This study focused on teaching strategies preferred and used by grade 8 mathematics teachers, what they thought was most effective for learning mathematics as well as students’ perspectives of their mathematics classroom. The aims of this study were to investigate the teaching strategies used in the South Korean mathematical classroom and to find out how they attain a high performance in mathematics, in comparison with other countries. The target population was chosen from within the Chungcheongbuk Province and ten schools were selected for the study. In order to determine what teaching strategies are used in the South Korean mathematics classroom, a case study using both quantitative and qualitative research methods was adopted. Data collection methods included questionnaires for the students while interviews were conducted with the teachers. The questionnaire contained fifty closed-ended questions divided into different sections to obtain data on teaching strategies used, on preferred learning styles from the students and on how they felt about mathematics and the mathematical classroom. The interview consisted of ten open-ended questions to get feedback from the mathematics teachers on what teaching strategies they used in the classroom and on what they thought were the best strategies with regard to teaching grade 8 mathematics. From the ten sampled schools there were two hundred and two students who participated in this research, and six teachers were interviewed. The results of the study showed that in the South Korean mathematics classroom a combination of direct instruction, practice and teacher guidance helps the students to learn problem-solving skills and to master mathematics. The students indicated that the teachers mostly used chalkboard instruction and that they practiced solving problems using worksheets, past exam paper questions and through homework or private study. The average student studied mathematics for about six hours a week and most attended afterschool academies for further studying mathematics. Although the South Korean students attained a high performance in mathematics it was evident that they indicated a low interest in the subject. The teachers stated in the interviews that they thought the students needed to see examples on the chalkboard, and then the students need to practice with guidance from the teacher. It was evident that the students focus a lot on guided practice, since they study for about six hours a week. The teachers also felt that the curriculum is overloaded and that there was a gap between the better and the poorer level of students in the mathematics classroom, this gap grew bigger as students lost motivation. The responses to the questionnaire showed that 65% of the students were not interested in mathematics; in spite of this South Korea is placed among the best performing countries in the world. The teachers also indicated that mathematics was very highly valued in South Korea and that parents and universities put a lot of pressure on students to perform well in this subject. This study provides better insight into what is happening in the South Korean mathematics classroom, what methods are used and how the students felt about the mathematics classroom and the strategies that are used. Apart from commenting on teaching strategies, there was also an indication of what teaching style the students preferred. The information in this research study can provide answers to questions regarding South Korean mathematics instructional practices and will be useful for future comparative studies regarding the teaching of mathematics in other countries. / Mathematics Education / M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)

This thesis addresses the conflict traditionally found within moral philosophy between deontological and utilitarian schools of thought. Using the example of the serious moral ambivalence experienced by individuals who are deciding whether to end or continue a difficult pregnancy, it is argued that this ambivalence is the result of both absolute principles (such as the intrinsic value of human life) and outcome based considerations (such as the desire to avoid causing pain and suffering) appearing to be morally reasonable, while also being fundamentally opposed: Each course of action is at once morally defensible on the basis of its own reasonableness, and, conversely, reprehensible due to the reasonableness of the other. This lived experience of moral ambivalence is directly reflected by the tension between deontology and utilitarianism as it occurs at the moral philosophic level, where the deontological emphasis on the unconditional rightness of certain principles is seen to be at irreconcilable odds with the utilitarian emphasis on the attainment of certain ends. The thesis’ central claim is that such ambivalence strongly indicates that human morality is neither exclusively one type or the other, and that both types of moral property are in fact reasonable, and thus have moral value. It is theorised that accounting for this dual reasonableness would lead to the most accurate and helpful representation of the human moral experience – but that the philosophic ‘divide’ between the two types of principle has led to an either/or situation, which has largely prevented this sort of understanding from being developed. The thesis argues that Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick developed a view in which neither deontological nor utilitarian principles can be fully realised without reference to the other, precisely on the basis that both can be found to be ultimately rational. This thesis aims to revitalise that theory – represented by the term ‘Rational Benevolence’ - to show that Sidgwick reconciled the divide between absolute and end based principles in such a way that the relationship between them becomes a ‘synthesis’. In this synthesis, deontological and utilitarian concepts are both seen as essential components of morality, that combine to form a dynamic whole in which the value of each principle is both indicated and naturally limited by the value of the other, on account of their respective rationalities. It is argued that this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reality of the human moral experience, and better moral justification for either course of action in situations of complex and sensitive ethical decision making.

