Objetivo: Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever e analisar as políticas e estratégias de controle da poluição do ar no meio urbano, com vistas a melhorar a qualidade do ar e apto a servir como referência para outras cidades em face de problemas críticos de poluição do ar. Usando os casos de Nova Iorque, São Paulo e Paris, este estudo destaca as diferentes políticas e tendências de gestão previstas nas três cidades, fornecendo uma caracterização destes três centros, descrevendo o período global e legal de desenvolvimento das principais políticas e destacando as principais estratégias implementadas ao longo dos últimos vinte anos. Metodologia: Tendo como abordagem um estudo múltiplo de caso, um primeiro componente fundamental da pesquisa consistiu na caracterização das três cidades, fornecendo dados sobre tendências das médias anuais da poluição do ar no que se refere a níveis de NO2, PM10, PM2.5, Ozônio e SO2 ao longo dos últimos quinze anos, apresentando uma visão geral dos meios de transporte e das frotas de veículos, e descrevendo as principais políticas desenvolvidas nas três cidades. Em seguida, a pesquisa propõe uma categorização das principais estratégias aplicadas, usando as abordagens de gestão da poluição do ar (regulatório, incentivos econômicos e outros) da OECD (Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico) para visualizar as escolhas estratégicas empregadas. Então, os resultados são condensados na matriz de análise SWOT e complementada a análise com sugestões de uma abordagem da qualidade do ar com maior inclinação para os direitos humanos. Resultado: Se prazos e contexto local variaram de uma cidade para outra, as três cidades têm um percurso histórico geral semelhante no desenvolvimento de certas políticas em oposição a outras. Níveis totais de poluição atmosférica têm diminuído ao longo dos últimos quinze anos, mas os níveis de poluição do ar continuam acima do que é recomendado nas diretrizes da OMS (Organização Mundial da Saúde). As cidades diferem no desenvolvimento de estratégias. De acordo com os critérios da OECD, se as abordagens reguladoras são uma tendência comum às cidades na redução dos níveis de poluição do ar, elas diferem na forma e até na extensão de seu investimento em mobilidade e transportes públicos e na matriz energética escolhida. Outra descoberta incluiu o desenvolvimento de incentivos econômicos, dados disponíveis e inclusão da indústria automobilística em questões ambientais. Elas têm em comum a capacidade tecnológica para desenvolver combustíveis de energia mais limpa e fomentar meios de transporte não-motorizados. No entanto, as disparidades em opções de transporte, infraestrutura e na distância entre trabalho e residência pareceu ter impacto sobre o uso de veículos privados, em parte devido à dificuldade de acesso da residência a transportes públicos disponíveis, além de opções políticas dos governos locais. Isto é particularmente verdadeiro no que tange a população de renda média, que constitui a grande parcela que faz uso de automóveis próprios, e população de baixa renda. Conclusão: abordagens regulatórias são estratégias historicamente preferidas no controle da poluição do ar, especificamente no caso de episódios de poluição do ar a níveis críticos, mesmo quando a cidade já fomenta sua rede de transporte público. Há melhorias a serem feitas em prol da qualidade dos índices relativos à poluição do ar em cada cidade e também pela melhor compreensão da contribuição e dos impactos das emissões veiculares na qualidade do ar. O foco na tecnologia veicular é uma escolha que só pode ser complementada se mais estratégias de transporte limpo atingirem um número maior de habitantes. Além disso, se é importante o compartilhamento de tecnologia e know-how entre as cidades, isso só pode ser feito se estudos prévios forem realizados localmente e se os moradores estiverem envolvidos no processo de tomada de decisão. Caso contrário, conforme as políticas de poluição do ar forem sendo desenvolvidas, elas correm o risco de fracassar. Para este fim, a abordagem da poluição do ar baseada nos direitos humanos poderia ser uma opção para o progresso das estratégias mais inclusivas no tratamento da qualidade do ar e de seu compartilhamento. / Objective: The objective of this study was to describe and analyze urban air pollution control policies and strategies, with the goal of improving air quality and serving as a reference for other cities facing critical air pollution issues. Using the cases of New York City, São Paulo and Paris, this study highlights the different policies and management tendencies practiced in the three cities, by providing a characterization of the three centers, describing the global and legal timeframe of the development of main policies and highlighting major strategies implemented over the last twenty years. Methodology: Using a multi-case