Föreliggande arbete är en kvalitativ studie som behandlar valet att bli förälder. Det som undersöks är svenska unga vuxnas samtal kring när tiden är rätt för att bli förälder, livet som förälder kontra livet utan barn, det ideala livet, det goda föräldraskapet och en bra barndom. Studien är ett bidrag till den västerländska debatten om sjunkande födelsetal och uppskjutet barnafödande. De empiriska analyserna i arbetet är baserade på fokusgrupper med sammanlagt 35 individer mellan 24 och 39 år. Deltagarna har olika bakgrunder sett till utbildning, arbete och bostadsort. 15 var förstagångsföräldrar eller väntade sitt första barn. Resterande 20 hade inte barn. När är tiden rätt för barn? Varför har medelåldern för förstagångsföräldrar ökat? Vilka föreställningar finns kring livet som förälder jämfört med livet utan barn? Dessa var de övergripande frågorna som diskuterades i grupperna. Användandet av fokusgrupper och den diskursiva analysen visade sig vara fruktbara i studiet av ideal och föreställningar kring föräldraskap och övergången till föräldraskap. Resultatet av studien belyser komplexiteten kring valet att bli eller att vänta med att bli förälder; det visar på hur människors liv och förståelse av sig själva påverkas av många motstridiga föreställningar och ideal. Föräldraskap, familj, släktskap, vänskap, kärlek, ålder, biologi, och den oberoende individen är några av de fenomen som framstår som diskurser i fokusgruppsdeltagarnas diskussioner kring tiden för föräldraskap. Denna studie visar hur olika individer förhåller sig till olika diskurser och subjektspositioner, och hur olika individer på olika sätt löser dilemman som motstridiga ideal resulterar i. I avhandlingen undersöks och belyses diskursiva, kulturella strukturer och individers aktiva positionerande gentemot dessa. / The present thesis is a qualitative study of reproductive decision-making. It explores ways in which Swedish young adults talk about the timing of parenthood, the ideal life, good parenthood and the auspicious childhood. The work contributes to the debate on why fertility rates are declining and why the transition to parenthood is being postponed in the contemporary Western world. The empirical analysis is based on focus group data including in total 35 participants, between 24 and 39 years of age, with varying educational, occupational, and geographical backgrounds. The participants were new first-time parents, a few who were expecting their first child and some who were childless. The broad guiding questions of the focus group discussions were the timing of parenthood, the general postponement of parenthood, and the childless life contra life as a parent. The focus group method proved to be very useful in exploring ideas and ideals related to the timing of parenthood, as did the discourse analytical approach that was applied. The study illuminates the complexity of reproductive decision-making; it is an exploration of a range of notions and discourses that impact on people’s lives and ways of understanding the world, such as discourses on kin, family, friendship, the romantic relationship, parenthood, age, biology, and the independent, individualized individual. It is also a study of individual positioning towards different, often contradictory ideals, and individual strategies when trying to solve the pertinent dilemmas caused by contrasting notions. Thus, the study is an exploration of general, cultural discursive structures as well as of the different ways in which the subject actively draws upon them.

The paper deals with preparations for parenthood in persons with visual disabilities. The first part describes the target group and is dedicated to defining the terms family and parenthood, and their importance in our lives. Further, it presents the most important determinants that affect the parenthood of these people and their ethical evaluation. It touches upon society's prejudices associated with parenthood, which make it difficult for these people to integrate into society. Based on qualitative research, the paper presents practical measures that make it possible to eliminate the incidence of prejudice while promoting a quality fulfilment of the parental role for the benefit of a healthy development of the child and the development of the parent's personality, thus improving the integration of parents with visual disabilities into society.