This study focused on teaching strategies preferred and used by grade 8 mathematics teachers, what they thought was most effective for learning mathematics as well as students’ perspectives of their mathematics classroom. The aims of this study were to investigate the teaching strategies used in the South Korean mathematical classroom and to find out how they attain a high performance in mathematics, in comparison with other countries. The target population was chosen from within the Chungcheongbuk Province and ten schools were selected for the study. In order to determine what teaching strategies are used in the South Korean mathematics classroom, a case study using both quantitative and qualitative research methods was adopted. Data collection methods included questionnaires for the students while interviews were conducted with the teachers. The questionnaire contained fifty closed-ended questions divided into different sections to obtain data on teaching strategies used, on preferred learning styles from the students and on how they felt about mathematics and the mathematical classroom. The interview consisted of ten open-ended questions to get feedback from the mathematics teachers on what teaching strategies they used in the classroom and on what they thought were the best strategies with regard to teaching grade 8 mathematics. From the ten sampled schools there were two hundred and two students who participated in this research, and six teachers were interviewed. The results of the study showed that in the South Korean mathematics classroom a combination of direct instruction, practice and teacher guidance helps the students to learn problem-solving skills and to master mathematics. The students indicated that the teachers mostly used chalkboard instruction and that they practiced solving problems using worksheets, past exam paper questions and through homework or private study. The average student studied mathematics for about six hours a week and most attended afterschool academies for further studying mathematics. Although the South Korean students attained a high performance in mathematics it was evident that they indicated a low interest in the subject. The teachers stated in the interviews that they thought the students needed to see examples on the chalkboard, and then the students need to practice with guidance from the teacher. It was evident that the students focus a lot on guided practice, since they study for about six hours a week. The teachers also felt that the curriculum is overloaded and that there was a gap between the better and the poorer level of students in the mathematics classroom, this gap grew bigger as students lost motivation. The responses to the questionnaire showed that 65% of the students were not interested in mathematics; in spite of this South Korea is placed among the best performing countries in the world. The teachers also indicated that mathematics was very highly valued in South Korea and that parents and universities put a lot of pressure on students to perform well in this subject. This study provides better insight into what is happening in the South Korean mathematics classroom, what methods are used and how the students felt about the mathematics classroom and the strategies that are used. Apart from commenting on teaching strategies, there was also an indication of what teaching style the students preferred. The information in this research study can provide answers to questions regarding South Korean mathematics instructional practices and will be useful for future comparative studies regarding the teaching of mathematics in other countries. / Mathematics Education / M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)

Der Bologna-Prozess hat umfangreiche Reformbewegungen mit dem Ziel einer Harmonisierung des Europäischen Hochschulraums initiiert. Des Weiteren hat die universitäre Lehre in Europa und international fächerübergreifend vielschichtige Veränderungen erfahren und wird zunehmend studierendenzentriert und kompetenzorientiert ausgerichtet. Um mit diesen Entwicklungen Schritt zu halten, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit, ein flexibles und innovatives Lehrkonzept für Fach Kieferorthopädie an der Universität Leipzig zu erarbeiten. Grundlage dafür war die Erstellung eines Lernzielkatalogs, der sowohl allgemeine als auch spezifisch auf die lokalen Gegebenheiten zugeschnittene Anforderungen definiert. Anhand dieses Katalogs wurden vier Module erstellt. Sie halten sich in ihrem strukturellen und inhaltlichen Aufbau sowohl an die Vorgaben der Approbationsordnung als auch an die europäischen und nationalen Empfehlungen. Durch die Einbeziehung traditioneller und moderner Lehr-, Lern- und Prüfungsformen wurde die Lehre studierendenzentriert und kompetenzorientiert