INTRODUÇÃO: A matriz extracelular no endométrio fornece vasta gama de sinais envolvidos em diferentes processos celulares, tais como morte celular e proliferação. Neste sentido, os glicosaminoglicanos e os proteoglicanos, juntamente com os fatores de crescimento, modulam várias etapas da angiogênese, proliferação celular e remodelação do estroma, o que pode ser importante para o fluxo menstrual regular e a redução dos processos proliferativos. Além disso, são importantes para a adequada interação maternofetal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concentração de ácido hialurônico, das enzimas de biossíntese do ácido hialurônico - hialurônico sintases (HAS1, HAS2 e HAS3) e dos pequenos proteoglicanos ricos em leucina (decorim, biglicam, lumicam e fibromodulina) no endométrio de pacientes com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e de mulheres eumenorreicas. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 20 amostras de endométrio, 10 provenientes de pacientes com SOP e 10 de mulheres com ciclos menstruais regulares na fase proliferativa do ciclo, com idade variando entre 20 e 35 anos, atendidas na Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP (HC-FMUSP). A determinação do perfil e da concentração do ácido hialurônico foi efetuada por método bioquímico de ensaio fluorimétrico (ELISA-like). A sua localização no tecido endometrial, assim como as dosagens das enzimas sintases (HAS1, HAS2 e HAS3) e dos pequenos proteoglicanos ricos em leucina (decorim, biglicam, lumicam e fibromodulina e), foi feita por imunoistoquímica e \"western blotting\". Para a análise dos resultados foi utilizado o teste t de student (p<=0,05). Os cálculos foram realizados com auxílio do programa SPSS versão13 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). RESUTADOS: Houve maior concentração de ácido hialurônico no endométrio de mulheres eumenorreicas na fase proliferativa do ciclo menstrual do que no das com síndrome dos ovários policísticos. Com relação às sintases do ácido hialurônico, observou-se maior reatividade de HAS1 e HAS2 e menor reatividade de HAS3 no endométrio de mulheres com SOP em relação às mulheres com ciclos menstruais regulares na fase proliferativa. Quanto aos pequenos proteoglicanos ricos em leucina notou-se maior imunorreatividade de decorim e lumicam no endométrio de pacientes com SOP. CONCLUSÕES: As pacientes com SOP apresentam menor concentração de ácido hialurônico e maior reatividade ao decorim e lumicam em relação às mulheres com ciclos regulares na fase proliferativa. Esses dados sugerem que nas pacientes com SOP, o endométrio seria menos receptivo e teria mecanismos para evitar a proliferação excessiva / INTRODUCTION: Endometrium extracellular matrix provides wide range of signals at different cellular levels like cell death and proliferation. In this regard, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, along with growth factors, modulate various stages of angiogenesis, cell proliferation and remodeling of the stroma, which can be important for regulating menses and reducing the proliferative processes. Additionally, it is important for proper fetal-maternal interactions. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate hyaluronic acid concentration, the enzymes of hyaluronic acid synthases (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) and small leucine-rich proteoglycans (decorin, lumican, fibromodulim and biglycan) in the endometrium of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and eumenorrheic women. METHODS: A total of 20 endometrial samples from 10 patients with PCOS and 10 women with regular menstrual cycles in the proliferative phase, with ages ranging between 20 and 35 years, attended at Gynecology Division of Clinical Hospital of the FMUSP (HC-USP). Profile determination and the concentration of hyaluronic acid were performed by biochemical method of fluorimetric assay (ELISA-like). Its location in the endometrial tissue as well as the dosage of enzymes synthases (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3) and small leucine-rich proteoglycans (decorin, lumican, fibromodulim and biglycan) was done by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. To analyze the results Student t test was used (p < 0.05). The calculations were performed with software SPSS version 13. RESULTS: A higher concentration of hyaluronic acid in eumenorrheic women endometrium in proliferative phase when compared with polycystic ovary syndrome. Regarding hyaluronic acid synthases, there was a higher HAS1 and HAS2 reactivity and lower HAS3 reactivity in the PCOS endometrium compared to women with regular menstrual cycles in the proliferative phase. Decorin and lumican showed higher immunoreactivity in PCOS endometrium. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS patients have a lower concentration of hyaluronic acid and greater reactivity to decorin and lumican than eumenorrheic women in proliferative phase. These data suggest that in patients with PCOS, the endometrium would be less receptive and have mechanisms to prevent excessive proliferation