Föreliggande arbete är en kvalitativ studie som behandlar valet att bli förälder. Det som undersöks är svenska unga vuxnas samtal kring när tiden är rätt för att bli förälder, livet som förälder kontra livet utan barn, det ideala livet, det goda föräldraskapet och en bra barndom. Studien är ett bidrag till den västerländska debatten om sjunkande födelsetal och uppskjutet barnafödande. De empiriska analyserna i arbetet är baserade på fokusgrupper med sammanlagt 35 individer mellan 24 och 39 år. Deltagarna har olika bakgrunder sett till utbildning, arbete och bostadsort. 15 var förstagångsföräldrar eller väntade sitt första barn. Resterande 20 hade inte barn. När är tiden rätt för barn? Varför har medelåldern för förstagångsföräldrar ökat? Vilka föreställningar finns kring livet som förälder jämfört med livet utan barn? Dessa var de övergripande frågorna som diskuterades i grupperna. Användandet av fokusgrupper och den diskursiva analysen visade sig vara fruktbara i studiet av ideal och föreställningar kring föräldraskap och övergången till föräldraskap. Resultatet av studien belyser komplexiteten kring valet att bli eller att vänta med att bli förälder; det visar på hur människors liv och förståelse av sig själva påverkas av många motstridiga föreställningar och ideal. Föräldraskap, familj, släktskap, vänskap, kärlek, ålder, biologi, och den oberoende individen är några av de fenomen som framstår som diskurser i fokusgruppsdeltagarnas diskussioner kring tiden för föräldraskap. Denna studie visar hur olika individer förhåller sig till olika diskurser och subjektspositioner, och hur olika individer på olika sätt löser dilemman som motstridiga ideal resulterar i. I avhandlingen undersöks och belyses diskursiva, kulturella strukturer och individers aktiva positionerande gentemot dessa. / The present thesis is a qualitative study of reproductive decision-making. It explores ways in which Swedish young adults talk about the timing of parenthood, the ideal life, good parenthood and the auspicious childhood. The work contributes to the debate on why fertility rates are declining and why the transition to parenthood is being postponed in the contemporary Western world. The empirical analysis is based on focus group data including in total 35 participants, between 24 and 39 years of age, with varying educational, occupational, and geographical backgrounds. The participants were new first-time parents, a few who were expecting their first child and some who were childless. The broad guiding questions of the focus group discussions were the timing of parenthood, the general postponement of parenthood, and the childless life contra life as a parent. The focus group method proved to be very useful in exploring ideas and ideals related to the timing of parenthood, as did the discourse analytical approach that was applied. The study illuminates the complexity of reproductive decision-making; it is an exploration of a range of notions and discourses that impact on people’s lives and ways of understanding the world, such as discourses on kin, family, friendship, the romantic relationship, parenthood, age, biology, and the independent, individualized individual. It is also a study of individual positioning towards different, often contradictory ideals, and individual strategies when trying to solve the pertinent dilemmas caused by contrasting notions. Thus, the study is an exploration of general, cultural discursive structures as well as of the different ways in which the subject actively draws upon them.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The family life cycle perspective (McGoldrick & Carter, 2003) recognises that one normative life stressor for families is the transition to parenthood. Still, the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & McCubbin, 1996) holds that one protective resource that could help the family in the face of a stressor is family routines. Even though the Ecological-cultural Niche Model (Gallimore, Goldenberg & Weisner, 1993) gives us some understanding of the family routine as a psychological construct, many gaps exist in the literature. The aim of this qualitative grounded theory study was to better understand family routines as a resilience resource during the transition to parenthood. This aim was broken down into five research questions: (1) What do daily routines look like in the lives of firsttime parents? (2) Why are these family routines important to first-time parents? (3) What challenges do first-time parents face in sustaining their daily routines? (4) What assists firsttime parents in maintaining their daily routines? (5) What accommodations do first-time parents make to adapt to the arrival of their first child? In terms of methodology, ten Coloured couples whose first child was between one and four years of age and who resided in one northern suburb of Cape Town took part in semi-structured interviews. In terms of research question one, the data analysis revealed that family routines look like a sequence of unfolding activities and that this sequence is situated within a temporal structure; that the specific sequence and temporal structure are designed by the family to be functional; but that there also is temporal incongruence in the sequence of routines. Related to question two, the participants felt that their routines were important because a family routine is an opportunity to spend time together, and it is an opportunity for improving child development. For question three, the data analysis revealed that the challenges first-time parents face in sustaining their routines