gestaltet. Diese Arbeit kann als Muster für die Implementierung eines modernen Lehrkonzepts in der Kieferorthopädie dienen. Eine Verknüpfung mit anderen Fachrichtungen im Sinne einer interdisziplinären Studentenausbildung ist durch die transparente Gestaltung des Lernzielkatalogs und der Module ebenso möglich wie eine Anpassung an zukünftige geänderte Rahmenbedingungen.:1. Einleitung 2. Literaturübersicht 2.1. Entwicklungen bei der Lehrplangestaltung 2.2. Der Bologna-Prozess 2.2.1. Hintergründe 2.2.2. Erläuterungen zu spezifischen Zielen des Bologna-Prozesses 2.2.2.1. Diploma Supplement 2.2.2.2. Einheitliche Studienstrukturen 2.2.2.3. European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) 2.2.2.4. Mobilität 2.2.2.5. Qualitätssicherung 2.2.3. Stand der Umsetzung in Deutschland 2.2.3.1. Diploma Supplement 2.2.3.2. Einheitliche Studienstrukturen 2.2.3.3. European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System 2.2.3.4. Mobilität 2.2.3.5. Qualitätssicherung 2.2.4. Das Staatsexamen als deutsche Besonderheit in der Hochschullandschaft 2.2.5. Kritische Wertung und Ausblick 2.3. Rahmenbedingungen 2.3.1. Der Nationale Qualifikationsrahmen 2.3.2. Die zahnmedizinische Ausbildung in Deutschland 2.3.3. Die zahnmedizinische Ausbildung in Leipzig 2.4. Lernziele und Kompetenzen des Zahnarztes: Richtlinien und Kataloge 2.4.1. Empfehlungen des Wissenschaftsrats 2.4.2. Globalisierung und medizinische/zahnmedizinische Ausbildung 2.4.3. Profil und Kompetenzen des europäischen Zahnarztes 2.4.4. Lernzielkatalog Kanada 2.4.5. Lernzielkatalog Schweiz 2.4.6. Nationaler Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Zahnmedizin (NKLZ) 2.5. Akademische Lehrformen 2.5.1. Vorlesungen 2.5.2. Praktika/Hospitation 2.5.3. Kurse 2.5.4. Seminare 2.5.5. Problemorientiertes Lernen 2.5.6. Weitere Lehrmethoden 2.6. Leistungsnachweise 2.6.1. Schriftliche Prüfungen 2.6.2. Mündliche Prüfungen 2.6.3. Schriftliche Arbeiten/Erfahrungsberichte 2.6.4. Referate/mündliche Präsentationen 2.6.5. Weitere mündliche Prüfungsformen 2.6.6. Posterpräsentationen 2.6.7. Portfolio 2.6.8. Self and Peer Assessment 3. Material und Methode 3.1. Problemidentifikation und allgemeine Bedarfsanalyse 3.2. Gezielte Bedarfsanalyse 3.3. Verfassen von Lernzielen 3.4. Lehrstrategien 3.5. Modulentwicklung 3.5.1. Modulplanung 3.5.2. Lernzielerstellung 3.5.3. ECTS-Punkte-Vergabe 3.5.4. Leistungsnachweise 3.5.5. Studienführer/Modulbeschreibung 4. Ergebnisse 4.1. Problemidentifikation und Bedarfsanalyse 4.2. Gezielte Bedarfsanalyse 4.2.1. Auswertung der Evaluationsergebnisse 4.2.1.1. Auswertung „Vorlesung Kieferorthopädie“, 7. Semester 4.2.1.2. Auswertung „Kurs kieferorthopädische Technik“, 7. Semester 4.2.1.3. Auswertung „Kurs Kieferorthopädie I“, 8. Semester 4.3. Verfassen von Lernzielen – Lernzielkatalog für das Fach Kieferorthopädie 4.3.1. Zahnarztbild, Leitbild der sächsischen Zahnärzte 4.3.2. Rollen des Zahnarztes 4.3.2.1. Medizinischer Experte 4.3.2.2. Kommunikator 4.3.2.3. Interprofessioneller Partner 4.3.2.4. Verantwortungsträger und Manager 4.3.2.5. Professionelles Vorbild 4.3.2.6. Gesundheitsberater und Fürsprecher 4.3.2.7. Wissenschaftler und Lehrer 4.3.3. Fachspezifische Kompetenzen 4.3.4. Fachspezifische Lernziele 4.4. Lehrstrategien 4.4.1. Modul I: „Normale und gestörte Schädel- und Gebissentwicklung und kieferorthopädische Technik“ 4.4.2. Modul II: „Kieferorthopädische Diagnostik“ 4.4.3. Modul III: „ Kieferorthopädische Therapie“ 4.4.4. Modul IV: „POL-Kurs Kieferorthopädie und praktische Übungen“ 4.5. Leistungsnachweise 4.5.1. Modul I: „Normale und gestörte Schädel- und Gebissentwicklung und kieferorthopädische Technik“ 4.5.2. Modul II: „Kieferorthopädische Diagnostik“ 4.5.3. Modul III: „Kieferorthopädische Therapie“ 4.5.4. Modul IV: „POL-Kurs Kieferorthopädie und praktische Übungen“ 4.5.5. Modulübergreifender Leistungsnachweis (Portfolio) 4.6. ECTS-Credit-Vergabe 4.7. Modulplanung 4.7.1. Modul I: „Normale und gestörte Schädel- und Gebissentwicklung und kieferorthopädische Technik“ 4.7.2. Modul II: „Kieferorthopädische Diagnostik“ 4.7.3. Modul III: „Kieferorthopädische Therapie“ 4.7.4. Modul IV: „POL-Kurs Kieferorthopädie und praktische Übungen“ 5. Diskussion 5.1. Ressourcen identifizieren 5.2. Unterstützung einholen 5.3. Verwaltungsstrukturen schaffen 5.4. Hürden erkennen und abbauen 5.5. Evaluation und Feedback 5.6. Weiterentwicklung des Curriculums 5.7. Erfahrungsberichte anderer Fakultäten 5.8. Schlussfolgerungen 6. Zusammenfassung 7. Literaturverzeichnis 8. Anlagen

