BACKGROUND: Bone remodeling relies on the tightly regulated interplay between bone forming osteoblasts and bone digesting osteoclasts. Several studies have now described the molecular mechanisms by which osteoblasts control osteoclastogenesis and bone degradation. It is currently unclear whether osteoclasts can influence bone rebuilding. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using in vitro cell systems, we show here that mature osteoclasts, but not their precursors, secrete chemotactic factors recognized by both mature osteoblasts and their precursors. Several growth factors whose expression is upregulated during osteoclastogenesis were identified by DNA microarrays as candidates mediating osteoblast chemotaxis. Our subsequent functional analyses demonstrate that mature osteoclasts, whose platelet-derived growth factor bb (PDGF-bb) expression is reduced by siRNAs, exhibit a reduced capability of attracting osteoblasts. Conversely, osteoblasts whose platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-beta) expression is reduced by siRNAs exhibit a lower capability of responding to chemotactic factors secreted by osteoclasts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that, in vitro mature osteoclasts control osteoblast chemotaxis via PDGF-bb/PDGFR-beta signaling. This may provide one key mechanism by which osteoclasts control bone formation in vivo.

Résumé français manquant / Scientific background: GAGs mimetics properties on regenerative process.Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are sulfated polysaccharides actually considered as major structural components of the extracellular matrix as well as regulators of cells functions during homeostatic and pathological processes. These GAGs activities are based on their ability to interact with heparin binding growth-factors (HBGF), chemokines and enzymes, to protect them from proteolytic degradation and to potentialyze their interaction with cell surface specific receptors and/or other components of the ECM. GAGs are characterized by their extensive structural diversity, based on the number and location of sulfate or acetylate groups, that would determine specific biological interactions.As comparative tool to study the relationship between the complexity of GAGs chemical structures and their biological functions, we used synthetic GAGs mimetics, derivate from a polymer of dextran and functionalized with carboxylate, sulfate and/or acetate groups. They are structurally and functionally related to natural heparan sulfates. These compounds improved both the rate and quality of regenerative process in numerous animal models of injury after topical treatment.Our hypothesize is that specific HS cooperative interactions with HBGF and ECM compounds could influence both therapeutic progenitors and stem cells properties by compartmentalizing them to specific microenvironment niches, and protecting them against deleterious signals. Such abilities to modulate stem cell biology could be a new way to explain and to take advantage of regenerative properties of these compounds. The principal aim of this work was to demonstrate the effects of GAGs mimetics on Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) properties for application in bone repair. GAGs mimetics as new potentializing agents of mesenchymal stem cells propertiesDuring osteogenesis, a controlled expression of functional HS is required to interact and regulate the activity of growth promoting and osteogenic differentiation factors. However effects of GAGs on MSC properties remain to be analyzed. We focus on two GAGs mimetics leader molecules [OTR4131] and [OTR4120], with distinct chemical characteristics, since sulfated mimetic [OTR4120] was previously shown to stimulate bone repair in vivo. We demonstrate that its acetylated and sulfated counterpart [OTR4131] enhances proliferation, whereas [OTR4120] clearly stimulates migration and osteogenic differentiation properties of rat MSC in vitro, that could explain its bone regenerative effect in vivo. This indicates that GAGs mimetics would be of great interest for potential application in therapy, since according to their structural signature they could modulate specific activities of progenitors and stem cells, and represent an alternative to exogenous growth factor treatments. New matricial strategy for bone repair associating GAGs mimetics to biomaterials and human MSCCell based therapy associated to biomaterials for repair of bone defects are promising but not enough efficient. We proposed to develop matricial strategy, associating efficient micro-environment molecules such as GAGs mimetics, to optimize cell therapeutic approaches. First we validated that GAGs mimetics are effective on human MSC proliferation, migration and differentiation properties in vitro. We demonstrated that colonization efficiency of hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate biomaterial scaffolds by human MSC was improved when scaffolds are functionalized with GAGs mimetics in vitro. Finally osteoformation in vivo was evaluated after ectopic transplantation of functionalized and/or cellularized biomaterials in nude mice: few effects were observed on bone formation, whereas osteoclastogenesis and vascularization were clearly modulated by GAGs mimetics immobilized. GAGs mimetics as new mobilizing agents of stem cells...