Les données bibliographiques décrivent un nombre croissant de modèles murins caractérisés sur le plan de la fertilité permettant une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de la croissance folliculaire. Certains de ces modèles animaux, invalidés pour des facteurs de transcription reproduisent un phénotype d’infertilité, telle que l’insuffisance ovarienne primaire (IOP). La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires des facteurs de transcription essentiels à la fonction ovarienne n’est pas clairement établie. Les protéines contenant des domaines liant l’ADN, tels que les homéodomaines ou les domaines forkhead jouent un rôle-Clé dans le développement ovarien. NOBOX (Newborn Ovary Homeobox) est un facteur de transcription essentiel à la mise en place du stock folliculaire, et dont les mutations sont responsables d’IOP. La fonction exacte de NOBOX n’est pas connue, s’il est présent dans l’ovocyte, nous montrons pour la première fois une forte expression de cette protéine dans les cellules de la granulosa des follicules primordiaux jusqu’au stade secondaire. De plus, par différentes techniques moléculaires, nous mettons en évidence une interaction entre NOBOX et un autre acteur important de la folliculogenèse FOXL2 (Forkhead box l2), contribuant à la régulation de leurs gènes cibles respectifs. Cette étude permet de mettre en lumière le rôle de NOBOX dans les cellules de granulosa. L’IOP est une pathologie touchant 1 % des femmes âgées de moins de 40 ans. Sur le plan ovarien, il y a une déplétion du stock des follicules ou un blocage de la maturation folliculaire. De ce fait, la stérilité est le plus souvent définitive. Une origine génétique de cette maladie est parfois retrouvée avec des mutations des autosomes et/ou du chromosome X, mais dans plus de 80% des cas l’IOP est idiopathique. L’enjeu est donc d’identifier de nouveaux gènes candidats pour cette pathologie. Dans cette étude nous validons la prévalence des mutations du gène NOBOX faisant de ce facteur un des gènes clés de l’IOP. Puis, à l’aide d’une nouvelle technologie : le séquençage multiplex par puces PGMTM ION TORRENT, nous mettons en évidence dans 26% de la cohorte étudiée (100 femmes atteintes d’IOP sporadique primaire ou secondaire) un défaut génétique de 10 gènes, dont 4 nouveaux candidats à l’IOP. De façon intéressante, la présence d’au moins deux gènes mutés chez 9 patientes induit un phénotype plus précoce. Cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’origine génétique de l’IOP et met pour la première fois en évidence le phénomène d’oligogénisme chez des patientes en IOP. / Single germline mutations found in women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), besides mouse models have provided substantial understanding into the factors involved in differentiation and ovarian development. POI is characterized by amenorrhea with elevated gonadotropin levels, and affects 1% of women before the age of 40 years.Several transcription factors involved in ovary development and folliculogenesis are mutated in reproductive disorders. We have shown a high prevalence of POI cases harboring mutations in the Newborn oogenesis homeobox (NOBOX) gene, which encodes a homeodomain-Containing transcription factor expressed preferentially in oocyte. NOBOX plays a critical role in early folliculogenesis and its absence leads to sterility. In addition to its oocyte localization, we show here that NOBOX is also expressed in granulosa cells (GCs), those surrounding the germ cell. Since NOBOX and FOXL2, a master regulator of GC development (belonging to forkhead family), are co-Expressed in GCs. Here, using several molecular approaches, we have demonstrated that NOBOX and FOXL2 indeed physically interact leading to a down-Regulation of their transactivation capacity. Altogether, these observations highlight a novel role for NOBOX in interaction with FOXL2, and suggest that they may be antagonistic transcription regulators. POI encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions, through two major mechanisms, follicle dysfunction and follicle depletion. Genetic component such as X chromosome abnormalities, deletions, FMR1 premutations, BMP15 variants, were identified as the first genetic causes of the pathophysiology. Today, the genetic origin of POI is supported by the existence of monogenic forms in humans and animal models but the relevance of several loci for POI pathogenesis should not be ruled out. By means of a next-Generation sequencing , a multiplex (PGM-Ion Torrent technology) sequencing of 19 genes was undertaken in a cohort of 100 nonsyndromic women with POI. In 26 patients, we reported 10 gene defects, among them, missense mutations in 4 new candidates were detected. Our aggregate data suggest that point mutations in these candidate genes are causative of the disease by prediction analysis assays. Two to three gene defects can synergize to produce a more severe phenotype in POI patients than either alone. This study identifies for the first time in a large proportion of POI patients specific sets of germline mutations that, together, may account for this disease. Thus, oligogenicity also has implications for genetic counseling regarding POI.