This applied dissertation was designed to provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of out-of-class safety net corrective instructional activity practices conducted beyond regular classroom instruction for lower secondary level (9th- and 10th- grade high school) students within mastery learning educational environments. The study was designed to shed light on the impact and implications of these practices on Bloom’s vanishing point (Bloom, 1971) and Arlin’s leveling effect (Arlin & Westbury, 1976). Seven mastery learning structured international schools in geographic proximity, of similar size, and utilizing the same program of study were used in this study. Three of the schools that employed a safety net program were the basis of this study, and the four schools that did not have in place a safety net program were used as a control for this observational research. Normed Measures of Academic Progress (MAP) RIT scores (Northwest Evaluation Association, 2005), grade point averages, and safety net program data were used in a series of case-control tests to determine the effectiveness of out-of-class corrective instructional activity safety net programs for above-average and below-average achieving students. The mean study and control group RIT percentile ranking scores for the students was nearly 1 standard deviation above the averages reported by the Northwest Evaluation Association (2005), so these relative comparisons involved bright students. This large volume of data enabled analysis of the effects of out-of-class safety net activities on school-wide and individual improvement in literature, writing, mathematics, and comprehensive results. Series of conclusive nonparametric analysis were used instead of normal distribution tests because of the out-of-bounds skewed nature of the data. Analysis of the data suggested that safety netting programs benefit all students, irrespective of whether or not students received out-of-class corrective instructional activities. The MAP RIT scores of below- average achieving students were not affected by attending a school with a safety net program but their GPA results improved in all subjects. Arlin’s leveling effect (Arlin & Westbury, 1976) most likely accounted for improvement of MAP RIT scores for above- average students who attended a school with a safety net program but their GPA results were not affected. These contrasting benefits masked the school-wide test results, which suggested that a school district might not realize an overall increase in MAP RIT and GPA results when adopting a safety net program. Students identified in need of safety netting services benefited by having been placed in the program up to twice in any respective course, but a point of diminishing returns was reached when a student fell 3 or more units behind in a course in relation to the progress of the class.

Enabled by new technologies, firms are starting to shift from selling products to selling outcome-based services. In an outcome-based business model, providers deliver outcomes and work in close cooperation with end-customers to create superior value, more efficient and more sustainable solutions. Research has explored the boundaries to the adoption of outcome-based business models, but does not provide an approach to overcome these boundaries. To address this research gap, this degree project examines how the consulting industry can boost outcome-based business models by facilitating their adoption. To explore how consultancies can profit from projects related to outcome-based business models by generating valuable services to clients, a representative case study at Capgemini Invent, a large strategy and technology consultancy, was conducted. Semi-structured interviews with twelve experienced consultants from different backgrounds lead to the finding, that the shift of industrial firms towards selling outcome- based services, provides large potential for consultancies as they can sell a full range of services related to generating an understanding for the value created by outcome-based business models, supporting the value definition and value proposition within such a business model, and delivering alternative services in the post-implementation-phase of an outcome-based business model. I also find that consultancies have the capabilities and, due to the existent potential, motivation to offer services to facilitate the adoption of outcome-based business models but are nevertheless focused on generating short-term profits rather than actively trying to promote solutions because they provide social value. This project contributes to literature, by providing a perspective on how the development of outcome-based business models can be facilitated, which in turn is likely to lead to increased sustainability and social value. It also points out that consultancies – as knowledgeable leaders - have a major responsibility to take a lead on developing sustainable business practices to help solve some of our generations most difficult challenges. Let us hope they take on this responsibility.