Introdução: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a composição da microbiota bucal e a formação e progressão de lesões periapicais induzidas experimentalmente em dentes de camundongos knockout para IL-22 (IL-22 KO) comparados com animais wild-type (WT). Material e Métodos: Inicialmente, foi realizada a avaliação do perfil microbiano da cavidade bucal dos animais (40 espécies de micro-organismos), no dia das exposições pulpares, por meio de técnica de biologia molecular (Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization). Em seguida, lesões periapicais foram induzidas nos primeiros molares inferiores dos camundongos e, decorridos os períodos de 7, 21 e 42 dias, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia em câmara de CO2. As mandíbulas foram então removidas e submetidas ao processamento histotécnico. A seguir, cortes representativos de cada dente foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), para descrição do tecido pulpar e das regiões apical e periapical, em microscopia óptica convencional e mensuração da área das lesões periapicais em microscopia de fluorescência. Além disso, cortes sequenciais foram avaliados por meio de: histoenzimologia para a marcação de osteoclastos (TRAP), coloração de Brown & Brenn (para identificação de bactérias) e imunohistoquímica (para identificação de RANK, RANKL e OPG). Os escores da quantidade de células bacterianas, para cada uma das 40 espécies avaliadas, foram submetidos à analise estatística empregando o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, para comparação entre os grupos. Os resultados numéricos obtidos na análise morfométrica da área das lesões periapicais e do número de osteoclastos foram submetidos à análise estatística \"one-way\" ANOVA e pós-teste de Bonferroni. Para todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Em relação ao perfil microbiano encontrado na cavidade bucal dos animais, foi possível observar diferença estatisticamente siginificante entre os dois grupos de animais para 6 espécies bacterianas (p<0,05), sendo 5 dessas espécies mais encontradas nos animais WT e apenas 1 encontrada em maior quantidade nos animais IL-22 KO. Já em relação à análise microscópica, o grupo dos animais WT mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre 7 e 42 dias e entre 21 e 42 dias, com aumento progressivo no tamanho das lesões e no número de osteoclastos (p<0,05). No grupo dos animais IL-22 KO, houve um aumento do tamanho da lesão e do número de osteoclastos entre 7 e 21 dias, seguido de diminuição desses parâmetros entre 21 e 42 dias, com diferença significante (p<0,05) entre 7 e 21 dias. Além disso, na comparação entre os dois tipos de animais, foram encontradas diferenças significantes (p<0,05) em relação ao tamanho das lesões periapicais e ao número de osteoclastos aos 42 dias, sem diferenças em relação à localização de bactérias e imunohistoquímica. Conclusões: Esse estudo demonstrou diferenças na composição da microbiota bucal dos animais WT e IL-22 KO, o que pode ter influenciado na formação das lesões periapicais. Além disso, a ausência da IL-22 em camundongos interferiu na progressão das lesões periapicais, assim como no número de osteoclastos, sugerindo a participação da IL-22 na resposta imune e inflamatória do hospedeiro à infecção dos canais radiculares. / Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the participation of the IL-22 on the formation and progression of experimentally induced periapical lesions in teeth of IL-22 knockout (IL-22 KO) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Methods: Initially, it was performed the evaluation of the microbial profile present in the oral cavity of animals (40 bacterial species), on the day of pulpal exposures, by means of molecular biology technique (checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization). Then, the periapical lesions were induced in the inferior first molars of the mice and, after the periods of 7, 21 and 42 days, the animals were euthanized in a CO2 chamber. The jaws were removed and subjected to histotechnical processing. The following sections were representative stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for description of the pulp tissue, apical and periapical regions in conventional optical microscopy and measurement of the area of periapical lesions in fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, sequential specimens were evaluated through: histoenzimology for osteoclasts (TRAP) Brown & Brenn staining (for bacteria identification) and immunohistochemistry (for RANK, RANKL and OPG identification). The scores of the amount of bacterial cells, for each one of the 40 species assessed, were subjected to statistical analysis using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for independent samples for comparison between groups. The numerical results of the morphometric analysis of the area of the periapical lesions and the number of osteoclasts were subjected to statistical analysis one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni\'s post-test. For all the statistical analysis the significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Regarding the microbial profile found in the oral cavity of the animals, it was observed statistically siginificant differences between the two groups of animals for 6 bacterial species (p<0.05), with 5 species showing higher levels in the WT group and only 1 specie found in higher levels in the IL-22 KO animals. Concerning the microscopical analysis, the group of WT mice showed a statistically significant difference between 7 and 42 days and between 21 and 42 days, with a gradual increase in the size of periapical lesions and number of osteoclasts (p<0.05). In the group of IL-22 KO animals, an increase in lesion size and number of osteoclasts between 7 and 21 days was observed, followed by a decrease of these parameters between 21 and 42 days, with significant differences between 7 and 21 days (p <0.05). Moreover, when comparing the two types of animals, significant differences were found (p <0.05) about to the size of periapical lesions and number of osteoclasts at 42 days, without differences in localization of bacteria and immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: This study showed differences in the composition of the oral microbiota of the two types of animals that may have influenced the progression of periapical lesions. Moreover, the absence of IL-22 in mice interfered with the progression of periapical lesions, as well as in the number of osteoclasts, suggesting the involvement of this cytokine in host\'s immune and inflammatory response to the infection of root canals.