Finally, as the first step to study the regulation of Kit system, we found that IGF-I was a potent regulatory factor that up-regulated the expression of kitlga in zebrafish follicle cells. The stimulation involved transcription but not translation, indicating that the kitlga gene is a direct downstream target of IGF-I. The effect of IGF-I on kitlga was exerted via PI3K-Akt but not MAPK pathway. In contrast, the MAPK pathway may play a negative role in controlling kitlga expression. / Kit ligand (also named stem cell factor, SCF) is a pleiotropic growth factor with diverse biological functions. It exerts effects on target cells by binding to its cognate tyrosine kinase receptor, Kit. In mammals, accumulated evidence has demonstrated important roles for Kit ligand and Kit in gametogenesis, melanogenesis and haematopoiesis. However, very little is known about Kit system in other vertebrates. In the present study, we used zebrafish as the model to investigate the expression, regulation and function of the Kit system in the ovary. / On the other hand, cAMP is involved in regulating the expression of kitlga in zebrafish follicle cells. Two cAMP-activated effectors, PKA and Epac, have reverse effects. PKA promotes but Epac inhibits the expression of kitlga, which was identified by the respective activator. The effect of forskolin and H89 on IGF-I-induced expression of kitlga suggests a cross-talk between the two signaling pathways. Both hCG and PACAP inhibited IGF-I-induced kitlga expression, indicating that they may have negative regulation through cAMP signaling pathways in the full-grown follicles. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / The zebrafish has two homologues of Kit ligand (kitlga and kitlgb) and Kit (kita and kitb ) instead of one copy for each as in mammals. The present study proposed the origin of these homologues in the zebrafish by phylogenetic and chromosome synteny analyses, and provided further evidence for neo- or subfunctionalization for both Kit ligands and Kit receptors in the zebrafish ovary. All four Kit system members exhibited distinct and significant changes in mRNA expression during folliculogenesis, particularly in the periovulatory period before and after final oocyte maturation and ovulation. / Then we further studied the spatial localization of each member within the follicle. The present study demonstrated that kitlga and kitb are exclusively expressed in the follicle layer, while kitlgb and kita only in the oocyte. Using CHO cell line as a bioreactor, we produced recombinant zebrafish Kitlga and Kitlgb. Analysis in mammalian COS-1 cells and zebrafish primary follicle cells confirmed their biological activity and binding specifity. Two opposite paracrine pathways of Kit system in the zebrafish ovary have been shown. Kitlga from the follicle cells preferably activates Kita in the oocyte in spite of the weak response of Kitb to it. Kitlgb from the oocyte, however, exclusively activates Kitb in the follicle cells without any effects on Kita. / Yao, Kai. / Adviser: Ge Wei. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-150). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Tsang Lai-Ling Angel. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-145). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 論文撮要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgment --- p.vi / Table of Content --- p.vii / List of Publications --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xvii / Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Human Uterus Vs Rat Uterus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Myometrium --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Endometrium --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Human Endometrium Vs Rat Endometrium --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The structure of Human Endometrium --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Cyclic Changes in the Endometrium --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Physiological Roles of the Endometrium --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Uterine Fluid Volume and its Composition --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Regulation of Uterine Fluid Volume and Composition --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Role of Endometrial Epithelium in the Regulation of Uterine Fluid Volume --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Epithelial Ion Channels --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Epithelial CI- Channels in Secretory Epithelia --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) in Absorbing Epithelia --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- ENaC and CFTR in Endometrial Epithelia --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hormonal Regulation of the Endometrial Epithelium --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Estrogen and Progesterone --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Aldosterone --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aim of Study --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture Medium and Enzymes --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Drugs --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Molecular Biology --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Experimental Tissues and Animals --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparations --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pervious Support for Cell Growth --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Growth Medium --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Culture of Mouse Endometrium Epithelial Cells --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Solutions for the Short-Circuit Current Measurement --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Electrodes for the Short-Circuit Current Measurement --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Solutions for Molecular Biology Experiment --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Diethyl Pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated Water --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- lx TAE (DNA gel electrophoresis and its running buffer) --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- 5x MOPS (RNA gel electrophoresis and its running buffer) --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Formaldehyde Gel-loading Buffer --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3 --- Protocols --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Effect of Ovarian Hormones and Aldosterone on CFTR and ENaC Expression --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Possible Interaction between CFTR and ENaC upon Hormones Stimulation --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods of Measurement --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Short-Circuit Current Technique --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- The Short-Circuit Current Setup --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- RNA Isolation --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- RNA Gel Electrophoresis --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Reverse Transcription (RT) --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- Primer used for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.2.5 --- General Procedure of PCR and Competitive RT-PCR --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.2.6 --- DNA Gel Electrophoresis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Capillary Electrophoresis - Laser Induced Fluorescence (CE-LIF) --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Capillary Tube --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Detection System --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.66 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Statistical Analysis / Chapter Chapter3 --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1 --- Influence of Ovarian Hormones on Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Expression in Mouse Endometrial Epithelium --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Culture Condition on Expression and Function of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) in Mouse Endometrial Epithelial Cells --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3 --- Expression Regulation of Endometrial Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Subunits and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) by Na+ Diet During the Estrus Cycle in Mice --- p.98 / Chapter 3.4 --- Enhanced Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Activity in Mouse Endometrial Epithelium by Upregulation of γ-ENaC Subunit --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter4 --- General Discussion --- p.127 / Appendix --- p.132 / Chapter A. --- RNA Isolation --- p.132 / Chapter B. --- Reverse Transcription (RT) --- p.133 / Chapter C. --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.134 / Chapter D. --- Sequences and Conditions of All Primers --- p.135 / References --- p.136

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lisboa_lco_dr_rcla.pdf: 650724 bytes, checksum: 95fb2a1a2dad2bd0de9a5e34f0e6d402 (MD5) / Entre as abelhas altamente eussociais, o estudo de aspectos da morfologia e da ultra-estrutura tem ajudado a esclarecer uma série de questões sobre a sua biologia. A divisão de trabalho distingue as fêmeas em duas castas, sendo uma com função reprodutiva (rainha) e outra que desempenha as mais diversas tarefas dentro da colônia (operária). Espécies do gênero Frieseomelitta mostram esta divisão de forma mais clara, uma vez que suas operárias nunca põem ovos; começando um processo degenerativo nos ovários ainda no final de sua diferenciação. Porém, nas diferentes espécies e em diferentes condições, as operárias podem desenvolver seus ovários e realizar postura de ovos tróficos que são comidos pelas rainhas, ou dar origem a machos. O primeiro caso mostra que além da contribuição dada pelas operárias na produção de alimento para a cria com suas secreções glandulares, elas contribuem também com seus ovos para produzir alimento. Já o segundo caso pode ser um indicativo de que a divisão do trabalho reprodutivo ainda não está totalmente definida. A fertilidade das rainhas também parece se manifestar de diferentes formas. Em Apis mellifera, é evidenciada pela enorme diferença no número de ovaríolos, bem maior nas rainhas do que nas operárias. Esta diferença é devido a uma redução sofrida pelas operárias durante o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário. Já nos 9 meliponíneos o número de ovaríolos de rainhas e operárias é, para a maioria das espécies, igual e em número de quatro por ovário. Em Trigona spinipes, o número de ovaríolos dos ovários das operárias é sempre igual a quatro, enquanto que nas rainhas pode variar entre oito e quinze, entre as rainhas e entre os ovários da mesma rainha... . / The survey of morphological and ultrastructural aspects of highly eusocial bees, have cleared and supported many questions about their biology. The division of labour discern the females in to two castes, being one with reproductive function (queen) and other that perform differents tasks within the colony (worker). Frieseomelitta shows this division clearly. The workers never lay eggs; starting a degenerative process in the ovaries yet in the ending your differentiation. However, in different species and in different conditions, the workers can develop their ovaries and lay eggs that can be trophic and be eaten by the queens, or give rise males. The first condition show that further of the contribution given by the workers in the food production for the brood with yours glandular secretions, they contribute also with yours eggs for to produce food. The second condition can be an evidence that division of reproductive labour is not entirely solved yet. Queen's fertility also seems to be expressed in different ways. In honey bees Apis mellifera, there is a large difference in ovarioles number, which are bigger in queens than workers. This difference is due to the decrease in workers ovarioles number during the post-embryonic development. In Meliponini the ovarioles number of queens and workers is, for most of the species, the same; four per ovary. 