Performance-based contracting (PBC) redefines the relationships between suppliers and buyers and differs from traditional contracting approaches with its reward/payment scheme, emphasis on the performance outcomes, increased supplier autonomy, and transfer of risk and responsibilities to suppliers. Given the 70% of life cycle costs of products/systems reside in sustainment, PBC has led to substantial improvements in availability, maintainability, reliability, and thus total cost of ownership of systems/products. Though PBC has changed the way of doing business and its presence has increased across multiple industry, private and public sectors, for profit and not-for-profit, its implications on various aspects of logistics and supply chain management have been understudied. It is important to explore and establish evidence regarding these implications through academic rigor. Therefore, this three-essay dissertation aims to give some insight regarding structural and behavioral implications of PBC using a multi-method approach. Specifically, it (1) explores the relationship between PBC and supply chain resilience (SCRES), (2) examines the supplier goal commitment (i.e., motivation) in PBC, (3) proposes a mathematical model to find optimal contract length, periodic contract price and investment that concurrently maximizing supplier profit and satisfying buyer requirements. This dissertation offers theoretical and managerial contributions as well.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in Afrikaans and English / This study is an attempt to analyse and describe syncretism as an encompassing phenomenon from a historical-educational perspective. In recent times, the ideas of globalization, the influence of modern science, as well as certain ideas concerning modern education, are closely related to the manifestation of syncretism. A study of various exemplars from the past and present disclosed the essences of syncretism, thus unveiling the religious growth-motives that underlie syncretism, which also played an important role in the development of Western civilization and the modem world. The multi-faith idea (the idea of unity and synthesis), the idea of secularization, and the idea of relativity, were identified as prominent characteristics of syncretism. The identification and analysis of the essences of syncretism and supporting religious principles. become possible when syncretism is set in opposition to the Biblical and reformational thought processes. Bible-based education provides an alternative to syncretism in a fast changing and post-modern world. It gives perspective on the instruction to people to care for and develop God's creation. The intrinsic characteristics of Bible-based education were used as evaluation criteria in an attempt to expose syncretism. The characteristics of Bible-based education which also provide a framework for establishing a corrective to the problematic educational situation, are the following: • the acknowledgement of the Holy Trinity as central to man's existence; • the Bible/Holy Scriptures as essential for a Christian world and life view; • the essence of a Christian anthropology; • education as the fulfilment of God's covenant with man; • the directive role of Bible-based norms; • the transfer of culture through education • Biblical cosmology as an expression of the Christian faith; • the reformational aspect of Bible-based education. In the evaluation of syncretism, it was discovered that the relationship between man and the Holy Trinity would be negatively affected if the Christian religion were not regarded as the only source of truth concerning the salvation of man and the true meaning of life. The influence of syncretism necessitates a reformational and antithetical approach, which constantly emphasises the importance of the educator's role in the teaching and education of the child in the modem educational system. / In hierdie studie word gepoog om die sinkretisme as omvattende verskynsel vanuit 'n histories-opvoedkundige perspektief te ontleed en te omskryf. Die globaliseringsverskynsel, die inwerking van die modeme wetenskap en bepaalde idees in die moderne onderwys hang saam met die manifestasie van die sinkretisme in die eietyd. In 'n eksemplariese verlede- en eietydse studie is grondig ondersoek ingestel na tendense en verskynsels wat die wesenlike van die sinkretisme openbaar. Religieuse grondmotiewe in die Westerse beskawingsontwikkeling het 'n wesenlike bydrae gelewer tot die opkoms van die sinkretisme van die moderne wereld. Die wesenskenmerke wat prominent in die eksemplariese ondersoek betreffende die realisering van die sinkretisme gemanifesteer het, was die multireligieuse/intergeloofsidee en sintesedenke (eenheidsidee), die sekulariseringsverskynsel en die relatiwiteitsverskynsel. Die