Introdução: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a composição da microbiota bucal e a formação e progressão de lesões periapicais induzidas experimentalmente em dentes de camundongos knockout para IL-22 (IL-22 KO) comparados com animais wild-type (WT). Material e Métodos: Inicialmente, foi realizada a avaliação do perfil microbiano da cavidade bucal dos animais (40 espécies de micro-organismos), no dia das exposições pulpares, por meio de técnica de biologia molecular (Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization). Em seguida, lesões periapicais foram induzidas nos primeiros molares inferiores dos camundongos e, decorridos os períodos de 7, 21 e 42 dias, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia em câmara de CO2. As mandíbulas foram então removidas e submetidas ao processamento histotécnico. A seguir, cortes representativos de cada dente foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), para descrição do tecido pulpar e das regiões apical e periapical, em microscopia óptica convencional e mensuração da área das lesões periapicais em microscopia de fluorescência. Além disso, cortes sequenciais foram avaliados por meio de: histoenzimologia para a marcação de osteoclastos (TRAP), coloração de Brown & Brenn (para identificação de bactérias) e imunohistoquímica (para identificação de RANK, RANKL e OPG). Os escores da quantidade de células bacterianas, para cada uma das 40 espécies avaliadas, foram submetidos à analise estatística empregando o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, para comparação entre os grupos. Os resultados numéricos obtidos na análise morfométrica da área das lesões periapicais e do número de osteoclastos foram submetidos à análise estatística \"one-way\" ANOVA e pós-teste de Bonferroni. Para todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Em relação ao perfil microbiano encontrado na cavidade bucal dos animais, foi possível observar diferença estatisticamente siginificante entre os dois grupos de animais para 6 espécies bacterianas (p<0,05), sendo 5 dessas espécies mais encontradas nos animais WT e apenas 1 encontrada em maior quantidade nos animais IL-22 KO. Já em relação à análise microscópica, o grupo dos animais WT mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre 7 e 42 dias e entre 21 e 42 dias, com aumento progressivo no tamanho das lesões e no número de osteoclastos (p<0,05). No grupo dos animais IL-22 KO, houve um aumento do tamanho da lesão e do número de osteoclastos entre 7 e 21 dias, seguido de diminuição desses parâmetros entre 21 e 42 dias, com diferença significante (p<0,05) entre 7 e 21 dias. Além disso, na comparação entre os dois tipos de animais, foram encontradas diferenças significantes (p<0,05) em relação ao tamanho das lesões periapicais e ao número de osteoclastos aos 42 dias, sem diferenças em relação à localização de bactérias e imunohistoquímica. Conclusões: Esse estudo demonstrou diferenças na composição da microbiota bucal dos animais WT e IL-22 KO, o que pode ter influenciado na formação das lesões periapicais. Além disso, a ausência da IL-22 em camundongos interferiu na progressão das lesões periapicais, assim como no número de osteoclastos, sugerindo a participação da IL-22 na resposta imune e inflamatória do hospedeiro à infecção dos canais radiculares. / Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the participation of the IL-22 on the formation and progression of experimentally induced periapical lesions in teeth of IL-22 knockout (IL-22 KO) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Methods: Initially, it was performed the evaluation of the microbial profile present in the oral cavity of animals (40 bacterial species), on the day of pulpal exposures, by means of molecular biology technique (checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization). Then, the periapical lesions were induced in the inferior first molars of the mice and, after the periods of 7, 21 and 42 days, the animals were euthanized in a CO2 chamber. The jaws were removed and subjected to histotechnical processing. The following sections were representative stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for description of the pulp tissue, apical and periapical regions in conventional optical microscopy and measurement of the area of periapical lesions in fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, sequential specimens were evaluated through: histoenzimology for osteoclasts (TRAP) Brown & Brenn staining (for bacteria identification) and immunohistochemistry (for RANK, RANKL and OPG identification). The scores of the amount of bacterial cells, for each one of the 40 species assessed, were subjected to statistical analysis using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for independent samples for comparison between groups. The numerical results of the morphometric analysis of the area of the periapical lesions and the number of osteoclasts were subjected to statistical analysis one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni\'s post-test. For all the statistical analysis the significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Regarding the microbial profile found in the oral cavity of the animals, it was observed statistically siginificant differences between the two groups of animals for 6 bacterial species (p<0.05), with 5 species showing higher levels in the WT group and only 1 specie found in higher levels in the IL-22 KO animals. Concerning the microscopical analysis, the group of WT mice showed a statistically significant difference between 7 and 42 days and between 21 and 42 days, with a gradual increase in the size of periapical lesions and number of osteoclasts (p<0.05). In the group of IL-22 KO animals, an increase in lesion size and number of osteoclasts between 7 and 21 days was observed, followed by a decrease of these parameters between 21 and 42 days, with significant differences between 7 and 21 days (p <0.05). Moreover, when comparing the two types of animals, significant differences were found (p <0.05) about to the size of periapical lesions and number of osteoclasts at 42 days, without differences in localization of bacteria and immunohistochemistry. Conclusions: This study showed differences in the composition of the oral microbiota of the two types of animals that may have influenced the progression of periapical lesions. Moreover, the absence of IL-22 in mice interfered with the progression of periapical lesions, as well as in the number of osteoclasts, suggesting the involvement of this cytokine in host\'s immune and inflammatory response to the infection of root canals.

