This study examines the interconnectedness of social networks of the early adopter Family and Consumer Science Extension Agents (FCS Agents) of the Mental Healthiness and Aging Initiative (MHAI) pilot conducted in eleven (11) eastern Kentucky counties between October 2007 and April 2009 and compares the social network connections of the FCS Agents in the other six Extension Districts in Kentucky. This research used whole-network survey analysis applying the social network approach, a conceptual model for explaining the communication of new ideas and information within an organizational network. Organizational networks are important structural elements of organizational systems and key to understanding diffusion of new programs within institutional organizations, such as the Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. Previous diffusion studies by Extension scholars have concentrated on the classic diffusion model of agricultural technology innovations with individual farmer adopters. Adoption of new programs and ideas is the process by which individuals in a social system decide to use the communicated new idea, program, and/or technology. This conceptual model describes the stages of diffusion through the attributes of the clientele adopters. The social network conceptual model describes diffusion through communication channels. Identified opinion leaders are matched with those who nominate them or closely identify with them in a diffusion network perspective to accelerate the diffusion process through an optimal pairing of network member with influencers. Data were collected from the FCS Extension Agent network in an online survey “FCS Health Information Communication Network Survey” from July 1, 2011 – July 30, 2011. Participants were asked to rate each of their co-workers in their own district, and in each of the other six districts, on how often they go to each person directly for health education information. Hypothesis testing supports the use of opinion leaders, bridges and communication structures within the social network structure of FCS agents for diffusing health programming within the Cooperative Extension Service.

Microfinance is a development tool used to reduce poverty among extremely poor households. Impoverished households can access lines of credit through microfinance institutions (MFIs), in order to create a new business, smooth household consumption, fund medical emergencies, etc. Many authors postulate that MFIs are drifting from a welfarist to an institutionalist approach to lending. Using MIXMarket data on specific MFIs in 118 countries between 1995 and 2011, the average loan balance of these organizations will be regressed against measure of outreach and sustainability of these institutions by charter type through a series of four, fixed effects models. The main research question is: given that a positive, overall shift in average loan balance indicates an institutionalist shift in mission, how does this impact microfinance institutions and the demographics they target on the intensive and extensive margins? These analyses will test the theory that MFIs with larger average loan balances serve households closer to the subsistence poverty level, a manifestation of mission drift toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending. The phenomenon of mission drift directly impacts the outcomes of microfinance institutions and the target demographic of the organization. The results of this study indicate that the mission of these organizations is drifting toward the institutionalist philosophy of lending. With this general result, mission drift can be observed within both the internal and external margins of the microfinance industry, which influences the chosen target market, profit generated, and structure of MFIs, as determined by the mission of the organization.

Det har skjedd store omstillinger og moderniseringer i norsk offentlig sektor. Mange norske kommuner har innført flat organisasjonsstruktur med to mydighetsnivåer. Desentralisering av ansvar til utførernivå, myndiggjøring og sterk ledelse er sentrale trekk. Den økte effektiviseringen av helse- og omsorgstjenestene, kombinert med økt krav til resultater og rasjonalisering, har hatt negativ innvirkning på arbeidsmiljøene. Tjenesteområdene er store kvinnearbeidsplasser og behovet for oppmerksomhet rundt kvinnenes innsats i norske velferdstjenester er stort. Hensikten med studien er å få kunnskap om hvordan kvinnelige ledere av omsorgstjenestene opplever og håndterer presset mellom økonomisk knapphet og det økende behovet for offentlige velferdsoppgaver, og om hvilken betydning kjønn, tjenestens innhold og struktur, samt ledernes profesjonelle fagbakgrunn, har for ledelse. Det er gjort kvalitative intervjuer med ti kvinnelige ledere av sykehjem og hjemmetjenester i en større bykommune i Norge. Konklusjon: Hovedfunn i studien er at ledelse i to-nivåmodell er kontekstuelt betinget, og styrere og soneledere utfører ledelse forskjellig. Desentralisering av ansvar gir tilsynelatende makt og myndighet over ressurser og budsjett. Styrerne opplever å ha alle muligheter til å lykkes og opplever mestring i jobben. Sonelederne utøver ”avmektig lederskap” og har et distansert forhold til systemet oppover. Familien er en viktig støtte og grensesetter for begge ledergruppene. / There have been great readjustments and modernizations within the Norwegian public sector. Many Norwegian local authorities have implemented a flat organizational structure with 2 levels of authority. Decentralization of responsibility to level of execution, empowerment, and a strong management are key features. The increased efficiency of health- and care services, combined with increased demands for results and rationalization, have had a negative effect on the work environment. The health and care services are large female workplaces, and the need for attention around the female contribution to the Norwegian welfare sector is great. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about how female leaders within the welfare sector perceive and handle the pressure that arises between the lack of funds and the increase in demand for public welfare services. Furthermore, it explores the significance gender, the services’ content and structure, and professional backgrounds of the leaders affect the management. There has been done qualitative interviews with ten female leaders of caring services and institutions for elderly in a larger city municipal in Norway. Conclusion: The main findings in this study is that management in the two-level model, is contextually conditioned, and the directors and zone leaders carry out their management in different ways. The decentralization of responsibility seemingly gives power and authority over resources and the budget. Directors feel they have the opportunity to succeed and experience mastering in their work. Zone leaders perform “powerless leadership” and have a distant relationship with the higher system. Family is an important support and also sets boundaries for both of the managerial groups / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-22-1</p>

Moderna organisationer har ett högt tryckt på sig att kunna anpassa sig till marknadens rå-dande förväntningar. De kan pressas av olika intressenter som kunder och konkurrens men även av organisationens egna anställda. Upp till 70% av alla förändringsarbeten misslyckas vilket tyder på att anställda inte är en del av stödet för den framgångsrika förändringen. För att kunna avklara omfattande organisatoriska förändringar behövs det en förändringsagent, vilket oftast utgörs av en stark ledare inom företaget. Denna studies syfte är att bidra med en större kunskap om hur ledarskap kan påverka organisationsförändringar utifrån erfarenheter från ett företag inom lokalvårdsbranschen. Vi hoppas att denna fallstudie bidrar till en ökad förståelse för ledarskapets viktiga roll inom organisationsförändringar. Studien har utförts med hjälp av en kvalitativt inriktad metodinsamling samt fyra stycken semikonstruerade intervjuer från företaget Ren Extra AB, där ledare inom företaget har fått förklara hur de sett tre stycken olika förändringar utvecklas. Slutsatsen för denna studie utformade sig i att ledarskap har en väldigt stor påverkan på organisationsförändringar genom ett flertal åtgärder som har lett ett framgångsrikt resultat för företaget Ren Extra. VDn Gregory lägger stort fokus på anställda samt deras motivation och engagemang. Vår analys tyder på att Gregory har ett HR-perspektiv vilket är effektivt för ett vinstdrivande och växande företag som Ren Extra är. Detta betyder att ledaren bör fokusera på personalen för att uppnå ett framgångsrikt resultat. Beslutsamhet är en del av ledarskapet och är ännu en faktor som har påverkat organisationsförändringarna för företaget Ren Extra, genom att ha tydliga riktlinjer och centraliserat beslutsfattande. Dock visar analysen att delegering av ansvaret och därmed beslutsfattande kan vara ett effektivare ledarskap för att positivt påverka förändringsarbeten. Ledaregenskaper som har visat sig vara produktiva under organisationsförändringar i denna studie är drivkraft, problemlösningsförmåga och personlighet. / Modern organizations have a high pressure to be able to adapt to the markets' expectations. They can be pressured by various stakeholders such as customers and competition, but also by the organization's own employees. 70% of all change projects fail suggesting that employees are not part of the support for the successful change. To achieve organizational changes there is need of a change agent, which usually consists of a strong leader within the organization. This study aims to contribute to a greater understanding of how leadership can affect organizational change with the help of the experience of a company in the cleaning industry. We hope that this case study will contribute to a greater understanding of the important role leadership has within organizational changes. The study has been carried out with the help of a qualitative method and four semi-constructed interviews from the company Ren Extra AB, where leaders of the company have been explaining how they saw and understood three dif-ferent organizational changes. The conclusion of this study showed that that leadership has a very large impact on organiza-tional change through a number of measures, which have led a successful outcome for the company Ren Extra. CEO Gregory puts a great emphasis on employees and their motivation and commitment. Our analysis suggests that Gregory has an HR perspective, which is effective for a profitable and growing company that Ren Extra is. This means that the change leader should focus on staff to achieve a successful outcome. Determination is part of the leadership and is another factor that has affected the organizational changes Ren Extra has experienced, through clear guidelines and centralized decision making. However, the analysis of this thesis shows that delegation of responsibility and hence decision making can be an effective leadership to positively affect organizational changes. Leadership characteristics that have proven to be productive during Ren Extras organizational change in this study is the motivation, problem solving ability and personality.