identifisering en ontleding van die wesenskenmerke van die sinkretisme en ondersteunende religieuse grondmotiewe word moontlik indien die sinkretisme teenoor die Bybelse en reformatoriese denkhouding gestel word. Bybelgefundeerde onderwys bied 'n altematief vir die sinkretisme in 'n snel veranderende en postmodeme wereld en gee perspektief aan die mens se beheersingsopdrag in die skeppingswerklikheid. Die wesenskenmerke van Bybelgefundeerde onderwys is as evalueringskriteria aangewend in 'n poging om die sinkretisme in sy ware gedaante te ontbloot. Die wesenskenmerke wat terselfdertyd die raamwerk vir die daarstel van 'n korrektief vir die problematiese onderwyssituasie bied, is: • God Drie-enig as sentrale uitgangspunt; • die Bybel/Heilige Skrif as essensieel vir 'n Christelike lewens en wereldbeskouing; • die Christelike mensbeeld (antropologie) as voorwaarde vir Bybel-gefundeerde onderwys • onderwys en opvoeding as die bevestiging van God se verbond met die mens; • die rigtinggewende rol van Bybelgefundeerde norme; • kultuuroordrag en Bybelgefundeerde onderwys; • die Bybelse skeppingsleer as 'n uitdrukking van die Christelike geioof; • die refonnatoriese/gereformeerde inslag van Bybelgefundeerde onder­wys In die evaluering van die sinkretisme is bevind dat die mens se grondverhouding met God Drie-enig aangetas word indien die Christelike godsdiens nie as die enigste bron van waarheid betreffende die mens se redding en toekomsverwagting beskou word nie. Die inwerking van die sinkretisme noodsaak in die moderne onderwyssisteem 'n reformatoriese en antitetiese denkhouding wat die mens deurlopend opskerp ten opsigte van sy rol as opvoeder in die opvoeding en onderwys van die kind. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

Curriculum 2005 together with its learning areas has been introduced in South Africa in 1998. All learning areas, except Technology Learning Area, are not new. Technology is growing so rapidly that it gives so many challenges to people. These challenges include making technology part of our curriculum, formulating and adapting technological solutions to problems people may experience. We have to ask ourselves what technology or Technology Education means. Therefore, this study provides the meaning and the rationale for Technology Education in our curriculum. This study also attempts to shed light on the form of training educators should attend for Technology Education. Although there are different methods of training, for example PRESET and INSET, this study concentrates on various forms of INSET. INSET is chosen because it is a means through which the present need for Technology Education educators can be solved. The percentage of educators involved in part-time study will increase in relation to the number in full-time education. The closing down of some of colleges of education in South Africa reduces the use of PRESET and increases INSET as a means of educator training. The advantages of using INSET instead of PRESET are provided in this study. The National Teacher Audit of 1995 has shown that the quality of INSET in South Africa is poor. In addition, it seems the present ad hoc way of running INSET will not cope with challenges of training educators for Curriculum 2005 and Technology Education. Normally, INSET is the prime strategy for addressing problems in PRESET. Unfortunately, INSET has to train educators for Technology Education (Technology Learning Area) which was never touched by PRESET before. For this reason, this study provides an INSET model, guidelines and recommendations to make the suggested model of INSET work successfully. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

This research explores the impact of curriculum changes on primary school teachers at Seshego Circuit, Limpopo Province. It focuses on issues that influence teachers implementing curriculum changes. Impact of curriculum changes was examined. Principals and teachers were the respondents. The study confirmed several consequences of curriculum change. In-service training is recommended to assist the necessary adjustments to curriculum changes. Sufficient time for training is required to avoid covering an excessive amount of work during too short a time. This results in confusion and discontent. Training enables teachers to feel confident and competent. Their task becomes rewarding for them. Curriculum changes are intended for the benefit of learners and teachers. Teachers should not be discouraged when they encounter some of the more challenging impacts of curriculum changes. Attitudes should also be motivated in subjects such as Mathematics. The Department of Education is exhorted to support and guide its teachers to become a force for the greater good of South Africa. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)