study approach, the first component of the research consisted of characterizing the three cities, providing data on air pollution yearly average level trends of NO2, PM10, PM2.5, Ozone and SO2 over the last fifteen years, giving an overview of modes of travel and the local vehicle fleet, and describing the main policies undertaken in the three cities. Then, the study proposed a categorization of the main strategies applied using OECD air pollution management approaches (regulatory, economic incentives and others) to foresee strategic choices employed. Finally, the results were synthesized with a SWOT analysis matrix and complemented with suggestions based on a human-rights approach to air quality. Results: While the timeframe and local context differed from one city to another, in general the three cities followed a similar historical pathway to developing certain policies as opposed to others. Overall levels of atmospheric pollution have decreased over the last fifteen years but air pollution levels continue above WHO recommended guidelines. The cities differ in the development of strategies used. According to OECD criteria, if regulatory approaches to air pollution are commonly used to lower air pollution levels, cities differ in the way and extent to which they have invested in mobility and public transportation and the chosen energy matrix. Another finding included the development of economic incentives, available data and inclusion of the automobile industry into environmental issues. While the three cities do have technological capacity to develop cleaner energy fuels and foster non-motorized modes of transports in common, disparities in transportation options, infrastructure and distance to and from work appeared to have an impact on the use of privately owned vehicles. This is partly due to the lack of available public transportation in residential neighborhoods and local governments political choices. In particular, this impacted low- and middle-income populations the most as they constitute the majority of car owners. Conclusion: Regulatory approaches have historically been the primary tool used to control air pollution. This is especially true when pollution has reached critical levels even when there is widely-used, reliable public transportation. There are some improvements to be made to advance the quality of the data related to air pollution in each city and to better comprehend the effects and long-lasting impacts of vehicular emissions on air quality. Focusing on vehicle technology is a choice that can only be complemented if more integrated clean transportation strategies reach a greater number of city inhabitants. Furthermore, technology and know-how are important factors which must be transferred from one city to another and must take into account past local studies as well as input from local communities. If not, as air pollution policies are being developed, they run the risk of failing. To this end, human-rights based approach to air pollution must be an option to progress towards more inclusive strategies and their replication.

Depuis Rio 1992, la concertation est devenue une pratique politique et sociale incontournable. Elle répond à une demande des citoyens de participer au débat public, à la prise de décision, à la gestion locale et à la fabrique de la ville. La concertation, devenue réglementaire et réunissant une pluralité d'acteurs, est le lieu et le moment où se posent des enjeux de gouvernance, de gestion territoriale et de durabilité urbaine. La thèse cherche à répondre aux questions suivantes : dans quelles mesures les processus de gouvernance, mis en pratique par la concertation et issus des politiques publiques environnementales, sont-ils efficaces dans les stratégies d'aménagement territorial ? Comment mesurer les effets de ces processus ? Quels rôles ces processus jouent-ils dans l'élaboration des modes d'habiter des territoires? La méthodologie mise en œuvre s'est appuyée l'observation de réunions de concertation. Les enquêtes ont été menées dans des territoires de la Métropole du Grand Paris qui se transforme sous l'effet de la métropolisation du territoire et de l'application des principes de durabilité urbaine. L'enquête a permis de mettre en regard les représentations des habitants et celles des porteurs de projet quant à l'évaluation de la participation, aux objets qui font territoire et aux représentations spatiales. Cette confrontation des représentations souligne les dissonances et les points de rencontre entre ces catégories d'acteurs. Un autre volet de la thèse a tenté d'appréhender la motivation des habitants à la participation, leurs attentes et leurs pratiques spatiales. À l'issue de ces enquêtes, il apparaît que la «fabrique de la ville» ne peut désormais se faire sans les habitants - usagers qui veulent être informés des projets urbains et entendus par les