocelulósica para produção de bioetanol. O grau de complexidade envolvido na estrutura e composição da biomassa lignocelulósica; e a disponibilização dos açúcares presentes na celulose e hemicelulose requerem processos de pré-tratamento na produção de etanol lignocelulósico. As etapas envolvidas na conversão dos açúcares em etanol são: pré-tratamento, hidrólise enzimática e fermentação do hidrolisado. Nesse trabalho foi verificado a fermentabilidade da biomassa Opuntia fícus-indica pré-tratada e hidrolisada visando comparar a eficiência das cepas industriais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Kluyveromyces marxianus para produção de etanol. Na metodologia empregou-se um planejamento experimental 23 visando obter a melhor condição investigada através das variáveis: concentração de ácido (0,5%, 1,0%), tempo do pré-tratamento (30min, 60min) e quantidade de massa (1g, 2g). Os melhores resultados foram encontrados no pré-tratamento na condição de 1,0% de ácido sulfúrico por 30 minutos com 2g de biomassa, sendo a condição escolhida para seguir as etapas de hidrólise enzimática e fermentação. A produção de etanol nas fermentações foi de 5,85 g L-1 com S. cerevisiae, 5,15 g L-1 com K.marxinus e 5,74 g L-1 com processo conduzido com a duas espécies. O consumo de açúcares redutores durante a etapa de fermentação foi similar para as três condições de fermentação.