Notre recherche étudie les modifications dans la structure de l’entreprise occasionnées par la mise en œuvre de l’innovation ouverte. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons aux modifications qui ont lieu dans la structure organisationnelle profonde et formelle de l’entreprise. Nous étudions ces modifications en mobilisant des données primaires (entretiens semi-directifs) et secondaires (rapports annuels et articles de presse) issues de neuf entreprises. Les résultats consistent en une nouvelle définition de l’innovation ouverte entrante, en un modèle contingent de l’innovation ouverte au niveau de l’entreprise et en une compréhension approfondie des modifications observées dans la structure organisationnelle profonde et formelle. La définition de l’innovation ouverte que nous proposons insiste sur trois aspects importants : l’intégration de l’ouverture dans la stratégie de l’entreprise en matière d’innovation, le caractère fréquent des collaborations et le caractère systématique de celles-ci. / This thesis studies the changes in the organizational structure determined by the implementation of open innovation. Specifically, we consider the changes in the deep and formal structure of a firm. We study these changes in nine firms by using primary data collected through semi-structured interviews and secondary data consisting of firms’ annual reports and journal articles. Our results consist of a new definition of inbound open innovation, a proposition of a contingency model of open innovation at firm level and a deep understanding of the way open innovation impacts the firm. The definition of inbound open innovation we propose emphasizes three main aspects : the integration the openness of innovation into the firm’s formal innovation strategy and the systematic and frequent use of collaborations with various actors in the innovation process.

O principal objetivo dessa pesquisa é propor recomendações sobre a estrutura organizacional adequadas às especificidades das pequenas empresas do setor metal-mecânico de São Carlos-SP. Os objetivos secundários são: 1) Verificar se estão coesos ou dispersos os elementos que compõem a estrutura organizacional - autoridade, comunicação e atividades; 2) Analisar como e em que medida esses elementos interferem na gestão das pequenas empresas; 3) Verificar a constituição e o uso do controle organizacional; 4) Identificar as especificidades da pequena empresa; 5) Verificar a influência das especificidades da pequena empresa na constituição e funcionamento da estrutura e do controle organizacional; 6) Verificar as influências da estrutura organizacional da pequena empresa para se gerar recomendações no âmbito da gestão e administração; 7) Propor recomendações relevantes advindas da análise da estrutura organizacional da pequena empresa aos dirigentes, para que possam aprimorar seus modelos de gestão, administração e produção. A metodologia utilizada é o estudo de caso e as etapas da pesquisa são: 1) Mapear o setor metal-mecânico de São Carlos-SP, a partir da aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado; 2) Selecionar, intencionalmente, 6 empresas que possuam uma estrutura organizacional adequada para a aplicação da metodologia e 3) Realizar o estudo de caso nas empresas participantes. Essa pesquisa contempla a abordagem qualitativa, cuja importância reside nas recomendações a este importante ramo empresarial do Brasil. Espera-se também contribuir para o desenvolvimento das pesquisas do GEOPE, da EESC-USP. / The aim of this research is to propose recommendations on the organizational structure appropriate to the specificities of small businesses in the metal-mechanic sector of São Carlos-SP. The secondary aims are: 1) Verify if the elements that composes the organizational structure - authority, communications and activities are cohesive or scattered; 2) Analyze how and in what measure these elements interfere in the management of the small business; 3) Verify the constitution and the use of the organizational control; 4) Identify the specificities of the small business; 5) Verify the influence of the small business specificities in the constitution and the operation of the structure and the organizational control; 6) Study the effects of the organizational structure of the small business to generate recommendations to the management and administration; 7) Propose relevant recommendations originated from the analysis of the small business organizational structure to the managers, to the improvement of their models of management, administration and production. The methodology will be study case and the steps of the research are: 1) Map the metal-mechanic sector of São Carlos-SP, from the application of a semi-structured questionnaire; 2) Select, intentionally, 6 business with an appropriate organizational structure for the application of the methodology and 3) Realize the study case in the participants companies. Considering all, this research has a quantitative and qualitative purpose and aims to contribute with the social and economic development of the small business, due to the recommendations resulted from the research, focusing the importance of the research to the main group of business in Brazil. It is expected a contribution to the development of GEOPE\'s researches, from EESC-USP.