are extra-familial and intra-familial barriers that increase the task and temporal complexity of routines. The analysis of question four revealed that what assists parents in maintaining routines are extra-familial and intra-familial resources that decrease the task and temporal complexity of routines. Lastly, themes related to research question five showed that the accommodations that parents make in routines that help them adapt are temporal accommodations and idiosyncratic accommodations. In future, researchers and theorists should not only investigate an individual family routine in isolation (e.g. just dinnertime or just bedtime), but also look at the structure of the entire daily schedule, the scheduling process, and how the functionality of this daily schedule affects the experience of individual routines. Greater emphasis should also be placed on diverse samples from many ecological and cultural contexts in order to identify more extra-familial and intra-familial barriers and resources that affect the maintenance of a satisfying daily schedule. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gesinslewensiklusraamwerk (McGoldrick & Carter, 2003) beklemtoon dat een normatiewe lewenstressor vir gesinne die oorgang na ouerskap is. Tog dui die Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & McCubbin, 1996) aan dat gesinsroetines een bron van beskerming is wat die gesin tydens ’n groot lewensstressor kan help. Al bied die Ekologies-kulturele Nismodel (Gallimore, Goldenberg & Weisner, 1993) ons ’n sekere mate van begrip van gesinsroetine as ‘n sielkundige konstruk, is daar steeds leemtes in die literatuur. Die doel van hierdie kwalitatiewe gegronde-teorie navorsing was om beter begrip te ontwikkel van gesinsroetines as ’n veerkragtigheidsfaktor tydens die oorgang na ouerskap. Hierdie doel is in vyf navorsingsvrae verdeel: (1) Hoe lyk daaglikse gesinsroetines in die lewens van nuwe ouers? (2) Hoekom is hierdie gesinsroetines belangrik vir nuwe ouers? (3) Watter uitdagings staar nuwe ouers in die gesig wanneer hulle daaglikse roetines probeer volhou? (4) Wat help nuwe ouers om met hul daaglikse roetines vol te hou? en (5) Watter akkommodasies maak nuwe ouers om aan te pas by die koms van hul eerste kind? Wat metodologie betref het tien bruin ouerpare wat se eerste kind tussen die ouderdom van een en vier jaar was en wat in ’n noordelike voorstad van Kaapstad woon aan semigestruktureerde onderhoude deelgeneem. Wat die eerste navorsingsvraag betref, het die dataontleding onthul dat gesinsroetines ’n reeks opeenvolgende aktiwiteite is wat een na die ander ontvou. Hierdie reeks van roetines is geleë binne ’n tydsraamwerk; dit word deur die gesin ontwerp om funksioneel te wees; maar daar bestaan ook tyd-inkongruensies in die reeks roetines. In verband met vraag twee het die deelnemers gevoel roetines is belangrik omdat dit hulle die geleentheid bied om tyd saam deur te bring en dit verskaf ook ’n geleentheid om die ontwikkeling van die kind te bevorder. Op grond van die derde navorsingsvraag het die dataontleding getoon dat die uitdagings wat nuwe ouers in die gesig staar wanneer hulle probeer om hulle gesinsroetines te volhou, buite-gesins en binne-gesins hindernisse is wat take bemoeilik en tyd-kompleksiteit verhoog. Ontledings na aanleiding van vraag vier het getoon dat dit buite-gesins en binne-gesins bronne is wat help om take makliker te maak en tydskompleksiteid te verminder sodat nuwe ouers met roetines kan volhou. Laastens, temas wat na vore gekom het na aanleiding van die vyfde navorsingsvraag toon dat dit tyd- en idiosinkratiese akkommodasies is wat ouers help om aan te pas. In die toekoms moet navorsers en teoretici nie net ‘n individuele gesinsroetine in isolasie bestudeer nie (bv. net ’n aandete-roetine of net ’n slapenstyd-roetine), maar ook kyk na die struktuur van die hele daaglikse skedule, skeduleringsprosesse, en hoe die funksionaliteit van hierdie daaglikse skedule die ervaring van individuele roetines beïnvloed. Meer klem moet ook geplaas word op steekproewe vanuit ekologies en kultureel diverse kontekste ten einde meer buite-gesins en binne-gesins hindernisse en bronne wat die instandhouding van bevredigende skedules beïnvloed, te identifiseer. Kernwoorde: gesinsroetines, oorgang na ouerskap, gesinsveerkragtigheid, gesinslewenssiklus, Ekologies-kulturele nis.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Vi har gjort en kritisk diskursanalys av AC:s (Adoptionscentrum) medlemstidning under perioderna; 1975-1985, 1986-1996, 1997-2006. Frågeställningen lyder: Hur konstitueras diskursen om ”det goda adoptivföräldraskapet” genom AC:s medlemstidning? Vilka är möjlighetsvillkoren och vilka konsekvenser innebär diskursen? Vårt syfte har varit att förstå diskursen om ”det goda adoptivföräldraskapet”. Vi har utgått ifrån socialkonstruktioniskt, poststrukturalistiskt perspektiv och språkfilosofi.</p><p>Vårt huvudsakliga resultat har visat sig vara att AC konstituerar diskurser som producerar och reproducerar ett antal normativa föreställningar om föräldraskap, familj och individer som bygger på socialt konstruerade föreställningar om vad som är en ”riktig” familj, bra föräldraegenskaper och barnets bästa. Diskursen ”det goda adoptivföräldraskapet” uppnås genom aktivt medlemskap i adoptionsorganisationen AC. Begreppet ”barnets bästa” har visat sig vara en flytande signifikant för att konstituera olika diskurser som alla handlar om att etablera eller upprätthålla AC som organisation. Genom barnets bästa har AC fått möjlighet att legitimera sina egna verksamhetsområden, styra över vem som är lämplig förälder, vem som får bilda familj och vika barn som är tillgängliga för adoption. Ytterligare resultat har visat på att AC under perioden fått ökad makt genom att förmedlingen av adoptivbarn har övergått till adoptivorganisationerna. Således har statens makt och inflytande fördelats över ytterligare en instans.