Objetivo: investigar a capacidade osteoclastogênica de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMCs) de pacientes do sexo masculino com espondilite anquilosante (EA), comparando com indivíduos saudáveis e determinar a relação da osteoclastogênese com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Métodos: células mononucleares do sangue periférico de 85 pacientes com espondilite anquilosante e 59 controles saudáveis (CT) foram marcadas para avaliar a presença de células CD16 positivas (precursores de osteoclastos). As PBMCs foram mantidas, in vitro, por 21 dias para indução da diferenciação em osteoclastos e avaliação da apoptose destas células. Os níveis séricos do ligante do receptor ativador de fator nuclear kB (RANKL), osteoprotegerina (OPG), telopeptídeo C-terminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX) e propeptídeo Nterminal do procolágeno tipo I (P1NP) foram também avaliados. Resultados: PBMCs de pacientes com EA apresentaram menor porcentagem de células CD16 positivas (25,06 ± 8,59 vs. 28,59 ± 10,20%; p = 0,026) e originaram menor número de osteoclastos comparados aos controles saudáveis (647,7 ± 669,4 vs. 764,4 ± 561,9 OC/poço; p = 0,014). A porcentagem de osteoclastos em apoptose foi menos frequente nos pacientes com EA versus CT (31,8 ± 32,5 vs. 44,5 ± 34,3%; p = 0,007). Menores relações RANKL/OPG e CTX/P1NP foram observadas nos pacientes com EA em relação aos CT (0,05 ± 0,03 vs. 0,07 ± 0,07; p = 0,046 e 0,008 ± 0,003 vs. 0,010 ± 0,003; p < 0,001, respectivamente). Pacientes com EA em uso de terapia de anti-inflamatório não-hormonal (AINH) não apresentaram diferença associada ao número de osteoclastos gerados e à porcentagem de células CD16 positivas comparados aos CT (p > 0,05). Entretanto, pacientes com EA em uso de terapia com inibidor de TNFalfa (iTNFalfa) demonstraram menor número de osteoclastos gerados comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis (582,51 ± 717,56 vs. 764,43 ± 561,9 OC/poço; p = 0,047). Observou-se uma correlação negativa entre número de osteoclastos gerados a partir de PBMC de pacientes com EA e duração de doença (R = -0,220, p = 0,043). Conclusões: os presentes resultados demonstraram que monócitos de pacientes com EA apresentam uma menor capacidade em gerar osteoclastos comparados a indivíduos saudáveis, e que a osteoclastogênese esteve correlacionada negativamente à duração de doença. Estes dados sugerem que os osteoclastos possuem um papel importante na fisiopatologia da doença óssea nos pacientes com EA / Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate if the osteoclastogenic capacity of PBMCs is different in AS patients compared to controls and the relationship between osteoclastogenesis and clinical/laboratory parameters. Methods: PBMCs from 85 male ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and 59 controls were tested for CD16+ cells and induced to differentiate into osteoclasts over 3 weeks in vitro. Serum levels of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (P1NP) were also evaluated. Results: PBMCs from AS patients had fewer CD16+ cells (25.06 ± 8.59 vs. 28.59 ± 10.20%; p = 0.026) and produced fewer osteoclasts (647.7 ± 669.4 vs. 764.4 ± 561.9 OC/well; p = 0.014) compared to controls. Apoptosis occurred less frequently in osteoclasts obtained from AS patients than in osteoclasts from the controls (31.8 ± 32.5 vs. 44.5 ± 34.3%; p = 0.007). A lower RANKL/OPG and CTX/P1NP were observed in AS patients compared to controls (0.05 ± 0.03 vs. 0.07 ± 0.07; p = 0.046 e 0.008 ± 0.003 vs. 0.010 ± 0.003; p < 0.001, respectively). AS patients taking NSAIDs presented no difference regarding the number of OCs produced and the percentage of CD16+ cells compared to controls (p > 0.05). However, patients taking TNFalpha inhibitors (TNFi) presented lower OC numbers than controls (582.51 ± 717.56 vs. 764.43 ± 561.9 OC/well; p = 0.047). A negative correlation was demonstrated between the number of osteoclasts generated from PBMCs of AS patients and disease duration (R = -0.220, p = 0.043). Conclusion: monocytes from male AS patients display a lower capacity to generate osteoclasts in vitro compared to cells from controls. Osteoclastogenesis was negatively correlated with disease duration. This finding supports the idea that osteoclasts play a role in the physiopathology of bone disease in AS patients