Nesta dissertação foram estudadas as alternativas de estrutura organizacional que podem ser adotadas para a realização de negócios eletrônicos (e-business) em empresas tradicionais, enfocando principalmente a análise sobre centralização ou descentralização desta estrutura. Na pouca literatura existente especificamente sobre estrutura organizacional para negócios eletrônicos, fica claro que existe um leque de opções em termos de alternativas de estrutura, desde criar uma empresa “ponto com" totalmente separada, até descentralizar os negócios eletrônicos pelas várias unidades de negócio. No caso estudado nesta dissertação, inicialmente foram identificadas as iniciativas de negócios eletrônicos praticadas pela empresa, sendo discutido o processo de adoção de tais ferramentas. Depois, foi analisada a evolução da estrutura criada para negócios eletrônicos desde o seu início até o momento em que a pesquisa foi realizada. Foi identificado que as atribuições delineadas inicialmente para os negócios eletrônicos não são rígida e uniformemente desempenhadas pelas várias unidades de negócio. Como a empresa estudada passava justamente por um período de discussão sobre descentralizar o Departamento de eCommerce, o momento foi altamente apropriado para a realização da análise sobre centralização e descentralização. A empresa identificou três alternativas de estrutura, bem como os critérios para uma análise aprofundada. A alternativa de estrutura de eCommerce centralizado foi a mais recomendada, dentro das limitações da metodologia, devidamente apresentadas e discutidas no texto. Mais do que a recomendação final da análise realizada, que serve apenas para a empresa pesquisada, a metodologia utilizada é uma das grandes contribuições desta dissertação. Com as devidas adaptações, ela pode ser útil em outras situações reais, auxiliando assim os gestores nesta complexa decisão sobre qual o grau de descentralização a ser adotado nos negócios eletrônicos. / Were studied in this dissertation the alternatives in organizational structure which could be adopted in electronic business (e-business) in traditional companies, mainly focusing this structure’s centralization or decentralization analysis. In the brief existing bibliography specifically about organizational structure for e-business, it is clear that exists a range of options in terms of structure choices, from creating an independent “dot com" company, to the decentralization of the e-business through the business units. In the case studied in this dissertation, firstly were identified the e-business initiatives practiced in the company and were discussed the adoption process of these tools. After that, the evolution of the structure created for e-business was analyzed, from the beginning to the application moment of this research. It was possible to identify that the initially delineated attributions for e-business are not rigid and are not uniformly realized by all of the business units. As the studied company was discussing the decentralization of the eCommerce Department, the timing for the centralization or decentralization analysis was very appropriate. The company identified three alternatives of structure, as well as the criterions for an in depth analysis. The centralized eCommerce structure alternative was the most recommended, considering the limitations of the methodology, properly presented and discussed in the text. More than the final recommendation of the analysis made, which interests only for the studied company, the applied methodology is one of the mainly contributions of this dissertation. With the needed modifications, this methodology can be useful in other real situations, helping the managers in this complex decision about which degree of decentralization to adopt in e-business.