11 In Trigona spinipes, the ovarioles number in workers is always four, while in queens can vary from eight to fifteen among queens and among the ovaries of the same queen. Anyway, the ovariole number present in the ovary of queens in Meliponini is very small if compared to Apis mellifera; that suggest that their efficience in egg production can be higher and attached to the ovarioles lengh... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade de genes de referÃncia e a expressÃo das proteÃnas morfogenÃticas Ãsseas (BMP-2, 4, 6, 7 e 15), seus receptores (BMPR-IA, IB e II) e seus mensageiros intracelulares (SMADs-1, 5 e 8) em folÃculos caprinos antes e apÃs cultivo por 18 dias. Para avaliar a estabilidade dos genes de referÃncia e o nÃvel de expressÃo das BMPs, receptores e SMADs, folÃculos com aproximadamente 0,2, 0,5 e 1 mm foram isolados mecanicamente de ovÃrios caprinos. AlÃm disso, folÃculos com aproximadamente 0,2 mm foram isolados e cultivados por 18 dias em meio de cultura suplementado com FSH. ApÃs a extraÃÃo do RNA total e sÃntese de cDNA, foi realizada a quantificaÃÃo do RNAm, por PCR em tempo real, utilizando-se primers especÃficos para genes de referÃncia (&#946;-actina, PGK, GAPDH, &#946;-tubulina, UBQ, RPL-19, rRNA18S), e para as BMPs (2, 4, 6, 7 e 15) receptores de BMPs (BMPR-IA, IB e II) e SMADs (1, 5 e 8). Os resultados mostraram que &#946;-tubulina e PGK sÃo os genes de referÃncia mais estÃveis em folÃculos frescos prÃ-antrais e antrais caprinos. Os RNAs mensageiros para as BMPs (2, 4, 6, 7 e 15), seus receptores (BMPR-IA, IB e II) e SMADs (1, 5 e 8) sÃo expressos em diferentes nÃveis em folÃculos prÃ-antrais e antrais caprinos, sendo que a expressÃo do RNAm para BMP-4, BMP-6 e BMP-7 em folÃculos de 1 mm sÃo significativamente maiores do que em folÃculos de 0,2 e 0,5 mm. Entretanto, os nÃveis de RNAm para BMP-2 foi reduzido em folÃculos de 1 mm, jà os nÃveis de BMP-15 nÃo diferiram entre as categorias foliculares analisadas. Os nÃveis de RNAm para BMPR-IB foram maiores em folÃculos de 0,2 mm do que em folÃculos de 0,5 e 1 mm, enquanto que o RNAm para BMPR-II foi significativamente maior em folÃculos de 0,5 mm do que em folÃculos de 0,2 e 1 mm. Por outro lado, nÃveis de RNAm para BMPR-1A nÃo diferiram entre folÃculos analisados. Os nÃveis de RNAm para SMAD-5 foram significativamente maiores em folÃculos de 0,2 mm do que em folÃculos de 0,5 e 1 mm. Contudo, folÃculos de 0,5 mm mostraram nÃveis maiores de RNAm para SMAD-8 do que folÃculos de 0,2 e 1 mm. Os nÃveis de RNAm para SMAD-1 nÃo diferiram entre os folÃculos. ApÃs as comparaÃÃes dentro de cada categoria folÃcular, BMP-15 foi mais expressa do que BMP-7 em folÃculos de 0,2 e 0,5 mm. Em folÃculos de 0,5 mm a expressÃo do BMPR-IB foi maior do que BMPR-II. Em todas as trÃs categorias foliculares estudadas, a expressÃo da SMAD-5 foi superior a SMAD-8. ApÃs o cultivo, os folÃculos apresentaram reduÃÃo dos nÃveis de RNAm para BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, BMPR-IA e SMAD-5. Em conclusÃo, &#946;-tubulina e PGK sÃo os dois genes housekeeping mais estÃveis para folÃculos frescos caprinos com 0,2, 0,5 e 1 mm de diÃmetro. BMPs, seus receptores e SMADs apresentam padrÃes de expressÃo especÃficos em cada categoria folicular estudada. No entanto, em folÃculos cultivados hà uma variaÃÃo na expressÃo dos componentes do sistema BMP, diferindo da expressÃo in vivo de folÃculos com o mesmo tamanho. / The aims this study to evaluate the stability of reference genes and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2, 4, 6, 7 and 15), their receptors (BMPR-IA, IB and II) and intracellular messengers (SMADs- 1, 5 and 8) in goat follicles before and after culture for 18 days. To evaluate the stability of reference genes and the expression of BMPs, receptors and SMADs, follicles of approximately 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mm were mechanically isolated from goats ovaries. In addition, approximately 0.2 mm follicles were isolated and cultured for 18 days in culture medium supplemented with FSH. Both fresh and cultured follicles were subjected to total RNA extraction and synthesis of cDNA, the quantification of mRNA was carried out by real-time PCR using specific primers for genes of reference (GAPDH, &#946;-tubulin, &#946;-actin, PGK, UBQ, RPL - 19, rRNA18S) and BMPs (2, 4, 6, 7 and 15) receptors of BMPs (BMPR-IA, IB and II) and SMADs (1, 5 and 8). Results showed that &#946;-tubulin and PGK are the most stable reference genes in goats preantral and antral follicles. The messengers RNA for BMP (2, 4, 6, 7 and 15), their receptors (BMPR-IA, IB and II) and Smads (1, 5 and 8) are expressed at different levels in preantral and antral goats, and mRNA expression for BMP-4, BMP-6 and BMP-7 in 1-mm follicles are significantly higher than in follicles of 0.2 and 0.5 mm. However, the levels of mRNA for BMP-2 were reduced in follicles 1 mm, as BMP-15 did not differ between follicular categories. The levels of mRNA for BMPR-IB were higher in follicles of 0.2 mm than in follicles of 0.5 and 1 mm, whereas the mRNA for BMPR-II was significantly higher in follicles than 0.5 mm in follicles of 0.2 to 1 mm. Moreover, mRNA levels for BMPR-1A did not differ between follicles examined. The levels of mRNA for SMAD-5 were significantly higher in 0.2 mm follicles than in follicles of 0.5 and 1 mm. However, follicles