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are two chronic joint diseases, which cause two of the largest socioeconomical burdens among all joint diseases according to the World Health Organization. Both diseases are associated with changes in bone structure and bone cell, especially osteoclast, function. The etiology or pathogenesis of these diseases are not completely understood. Traditionally, osteoarthritis is seen as a disease resulting from mechanical wear of cartilage and bone, and rheumatoid arthritis as an autoinflammatory disease of synovial tissue. However, also in osteoarthritis chronic inflammation is present in synovial tissue, and in rheumatoid arthritis large changes in bone structure are seen. The field of study focusing on this connection between inflammation and bone is called osteoimmunology and it can explain many features of these chronic diseases linking joint health to disturbances in bone homeostasis. Here, the study focused on the function of osteoclasts in normal and pathological environments, and on the factors that have an effect on bone resorption, with a special emphasis on the protein osteopontin. Samples of synovial fluid and serum from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients were analyzed for factors affecting osteoclasts, and in vitro cell cultures of human derived osteoclasts were used to analyze osteoclast function in normal and pathological environment. The phosphorylation of osteopontin was found to be increased in rheumatoid arthritis, along with multiple other inflammatory factors that also affect osteoclasts, such as IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF. Osteoclast cell cultures showed how the use of different patient samples significantly affected osteoclastogenesis, due to so-called inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. Additionally, we show that osteoclasts deposit osteopontin into the resorption lacunae during bone resorption. Based on the results, the inflammatory component present in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis significantly affects osteoclast function, and its further study in the future may reveal new therapeutic possibilities. Especially the new discoveries of osteopontin’s role in normal osteoclast function and its changes seen between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis may prove to have therapeutic potential. / Tiivistelmä Nivelreuma ja nivelrikko ovat kroonisia nivelsairauksia, jotka Maailman terveysjärjestön (WHO) mukaan aiheuttavat eniten sosioekonomista haittaa. Molemmissa sairauksissa luiden rakenteessa ja luusolujen, erityisesti osteoklastien, toiminnassa tapahtuu muutoksia. Kummankaan taudin etiologiaa tai patogeneesiä ei täysin tunneta. Perinteisesti ajatellaan, että nivelrikko johtuu rusto- ja luukudoksen mekaanisesta kulumisesta ja nivelreuma nivelkalvon autoinflammatoorisesta tulehduksesta. Kuitenkin nivelrikossa nähdään myös selkeä nivelkalvon krooninen tulehdus ja nivelreumassa suuria luun rakenteen muutoksia. Tutkimusala, joka tutkii tulehduksen ja luun yhteyttä, on nimeltään osteoimmunologia. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan osteoklastien toimintaa ja niihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä, erityisesti proteiini osteopontiinia, normaalissa ja tautiympäristössä. Analysoin osteoklasteihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä nivelrikko- ja nivelreumapotilaiden näytteistä sekä osteoklastien toimintaa soluviljelmissä. Soluviljelmissä käytettiin nivelreuma- ja nivelrikkopotilaiden näytteitä mahdollisimman totuudenmukaisen ympäristön luomiseksi osteoklasteille. Tutkimuksessa osoitettiin, kuinka osteopontiinin fosforylaatio on lisääntynyt nivelreumapotilaiden nivelnesteessä. Myös useiden muiden osteoklasteihin vaikuttavien tekijöiden, kuten IL-6:n, IL-8:n ja VEGF:n, havaittiin lisääntyneen nivelreumassa. Osteoklastien soluviljelmissä havaittiin selkeät erot siinä, miten eri potilasnäytteet vaikuttavat osteoklasteihin ja erityisesti tulehduksen aiheuttamaan osteoklastien syntyyn. Osoitan myös, miten osteoklastit erittävät osteopontiinia luunhajotuskuoppaan luun hajotuksen aikana. Tutkimustulosten mukaan krooninen tulehdustila nivelrikossa ja nivelreumassa vaikuttaa huomattavasti osteoklastien toimintaan. Uskon, että lisätutkimukset tällä saralla voivat paljastaa uusia hoidollisia mahdollisuuksia. Erityisesti uudet löydökset osteopontiinin roolista osteoklastien toiminnassa sekä muutoksista nivelrikossa ja nivelreumassa vaativat jatkotutkimuksia, jotta proteiinin kliininen merkittävyys saadaan selvitettyä.