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>This essay is a critical discourse analysis on AC’s (Adoption Centre Organisation, Sweden) magazine for members during three periods; 1975-1985, 1986-1996, 1997-2006. Our main question is how discursive statements are made on “the good adoptive parenthood” in this magazine? What possible changeable meanings and truths are given by the discourses? Our aim is to understand the discourse “the good adoptive parenthood”. The theoretical framework consists of knowledge of social constructivism, post structural perspective and philosophy of language.</p><p>Our main results are that AC constitutes discourses that produce and reproduce a number of assumptions about parenthood, family and individuals as normative and influenced by social constructed assumptions about what is; a “real” family, a good parenthood or “the child’s best interest”. The discourse of “the good adoptive parenthood” is gained through membership in the adoption organisation AC. The claim of “the child’s best interest” has in this essay being found as a fluent significant to constitute a variety of discourses, which all aim to establish and maintain the organisation. Through the principle of “the child’s best interest”, AC has found a way to legitimate their own fields, to decide who is a suitable parent, who shall form a family, and which child will be available for adoption. Further result shows that AC during the studied period has gained increased legal and governmental power in the field of adoption. As a result, the governmental power and influence in the adoption field has been divided through additional authorities.</p>

Bakgrund Revisionsbranschen är en mansdominerad bransch där det råder en vertikal könssegregering, kvinnor rekryteras in i revisionsbranschen men har svårt att nå ledarpositioner och andra högre befattningar. Balans senaste jämställdhetsundersökning visar att 78,9 % av alla partners i de sju största revisionsbyråerna i Sverige är män. Kvinnlig framgång vad gäller maktfulla och inflytelserika positioner i organisationer är absolut nödvändigt för att uppnå jämställdhet och lika möjligheter för kvinnor som män. Frågan som ställs är om det finns skillnader i utförandet av revisionsarbete mellan kvinnor och män och om det är det som förklarar den rådande könssegregeringen i revisionsbranschen. Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att utforska och jämföra kvinnliga respektive manliga revisorers revisionsarbete samt utforska huruvida deras karriäravancemang påverkas till störst del av deras individuella revisionsarbete eller av deras kön. Metod Studien delas upp i två delstudier, en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie. I litteraturstudien samlas tidigare forskning in och bearbetas. I intervjustudien används en kvalitativ metod och datainsamling sker genom intervjuer. Slutsats Vårt resultat visar att det inte finns några skillnader mellan hur kvinnor och män utför en revision. Trots detta missgynnas kvinnor i revisionsbranschen och når inte lika höga positioner som män. Resultatet indikerar att det främst beror på att kvinnor blir mammor och tar mer ansvar för familjen vilket gör att de har svårare att leva upp till den övertidsnorm som finns i revisionsbranschen. Resultatet visar även att starka könsnormer fortfarande råder inom branschen, ett tecken på det är att kvinnliga revisorer bemöts sämre och ifrågasätts mer än manliga revisorer av klienter. / Background The audit industry is a male dominated industry where a vertical gender segregation exists, women are recruited into the audit industry but have difficulties in achieving leadership positions and other senior positions. Balans latest equality survey shows that 78,9 % of all partners in the seven biggest audit firms in Sweden are men. Female success regarding powerful and influential positions in organisations are absolutely necessary to achieve equality and the same possibilities for women as for men. The question being asked is if there are any differences in audit practice performance between women and men and if that can explain the current gender segregation in the audit industry. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore and compare female respectively male auditors audit practice performance and explore whether their career advancement is mostly affected by their individual audit practice performance or their gender. Method The study is divided into two substudies, a litterature study and an interview study. In the litterature study previous research is collected and processed. In the interview study a qualitative method is used and the data collection is made through interviews. Conclusion The result shows that there are no differences in how female and male auditors perform an audit. Despite this women are disadvantaged in the audit industry and do not reach as high positions as men. The result indicates that this problem mainly exists because of the fact that women become mothers and take more responsibility of the family which makes it harder to live up to the audit industry’s overtime norm. The result also shows that strong gender norms still exist in the industry, a proof of that is that female auditors are still more mistreated and questioned than male auditors by their clients.