of 0.5 mm showed higher levels of mRNA for SMAD-8 than follicles 0.2 and 1 mm. The levels of mRNA for SMAD-1 did not differ between follicles. After the comparisons within each category follicle, BMP-15 expression was higher than BMP-7 in follicles between 0.2 and 0.5 mm. Follicles 0.5 mm in the expression of BMPR-IB was greater than BMPR-II. In all three follicular categories studied, the expression of SMAD-5 was superior to SMAD-8. After culture, follicles showed reduced levels of mRNA for BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, BMPR-IA and SMAD-5. In conclusion, &#946;-tubulin and PGK genes are the two most stable housekeeping for fresh goat follicles 0.2, 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter. BMPs, their receptors and SMADs have specific expression patterns in each category follicular studied. However, in cultured follicles showed a variation in the variation in the expression of BMP system components, differing from in vivo expression of follicles with the same size.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o efeito do FSH sozinho ou em combinaÃÃo com a ativina-A na sobrevivÃncia, crescimento e expressÃo de RNAm para ActR- IB, ActR-IIB, FSH-R, PCNA e HAS1/2/3 em folÃculos secundÃrios de bovinos cultivados in vitro por 18 dias. FolÃculos prÃ-antrais (~0,2mm) foram isolados do cÃrtex de ovÃrios bovinos e cultivados individualmente na ausÃncia- &#945;-MEM+ (grupo controle) ou na presenÃa de ativina-A sozinha na concentraÃÃo de (100ng/mL); FSH sozinho em concentraÃÃes seriadas - 50ng/mL (do dia 0 ao dia 6), 100 ng/mL (do dia 7 ao dia 12), e 200ng/mL (do dia 13 ao dia 18) ou em associaÃÃo com a ativina-A nas mesmas concentraÃÃes. ApÃs 18 dias de cultivo in vitro, folÃculos cultivados com FSH apresentaram aumento significativo no diÃmetro em comparaÃÃo aos demais tratamentos. Por outro lado, a ativina- A sozinha nÃo induz o crescimento folicular comparado ao grupo controle. AlÃm disso, quando combinada com FSH, a ativina-A inibiu o crescimento folicular promovido pelo FSH. Ao final de 18 dias de cultivo, todos os tratamentos apresentaram a formaÃÃo de antro embora sem diferenÃas significativas entre os tratamentos. A anÃlise ultra-estrutural confirmou a integridade dos folÃculos cultivados em FSH apÃs 18 dias de cultivo. FolÃculos cultivados na presenÃa de ativina-A associada ao FSH, reduziram significativamente (p <0,05) os nÃveis de RNAm para ActR-IB, ActR-IIB, FSH-R e PCNA. AlÃm disso, em folÃculos cultivados com FSH sozinho, os nÃveis de RNAm para HAS1 e HAS 2 foram significativamente maiores (p<0,05) que em folÃculos cultivados com ativina-A em associaÃÃo ao FSH. Ademais, o nÃvel de expressÃo do RNAm para HAS-3 nÃo diferiu (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Em conclusÃo, a ativina-A à importante para o desenvolvimento folicular inicial (atà 6 dias), mas reduz o efeito estimulatÃrio do FSH em folÃculos prÃ-antrais bovinos apÃs 18 dias de cultivo in vitro. Nossos resultados apontam que o FSH à um fator chave para a sobrevivÃncia e crescimento de folÃculos prÃ-antrais cultivados in vitro por um longo perÃodo (18 dias). AlÃm disso, ativina-A em associaÃÃo ao FSH reduz os nÃveis de RNAm para o receptor de ativina do tipo IB (ActR-IB), tipo II-B (ActR-IIB), FSH-R e PCNA, apÃs 18 dias in vitro. Em adiÃÃo, folÃculos cultivados em meio suplementado com FSH sozinho, apresentaram nÃveis de expressÃo de RNAm para HAS-1 e HAS-2 maiores que em folÃculos cultivados em meio suplementado pela associaÃÃo de ativina-A e FSH. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FSH alone or in combination with activin-A on survival, growth and expression of mRNA for ActR- IB, ActR- IIB, FSH-R, PCNA, and HAS1/2/3 in bovine secondary follicles cultured in vitro for 18 days. Preantral follicles (~0,2mm) were isolated from the cortex of bovine ovaries and individually cultured in the absence (control medium) or presence of activin-A alone at concentrations of (100ng/mL); FSH alone in increased concentrations - 50ng/mL (from day 0 to day 6), 100ng/mL (from day 7 to day 12), and 200ng/mL (from day 13 to day 18) or in association with activin-A in the same concentrations. After 18 days in vitro, follicles cultured with FSH showed a significant increase in diameter compared to the other treatments. On the other hand, the activin-A alone did not increase follicular diameter compared to control medium. Moreover, when combined with FSH, activin-A inhibited the growth promoted by FSH. At the end of 18 days of culture, all treatments presented antrum formation but without difference between treatments. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed the integrity of follicles cultured in FSH after 18 days. Follicles cultured in the presence of activin-A in association with FSH significantly reduced (P<0.05) levels of mRNA for ActR-IB, ActR-IIB, FSH-R and PCNA. Moreover, in follicles cultured with FSH alone, levels of mRNA for HAS 1 and HAS 2 were significantly higher (P<0.05) that in follicles cultured with activin-A in association with FSH. In addition, the level of mRNA expression for HAS-3 did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatments. In conclusion, activin-A is important for early follicular development (up to 6 days), but reduces the stimulatory effect of FSH on bovine preantral follicles after 18 days of culture in vitro. Our results also indicate that FSH is a key factor for survival and growth of bovine preantral follicles cultured in vitro for a long period (18 days). Moreover, activin-A in combination with FSH reduce the levels of mRNA for activin receptor type IB (ActR-IB), type II-B (ActR-IIB), FSH-R and PCNA after 18 days in vitro. In addition, follicles cultured in medium supplemented with FSH alone levels of mRNA for HAS-1 and HAS-2 were higher than in follicles cultured in medium supplemented by the association of activin-A and FSH.