As empresas sempre estão em busca de melhorias, eficácia e maior eficiência, por isso desde 1980 as empresas vêm investindo em eficiência de sua produção por meio de estratégias como just-in-time, kanban, produção enxuta, gestão da qualidade total, porém atualmente estas empresas percebem que precisam encontrar novos caminhos, assim a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos ganhou destaque na academia e no meio corporativo. Para acompanhar esta evolução na gestão das cadeias de suprimentos, os pesquisadores desenvolveram novos modelos para analisar e compreender seu comportamento e operação, em busca de novos patamares de desempenho. Assim, surgiram diversos modelos de análise, muitos destes se utilizam de conceitos de outras áreas. Estes novos conhecimentos oriundos de diversas áreas foram utilizados no estudo da gestão de cadeias, recentemente as teorias que foram desenvolvidas para a organização ganharam destaque quando utilizadas em um novo contexto, a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos. Esta pesquisa investiga como os conceitos de Estrutura Organizacional podem ajudar na gestão da cadeia de suprimentos, bem com explicar sua operação e comportamento. Para tanto, por meio de um estudo de caso, foi feita uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo para entender na prática o que a teoria tem prescrito. O caso escolhido foi o de uma cadeia de distribuição de medicamentos, com uma das maiores indústrias farmacêuticas do mundo que trabalha em conjunto com um dos maiores operadores logísticos do mundo. Foram escolhidas as dimensões estruturais mais frequentes, centralização, complexidade, formalização e integração. Entre os principais achados podem ser destacados as dificuldades de aplicar plenamente alguns conceitos da teoria de Estrutura Organizacional. As discussões sobre as diferenças entre os contextos organizacionais e das cadeias evoluem conforme os conceitos de estrutura demonstram não serem plenamente aplicáveis neste novo contexto. Questões como a centralização do poder na alta gestão (hierarquia mais alta de uma empresa) são questionadas quando o acumulo do poder em um alto nível hierárquico não é encontrado, mas sim é dividido entre 3 ou mais agentes. A companhia aérea mostrou grande centralização do poder, mesmo estando quatro níveis abaixo da indústria que segundo a literatura é o equivalente a alta gestão dentro da organização. Diversas explicações são propostas, por exemplo, o efeito da baixa concorrência e a não exclusividade na prestação de serviços. Esta investigação demonstra que a utilização de conceitos da estrutura organizacional explica até certo grau o comportamento da cadeia de suprimentos, mas diversas outras variáveis e questões surgem conforme essas teorias não são capazes de explicar todos os fenômenos, assim são sugeridas novas pesquisas para que a utilização desta teoria possa gerar melhor entendimento e colabore para uma melhor gestão da cadeia de suprimentos. Uma limitação encontrada nesta pesquisa foi o número de agentes participantes da cadeia, não foram entrevistados alguns agentes que possivelmente iriam elucidar mais entendimentos, por exemplo, o cliente final e as companhias aéreas. / Companies are always looking for improvements, greater efficiency and effectiveness, since 1980 companies have been investing in their production efficiency through strategies like just-in-time, kanban, lean manufacturing, total quality management, but currently these companies realize they need to find new ways, therefore supply chain management gained prominence in academy and corporate environment. Contributing to this evolution in the supply chain management, researchers developed new models to analyze and understand the behavior and operation of supply chains in order to achieve better supply chain performance. Thus, several different models of analysis have been developed, many of these models make use of concepts from other knowledge fields. These new knowledge from different disciplines were used to study the management of the supply chain, recently theories that have been developed for intra-organization environment gained prominence for its use in the context of supply chain management. This research investigates how the concepts of organizational structure can help in managing the supply chain, as well as explain its operation and behavior. Through a case study, a qualitative research study was developed to understand in practice what theory has prescribed. The chosen case is a chain of medicines distribution, lead by one of the largest pharmaceutical industries in the world, operating together with one of the largest third party logistics in the world. The most frequent structural dimensions, centralization, complexity, formalization, integration and specialization were chosen as lens to study this case. Among the main findings, difficulties to fully implement some concepts of the theory of Organizational Structure can be highlighted. The discussions about the differences between the organizational and the supply chain environment evolve as the concepts of structure cannot explain the chain behavior. Dimensions like centralization of power in top management are questioned when the context of the chain are analyzed, as an example an airline company showed great centralization of power, even though it is four levels below pharmaceutical industry, which is the equivalent of senior management within the organization, according to the literature. Several explanations are proposed, for example, the effect of low competition and non-exclusivity in the provision of logistics services. This research demonstrates that the use of concepts of organizational structure explains to some extent the behavior of the supply chain, but other variables and questions arise as this theory are unable to explain the supply chain phenomenon. Insights for further research are suggested in order to generate better understanding and collaborate in the evolution of supply chain management. Finally some limitations were found in this study, there are a large number of agents participating in the chain, but not all of them were interviewed. Therefore some agents, who would possibly elucidate more understanding, should be interviewed in future research, for example, the end customer and airlines.