The aim of the thesis is to define content of various aspects of parenthood as they are currently perceived and treated in the legal order of the Czech Republic. The theme is reflected in the work with regard to its historical legal developments, including the reflection of the current Czech legislation. Mentioned is also legislation in terms of international law. It often represents the direction of Czech legislation. The main idea of the domestic legislation parenthood child's interest and the protection of basic human rights. The child is seen as a specific body of legal rules with all its peculiarities and increased need for legal protection with regard to their position in society. For contemporary society, which is child-centered, that is child-centered, are issues related to the rights of the child and his relevant status and position is important to be dealt with in relation to the child as possible and thoroughly as possible. The first part is devoted to the historical and legal aspects that are associated with parenthood issues. They discussed the basic concepts, such as a child, parenthood and family. Basic contents and meanings of these terms are viewed with regard to their interdisciplinary overlap. The core of the work, which is the most attention is the issue of motherhood. This...

The diploma thesis is concerned about the theme of psychological pregnancy of foster parents. The main focus of diploma thesis was map the motivation, expectations and experiences of future foster parents. The diploma thesis was divided to two main parts, theoretic part and practical part. The theoretic part reported summary of information about parenthood, alternative family care, experiences of pregnancy and experiences of expectation a child future foster parents. Practical part was concentrared on motivation and expectations of applicants foster parents. Qualitative research, method of interview was used. The results of diploma thesis could use experts of alternative family care, whoes are interested to specialized training for future foster parents. Key words pregnancy, parenthood, child, alternative family care, foster care, adoption, psychological parenthood, motivation, experience, identity, expectation, training

The work observes the development and changes of perception of the relationships of a couple in the period of accepting the role of a parent. In its theoretical part, the work considers the relationship of a couple within a wider context of a family, describes the relationship of a couple from its beginnings to the decision of establishing a family, emphasizes experience of the woman during pregnancy and after giving birth and also deals with the man's view of this period. The conclusion of the theoretical part describes in more detail changes of the relationship during the transition to parenthood and introduces foreign research of this topic. The empirical part then presents the survey itself, where women expecting their first child expressed satisfaction with their relationship both during pregnancy and after giving birth. The evaluated areas of the relationship of a couple include intimacy, communication, shared time, support, care and appreciation. The quality analysis of the statements of the female respondents with regard to the individual evaluated areas specifies the quantitative findings. The survey demonstrates a significant decrease of satisfaction of women with the relationship within the explored period, particularly in the area of intimacy, manifestation of love, appreciation,...

Žemlová, M.: Reality and dream. [Diploma thesis] Prague 2016 - Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education, Art Education Department, p. 91, (annexes: two pieces of own art work) The subject of this thesis is an individual concept of the main theme - reality and dream. The author sees this theme through her own intensive experience, connecting it with the pedagogical practice and fine art. The thesis is divided into three parts, where the first, theoretical, discusses imaging of themes connected with a woman and motherhood, offering a parallel of the traditional male view and female concept of the present. The didactic part brings a search for the ideal way - dream - in an environment hostile to art education at private vocational school. The practical part presents the author's own art work reflecting her personal experience with motherhood. Key words: Reality, dream, art, mother, motherhood, parenthood, feminism, pedagogical practice