O exercício físico é intervenção de primeira linha e parece melhorar os sintomas da síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP). Porém, os mecanismos dessas alterações ainda são pouco entendidos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício voluntário sobre os aspectos metabólicos e reprodutivos de modelos murinos de SOP induzida por dihidrotestosterona (DHT) ou letrozol (LET). Péletes de DHT ou LET foram utilizados para a indução de SOP experimental em camundongas pré-puberes. Os camundongos controles receberam péletes sem substância ativa. Cinco semanas após a exposição aos compostos teve início o exercício voluntário em rodas de corrida. Foram avaliados peso, composição corporal, tolerância à insulina e à glicose e o ciclo estral. Os grupos experimentais foram: controle (n=9), DHT (n=10), LET (n=9), DHT+exercício (EX) (n=9) e LET+EX (n=10). Após 4-5 semanas de exercício, os animais foram eutanasiados e os tecidos adiposos inguinal e mesentérico foram utilizados para análises morfológicas e moleculares. O grupo DHT apresentou aumento do peso corporal, aumento da proporção de grandes adipócitos mesentéricos e ciclo estral anormal. O grupo LET apresentou aumento do peso corporal e massa gorda, diminuição da sensibilidade à insulina, aumento da população de adipócitos pequenos, aumento da expressão de genes relacionados à lipólise na gordura mesentérica e ciclo estral anormal. O exercício reduziu a massa gorda e a expressão de genes da via NOTCH no tecido adiposo inguinal e mesentérico, e restaurou a morfologia alterada dos adipócitos mesentéricos, e a expressão de genes da via do NOTCH foi negativamente correlacionada com a expressão de genes da via de browning (transformação da gordura branca em gordura de fenótipo marrom) nos grupos DHT+EX e LET+EX. Em conclusão, o exercício restaurou a morfologia dos adipócitos mesentéricos em modelos animais de SOP induzida por DHT e LET, melhorou a sensibilidade à insulina, aumentou a expressão mesentérica de genes relacionados à lipólise e melhorou o ciclo estral em modelo animal de SOP induzida por LET. Esses benefícios podem ser atribuídos, pelo menos em parte, pela inibição de genes da via do NOTCH e pela modulação das vias de browning e lipólise no tecido adiposo / Exercise is the first line treatment and it seems to improve the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but the mechanisms of these alterations are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of voluntary exercise on metabolic and reproductive aspects of PCOS mouse models induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or letrozole (LET). DHT or LET pellets were used for the induction of experimental PCOS in prepubertal mice. Control mice received placebo pellets. Five weeks after exposure to the substances, voluntary exercise on running wheels began. Body weight, body composition, insulin and glucose tolerance, and estrous cycle were evaluated. The experimental groups were control (n = 9), DHT (n = 10), LET (n = 9), DHT+exercise (EX) (n = 9) and LET+EX (n = 10). After 4-5 weeks of exercise, the animals were euthanized and the inguinal and mesenteric fat depots were collected for morphological and molecular analyzes. The DHT group showed increased body weight, increased proportion of large mesenteric adipocytes and abnormal estrous cycle. The LET group presented increased body weight and fat mass, decreased insulin sensitivity, increased population of small adipocytes, increased expression of genes related to lipolysis in mesenteric fat and abnormal estrous cycle. Exercise reduced fat mass and NOTCH pathway gene expression in inguinal and mesenteric adipose tissue, and restored the altered morphology of mesenteric adipocytes, and NOTCH pathway gene expression was negatively correlated with gene expression of the browning (transformation from white fat to brown-like fat) markers in both DHT+EX and LET+EX groups. In conclusion, the exercise restored the mesenteric adipocyte morphology in the DHT- and LET-induced PCOS mouse models, and the insulin sensitivity, the mesenteric expression of genes related to lipolysis, and improved the estrous cycle in the LET-induced PCOS mouse model. These benefits may be attributed, at least in part, to the inhibition of NOTCH pathway genes and the modulation of browning and lipolysis pathways in the adipose tissue

VIEIRA, TMB. Qualidade de Vida em Mulheres Obesas e com Síndrome dos Ovários Policísticos. 2010. 65 fls. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo. Ribeirão Preto. 2010. A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é uma das desordens endócrinas mais comuns na idade reprodutiva, sendo a sua prevalência de 6 a 10% na população feminina. A SOP associada à obesidade pode agravar a saúde física e mental com um impacto negativo no funcionamento bio-psico-social. Os distúrbios metabólicos e as manifestações clínicas do hiperandrogenismo, comuns em mulheres com SOP tem levado ao aumento dos distúrbios psicológicos e redução na qualidade de vida (QV). Alguns estudos têm mostrado uma piora da QV na SOP, mas não fazem distinção sobre os efeitos que a própria obesidade pode acarretar a QV, uma vez que mais de 50% das pacientes SOP apresentam sobrepeso e obesidade. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se há diferença na QV de pacientes com SOP obesas comparadas a controles obesas com ciclos ovulatórios. Foram incluídas 35 obesas com SOP e 28 obesas com ciclos ovulatórios, com idade entre 20 e 40 anos, IMC 30 e que aceitaram assinar o TCLE. Utilizou-se para a caracterização da população o questionário sócio-demográfico, médico, reprodutivo e somatométrico e para a avaliação da qualidade de vida, o questionário SF-36, que avalia os componentes da saúde física e os componentes da saúde mental. As pacientes com SOP mostraram melhor escore no que diz respeito ao domínio da capacidade funcional (73,43±20,57 vs 59,46±22,08) (p=0,01). Para os demais domínios não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Nossos resultados sugerem que o aumento de androgênios comum em obesas com SOP possa estar associado à melhor capacidade funcional. / VIEIRA, TMB. Quality of Life of Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. 2010. 65 fls. Dissertation (Master). Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2010. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders occurring during reproductive age, with a prevalence of 6 to 10% in the female population. PCOS associated with obesity can affect physical and mental health, with a negative impact on biopsychosocial functioning. The metabolic disorders and clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism, common among women with PCOS, have led to an increase in psychological disorders and a reduction of quality of life (QL). Some studies have shown a worsening of QL in PCOS but without distinguishing between the effects that obesity itself may have on QL, since more than 50% of patients with PCOS are overweight or obese. The objective of the present study was to determine whether there is a difference in the QL of obese patients with PCOS compared to obese controls with ovulatory cycles. The study was conducted on 35 obese women with PCOS and 28 obese women with ovulatory cycles aged 20 to 40 years, with a BMI 30, who gave written informed consent to participate. A sociodemographic, medical, reproductive and somatometric questionnaire was used to characterize the population and QL was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire, which evaluates the components of physical and mental health. The patients with PCOS had a better score regarding the functional capacity domain (73,43±20,57 vs 59,46±22,08) (p=0,01), whereas no significant differences were observed beween groups regarding the remaining domains. The present results suggest that the increase in androgens commonly occurring among obese women with PCOS may be associated with their better functional capacity.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-12T20:06:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TatianePenha.pdf: 1070731 bytes, checksum: 317d377ddfce7d741b49eecde3cf7ec4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T20:06:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TatianePenha.pdf: 1070731 bytes, checksum: 317d377ddfce7d741b49eecde3cf7ec4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / The tick Rhipicephalus microplus, found in tropical and subtropical regions, has caused great harm to the Brazilian livestock. The damage caused by this tick the Brazilian livestock exceeds three billion dollars. Verbenaceae Lippia genus, especially the species L. sidoides and L. gracilis, have been reported with potential activity in larvae and R. microplus females. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricide activity of L. sidoides and L. gracilis essential oils and its major compounds thymol and carvacrol and characterize morphological changes in ovaries of R. microplus females from lethal concentrations 50 (LC50) and 75% (LC75) of the study population. After selection of the genotypes (LGRA-106, LGRA-201, LSDI-102 and LSDI-103), groups of 10 engorged females were subjected to the immersion test in essential oils at different concentrations and DMSO 3% was used for the control. After seven days, the ticks were dissected in phosphate buffer solution and the ovaries were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for a period of 24 hours. The tissues were dehydrated and embedded in plastic molds Leica resin for histological analysis. The results visualization and characterization of the ovary and the different stages of development of oocytes. In the control group, treated with 3% DMSO, changes in the tissues have not been verified. In groups treated with the L. gracillis oils and L. sidoides oils, vacuolization was observed in oocytes II, III, IV and V, cell membrane disintegration in oocytes II, III, IV and V, with complete morphological deformation of oocytes IV and V. The major compounds, thymol and carvacrol seem to be actively working on these changes. The results showed activity of the different genotypes of the essential oils and their major compounds in larvae and females of R. microplus and allowed to elucidate the mechanism of action of the same in the oogenesis of the females, leading to believe that the compounds tested are promising for the development of acaricide products. / O carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus, encontrado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, ocasionam mais de três bilhões de dólares à pecuária brasileira. Óleos essenciais de Verbenáceas do gênero Lippia, especialmente Lippia sidoides e Lippia gracilis, têm sido descritos com potencial atividade carrapaticida e interferindo na reprodução de diferentes espécies de carrapatos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade carrapaticida dos óleos essenciais de L. sidoides e L. gracilis e seus compostos majoritários timol e carvacrol, selecionando os genótipos que apresentam maiores atividades contra o carrapato bovino e caracterizar as alterações morfológicas dos ovários de fêmeas de R. microplus a partir das concentrações letais para 50 (CL50) e 75% (CL 75) da população estudada. Após a seleção dos genótipos (LGRA-106, LGRA-201, LSDI-102 e LSDI-103, grupos de 10 fêmeas ingurgitadas foram submetidas ao teste de imersão em óleos essenciais em diferentes concentrações e para o controle foi utilizado DMSO 3%. Após sete dias, as fêmeas foram dissecadas em solução tampão fosfato e os ovários foram fixados em glutaraldeído 2,5% por um período de 24 horas. Os tecidos foram desidratados e incluídos em moldes plásticos de resina Leica para análise histológica. Os resultados permitiram a visualização e caracterização do ovário e dos diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento dos ovócitos. No grupo controle (DMSO 3%), não foram verificadas alterações nos tecidos. Nos grupos tratados com os óleos de L. gracillis e L. sidoides foram observadas vacuolizações de ovócitos II, III, IV e V, desintegração de membrana plasmática em ovócitos II, III, IV e V, com completa deformidade morfológica de ovócitos IV e V. Os compostos majoritários, timol e carvacrol parecem estar atuando ativamente nessas alterações. Os resultados obtidos mostraram atividade dos diferentes genótipos dos óleos essenciais e seus compostos majoritários em larvas e fêmeas de R. microplus e permitiu elucidar o mecanismo de ação dos mesmos na oogêse das fêmeas, levando a crer que os compostos testados são promissores para o desenvolvimento de produtos carrapaticidas.