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as principais características da tipologia do controle organizacional nas organizações, considerando o planejamento, as estratégias, a estrutura e o ambiente organizacional. Para atender a este propósito, analisaram-se as características das empresas da amostra confrontando-as com cada controle proposto por Gomes; Salas (2001). Para tanto, o capítulo de literatura apresenta o embasamento teórico responsável pelas abordagens das características dos sistemas de controle e a identificação dos contextos influenciadores de seu desenho. O método utilizado foi a realização de uma survey, mediante a aplicação de um questionário padronizado enviado as empresa publicadas na Revista Amanhã, Grandes e Líderes. As variáveis da pesquisa consubstanciaram-se no relacionamento da literatura abordada e as questões da pesquisa foram classificadas, segundo as características do controle de gestão, do planejamento das estratégias e da tipologia. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam avaliar que as / This work aims at assessing the main characteristics of the type of organizational control in companies, considering the planning, the strategies, the structure and the organizational environment. To reach this purpose, the characteristics of some companies were analyzed, comparing them with each control proposed by Gomes; Salas (2001). A survey was used through a standard questionnaire sent to the companies mentioned in the magazine Amanhã, special edition Grandes e Líderes, The variables of the research are based on the relation of the literature, and the questions of the questionnaire were classified according to the characteristics of management control, the planning, the strategies and the types. The results enable us to evaluate which companies have characteristics that distinguish the types of organizational control, considering the different types of control. Some characteristics are common in all kinds of types of controls, such as the formal procedures and standards of control, the centralization of

Trata-se de dissertação baseada em estudo exploratório desenvolvido com a finalidade de investigar o potencial do SIEO - Sistema de Informação Especializado da Área de Odontologia para atuação na divulgação científica e outras ações visando a popularização da ciência. Parte do pressuposto que a Rede, atualmente composta por 17 bibliotecas universitárias, poderia, além do apoio ao desenvolvimento científico, atuar como um dos pilares da Política Pública de Saúde Bucal, contribuindo com a Educação e Informação das comunidades populares via Divulgação Científica. Baseia-se em referencial teórico pautado no modelo de rede colaborativa de informação e em estudo de caso da própria Rede, complementado por dados coletados através de questionários aplicados aos diretores das bibliotecas integrantes da Rede. Os resultados mostram que, embora a Rede esteja preparada, do ponto de vista da estrutura organizacional e operacional e da qualidade dos seus acervos, a carência de recursos financeiros e de equipe qualificada para geração de materiais específicos para divulgação científica e ações em prol da popularização da ciência inibe as possibilidades de aproveitamento imediato deste potencial. Do ponto de vista da cultura organizacional é ainda pouco flexível à interação com segmentos mais populares da sociedade e tal fato demanda ações de mediação no atendimento a este usuário, seja por intermédio de linguagens de recuperação da informação que permitam estabelecer equivalências com a linguagem comum, seja por intermédio de apoio na representação de informações científicas em formas mais adequadas à divulgação científica. / This dissertation is based on an exploratory study conducted to investigate the potential of SIEO - Specialized Information System Area of Dentistry to work in scientific dissemination and other actions aimed at science popularization. It presumes that the Network is currently made up of 17 university libraries, could in supporting the scientific development act as a mainstay of Public Politics on Oral Health, contributing to the Education and Information communities by way of popular Scientific Communication. It is based on theoretical reference guided in model of the collaborative network of information and in case study of the own Network. complemented by data collected through questionnaires applied to library directors members of the Network. These results show that although the Network is prepared, from the standpoint of organizational and operational structure and quality of their collections, the lack of financial resources and qualified staff for the generation of specific materials for scientific dissemination and actions to promote the popularization of science inhibits the potential for immediate use of this potential. From the standpoint of organizational culture is still somewhat flexible interaction with the most popular segments of society and indeed demand such mediation actions in attendance to this user. Either through language of information retrieval that needed to establish equivalence with ordinary language either by through support in the representation of scientific information in ways more suited to scientific communication.