Cette thèse traite de la modélisation du remodelage osseux. Nous présentons tout d'abord un modèle général continu tenant compte de la réponse cellulaire à un stimulus mécanique. Ce modèle est appliqué à des géométries 2D et 3D macroscopiques afin de se rapprocher des problématiques réelles, ainsi que sur des géométries mésoscopiques d'os trabécullaires en 2D. Cependant la complexité du remodelage osseux ne permet pas d'avoir une approche unique de modélisation. Ainsi, dans un second temps, le cas particulier du remodelage osseux orthodontique est étudié. Un nouveau modèle spécifique est développé tenant compte de l'influence du ligament parodontal sur le remodelage osseux, et intégrant l'influence du taux d'oxygène qui contrôle les évolutions de densités cellulaires. Des données expérimentales in vitro sont extraites de la littérature et servent de données d'entrées du modèle développé afin d'obtenir l'évolution de la densité osseuse alentours d'une racine dentaire cylindrique en 3D. / This work deals with modelization of bane remodeling. We present first a madel thal accounts for the cellular res panse to a mechanical stimulus in a general case at a continuous scale. This madel is applied to 2D and 3D geometries at macroscopic scale to mimic real cases, as weil as 2D trabecular-type geometries at mesoscopic scale. However, the complexity of bane remodeling does not allow a unique approach. Th us, the thesis work is focused on the particular case of orthodontie bane re mode ling. A new specifie madel is developed accounting for the influence of the periodontal ligament on orthodontie bane remodeling by integrating the oxygen concentration effect controling the evolutions of cellular densities. The cellular experimental data in vitro are extracted from the literature, and serve as input data of the developed madel in arder to ablain the evolution of bane density around the root of a 3D cylindrical tooth.

Das RANKL/RANK/OPG-System spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Steuerung der Osteoklastendifferenzierung und -aktivierung durch Osteoblasten/ Knochenmarkbindegewebszellen im Rahmen des Knochenremodelings. Osteoblasten/Knochenmarkbindegewebszellen exprimieren RANKL. Dieses hat im Körper zwei Rezeptoren: RANK und OPG. RANKL kann durch Bindung an RANK auf Osteoklasten/Osteoklastenvorläuferzellen in Gegenwart von M-CSF seine osteoklastenstimulierende Wirkung entfalten. Der ebenfalls von Osteoblasten gebildete „decoy“-Rezeptor OPG blockiert als freies Protein durch Bindung an RANKL dessen Interaktion mit RANK und verhindert somit die Osteoklastogenese und Osteoklastenaktivierung. Das RANKL/RANK/OPG-System erfüllt im Körper noch weitere Funktionen im Immunsystem, in der Organentwicklung lymphatischer Gewebe und in der Entwicklung der laktierenden Brustdrüse. Viele Zytokine greifen hemmend oder aktivierend in die Osteoklastogenese ein. Sie können dies zum einen durch die Beeinflussung des RANKL/OPG-Verhältnisses, zum anderen durch direkte Interaktion mit Osteoklasten/Osteoklastenvorläuferzellen tun. Zytokine, die die Osteoklastogenese begünstigen, werden vor allem bei inflammatorischen Prozessen ausgeschüttet. Zusammen mit dem, bei diesen Zuständen von aktivierten T-Zellen produzierten RANKL kann dies längerfristig zu einem Knochenverlust führen, welcher sich im klinischen Bild der Osteoporose äußert. Aus den in der vorliegenden Dissertation durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergeben sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen: 1. Monozyten der Zelllinie RAW 264.7 lassen sich, wie bereits in der Literatur beschrieben, durch Zugabe von M-CSF und RANKL zu osteoklastenähnlichen Zellen differenzieren. 2. Die Osteoklastogenese lässt sich anhand der Veränderung verschiedener osteoklastenspezifischer Parameter charakterisieren. Es zeigt sich bei den mit M-CSF und RANKL stimulierten Monozyten eine erhöhte Transkription von CTR (Calcitoninrezeptor)- und TRAP (tartratresistente saure Phosphatase)-mRNA, eine erhöhte Expression des CTR-Proteins, eine erhöhte TRAP-Aktivität und eine Formierung TRAP-positiver mehrkerniger Riesenzellen, die in diesen Eigenschaften Osteoklasten entsprechen. Die zusätzliche Zugabe von TGF-b1 in Kombination mit M-CSF und RANKL resultiert in einer verstärkten Expression von CTR-mRNA und CTR-Protein. TRAP-mRNA-Expression und TRAP-Aktivität bleiben davon unbeeinflusst. 3. Als funktionelles Merkmal der in vitro differenzierten Osteoklasten können ihre Fähigkeit zur Ausbildung von Aktinringen und die Resorption von mineralisiertem Kollagen nachgewiesen werden. 4. Im Verlauf ihrer Differenzierung sekretieren Osteoblasten unterschiedliche Mengen an OPG. Das Maximum der Synthese liegt bei Tag 11. Freies RANKL lässt sich in Überständen von MC3T3-E1-Osteoblasten nicht nachweisen. 5. Das von Osteoblasten in das Medium abgegebene OPG ist in der Lage, die durch RANKL induzierte Osteoklastogenese von RAW-Monozyten zu hemmen. 6. In Kokulturen von MC3T3-E1-Osteoblasten und RAW-Monozyten kann keine Osteoklastogenese beobachtet werden, wahrscheinlich durch Fehlen der RANKLExprimierung oder zu starke OPG-Sekretion durch Osteoblasten. Besonders in der westlichen Welt mit ihrer hohen Lebenserwartung haben Krankheiten mit Knochenverlust sowie bösartige Neubildungen mit Knochenbefall eine große medizinische Bedeutung. Die Beeinflussung des RANKL/RANK/OPG-Systems bietet eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur Entwicklung hochwirksamer und nebenwirkungsarmer Medikamente zur Behandlung dieser Zustände.

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A sepse é uma resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro à uma infecção, associada a alta mortalidade, causada por danos em múltiplos órgãos, associados a alterações na calcemia. Já se sabe que as doenças inflamatórias afetam a saúde do tecido ósseo, no entanto, o efeito da sepse sistêmica aguda no tecido ósseo ainda não está bem elucidado. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da sepse sistêmica aguda na atividade dos osteoclastos, nas propriedades mecânicas e estruturais do osso, na composição óssea e na rugosidade superficial da tíbia. Os animais foram aleatoriamente divididos em grupo SHAM (passaram pelo procedimento cirúrgico mas não tiveram a sepse induzida) e CLP (tiveram a sepse induzida pelo método de ligação e perfuração cecal (CLP) e vinte e quatro horas após a cirurgia, os animais foram eutanasiados e as tíbias removidas. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste paramétrico t-Student e não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney com um nível de significância de 5%. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no conteúdo mineral da tíbia entre os ratos SHAM e CLP. A sepse induziu o aumento (p <0,05) no conteúdo de amida II, amida III e colágeno, que contribuiu para reduzir (p <0,05) o grau de mineralização total (relação entre total de matriz orgânica/total de matriz mineral) na tíbia de CLP em comparação com ratos SHAM. Os ratos CLP também apresentaram valores mais elevados de fenilalanina (62%, p <0,05) em comparação com ratos SHAM. Além disso, a sepse levou ao aumento da expressão de osteoclastos na tíbia cortical associada à redução da rugosidade superficial da tíbia. Em conjunto, mostramos que a sepse aguda promove a redução da rugosidade nanométrica associada à atividade aumentada de osteoclastos, sugerindo potencial efeito ósseo na concentração plasmática de cálcio na sepse. Finalmente, nosso estudo desvenda novos efeitos da sepse aguda na composição óssea e sugere que os pacientes acometidos pela sepse correm risco de danos ósseos. / Sepsis is a host inflammatory response to infection associated with high mortality that is caused by multiple organs damages associated with changes in calcemia. It is already known that inflammatory diseases impact on the health of the bone tissue, however, the effect of systemic sepsis on bone tissue has not yet been well elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sepsis on osteoclast activity, bone mechanical, bone composition and surface roughness of cortical tibia. The animals were randomly divided into SHAM (passed by the surgical procedure but did not have sepsis induced) and CLP (underwent cecal ligation and puncture procedure) and twenty-four hours after surgery, animals were anesthetized to remove tibia. Data were analyzed by non-paired student t-test and Mann-Whitney non-parametric test with a significant level of 5%. No significant differences in mineral compartments of the cortical tibia could be observed between SHAM and CLP rats. Sepsis induced (p < 0.05) increase in amide II, amide III and collagen, which contributes to reduce (p < 0.05) total mineralization degree (total mineral-to-total matrix ratio) in tibia of CLP compared with SHAM rats. CLP rats also showed higher values of phenylalanine (62%, p <0.05) as compared with SHAM rats. Besides, sepsis led to increased expression of osteoclasts on cortical tibia associated with reduction in surface roughness of cortical tibia. In summary, we showed that acute sepsis promotes reduction in nanometric rugosity associated with increased osteoclasts activity, suggesting a potential bone effect in plasma calcium concentration in sepsis. Finally, our study unravels new effects of acute sepsis on bone composition and suggests that septic patients are at risk of bone damage. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Objetivo: investigar a capacidade osteoclastogênica de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMCs) de pacientes do sexo masculino com espondilite anquilosante (EA), comparando com indivíduos saudáveis e determinar a relação da osteoclastogênese com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Métodos: células mononucleares do sangue periférico de 85 pacientes com espondilite anquilosante e 59 controles saudáveis (CT) foram marcadas para avaliar a presença de células CD16 positivas (precursores de osteoclastos). As PBMCs foram mantidas, in vitro, por 21 dias para indução da diferenciação em osteoclastos e avaliação da apoptose destas células. Os níveis séricos do ligante do receptor ativador de fator nuclear kB (RANKL), osteoprotegerina (OPG), telopeptídeo C-terminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX) e propeptídeo Nterminal do procolágeno tipo I (P1NP) foram também avaliados. Resultados: PBMCs de pacientes com EA apresentaram menor porcentagem de células CD16 positivas (25,06 ± 8,59 vs. 28,59 ± 10,20%; p = 0,026) e originaram menor número de osteoclastos comparados aos controles saudáveis (647,7 ± 669,4 vs. 764,4 ± 561,9 OC/poço; p = 0,014). A porcentagem de osteoclastos em apoptose foi menos frequente nos pacientes com EA versus CT (31,8 ± 32,5 vs. 44,5 ± 34,3%; p = 0,007). Menores relações RANKL/OPG e CTX/P1NP foram observadas nos pacientes com EA em relação aos CT (0,05 ± 0,03 vs. 0,07 ± 0,07; p = 0,046 e 0,008 ± 0,003 vs. 0,010 ± 0,003; p < 0,001, respectivamente). Pacientes com EA em uso de terapia de anti-inflamatório não-hormonal (AINH) não apresentaram diferença associada ao número de osteoclastos gerados e à porcentagem de células CD16 positivas comparados aos CT (p > 0,05). Entretanto, pacientes com EA em uso de terapia com inibidor de TNFalfa (iTNFalfa) demonstraram menor número de osteoclastos gerados comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis (582,51 ± 717,56 vs. 764,43 ± 561,9 OC/poço; p = 0,047). Observou-se uma correlação negativa entre número de osteoclastos gerados a partir de PBMC de pacientes com EA e duração de doença (R = -0,220, p = 0,043). Conclusões: os presentes resultados demonstraram que monócitos de pacientes com EA apresentam uma menor capacidade em gerar osteoclastos comparados a indivíduos saudáveis, e que a osteoclastogênese esteve correlacionada negativamente à duração de doença. Estes dados sugerem que os osteoclastos possuem um papel importante na fisiopatologia da doença óssea nos pacientes com EA / Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate if the osteoclastogenic capacity of PBMCs is different in AS patients compared to controls and the relationship between osteoclastogenesis and clinical/laboratory parameters. Methods: PBMCs from 85 male ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients and 59 controls were tested for CD16+ cells and induced to differentiate into osteoclasts over 3 weeks in vitro. Serum levels of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (P1NP) were also evaluated. Results: PBMCs from AS patients had fewer CD16+ cells (25.06 ± 8.59 vs. 28.59 ± 10.20%; p = 0.026) and produced fewer osteoclasts (647.7 ± 669.4 vs. 764.4 ± 561.9 OC/well; p = 0.014) compared to controls. Apoptosis occurred less frequently in osteoclasts obtained from AS patients than in osteoclasts from the controls (31.8 ± 32.5 vs. 44.5 ± 34.3%; p = 0.007). A lower RANKL/OPG and CTX/P1NP were observed in AS patients compared to controls (0.05 ± 0.03 vs. 0.07 ± 0.07; p = 0.046 e 0.008 ± 0.003 vs. 0.010 ± 0.003; p < 0.001, respectively). AS patients taking NSAIDs presented no difference regarding the number of OCs produced and the percentage of CD16+ cells compared to controls (p > 0.05). However, patients taking TNFalpha inhibitors (TNFi) presented lower OC numbers than controls (582.51 ± 717.56 vs. 764.43 ± 561.9 OC/well; p = 0.047). A negative correlation was demonstrated between the number of osteoclasts generated from PBMCs of AS patients and disease duration (R = -0.220, p = 0.043). Conclusion: monocytes from male AS patients display a lower capacity to generate osteoclasts in vitro compared to cells from controls. Osteoclastogenesis was negatively correlated with disease duration. This finding supports the idea that osteoclasts play a role in the physiopathology of bone disease in AS patients