porteurs de projet. Cependant, quand la concertation est prise au sérieux par tous les acteurs, elle tend à répondre au mieux aux principes de la durabilité urbaine. / Since Rio 1992, consultation has become an essential political and social practice. It responds to a request from citizens to participate in public debate, decision-making, local management and the city's factory. Consultation, which has become regulatory and brings together a plurality of actors, is the place and time when issues of governance, territorial management and urban sustainability are at stake. The thesis seeks to answer the following questions: to what extent are governance processes, put into practice through consultation and resulting from environmental public policies, effective in territorial planning strategies ? How to measure the effects of these processes? What roles do these processes play in the development of land-use patterns? The scientific approach used was based on observation of consultation meetings. The surveys were carried out in the territories of the Greater Paris Metropolis, which is changing as a result of the metropolization of the territory and the application of the principles of urban sustainability.The survey made it possible to compare the representations of the in habitants and those of the project leaders with regard to the evaluation of participation, the objects that make up the territory and the spatial representations. This confrontation of representations highlights the dissonances and meeting points between these categories of actors. Another part of the thesis attempted to understand the inhabitants' motivation for participation, their expectations and spatial practices. As a result of these surveys, it appears that the "city factory" can no longer be built without the inhabitants - users who want to be informed about urban projects and heard by project leaders. However, when consultation is taken seriously by all stakeholders, it tends to best meet the principles of urban sustainability.

Du XIIe à la première moitié du XIVe siècle, un foisonnement sans précédent d’établissements d’assistance caractérisa la création monumentale parisienne. Dans cette étude, l’inscription topographique constitue un pan important de la réflexion : en tant que composantes à part entière du panorama urbain, les complexes influencèrent l’organisation spatiale de la capitale. Leur implantation, résultant de stratégies d’acquisition diverses, procéda de critères d’installation bien définis, et généra des incidences, principalement sur la trame parcellaire et le paysage bâti de leurs quartiers respectifs. L’intégration de ces établissements dans la société médiévale parisienne favorisa des interactions multiples, qui se mesurent à l’étendue de leurs relations économiques, sociales et religieuses. À la dimension topographique du sujet s’est ajoutée une dimension proprement monumentale, et l’étude des établissements dans leur cohérence spatiale et structurelle a fait l’objet d’un examen systématique, tant du point de vue de l’organisation générale que de l’analyse architecturale et fonctionnelle de chacune des composantes. Il en résulte la production d’un corpus de bâtiments des plus hétérogènes, au degré de spécialisation variable, rendant impossible toute tentative de définition d’un plan et d’une architecture types. Aucun vestige ne perdure aujourd’hui ; l’étude méticuleuse d’une documentation certes dense, mais considérablement déséquilibrée selon les établissements, le croisement des sources, ainsi que la comparaison avec d’autres structures hors du cadre parisien ont donc été essentiels. Abordé selon une approche pluridisciplinaire, le monde hospitalier n’est plus uniquement envisagé sous l’angle monographique ou purement historique : une démarche globale caractérise cette enquête qui englobe les bâtiments, les hommes et la ville dans laquelle ils s’insèrent. / From the twelfth to the first half of the fourteenth century, the Parisian monumental creation was characterised by an unprecedented profusion of assistance institutions. In this survey, important consideration has been given to topographic registration: as whole components of the urban landscape, these complexes influenced the space organization of the city. Although their establishment resulted from various acquisition strategies, it proceeded from a clear set of criteria, and entailed big changes which altered both the land parcel plan and the built landscape in their environment. The integration of care and residential facilities into the Parisian society of the Middle-ages also favoured numerous interactions that can be measured to the scope of their economical, social and religious relationships. A properly monumental dimension was added to the topographical dimension of the topic, and the study of the establishments in their spatial and structural integrity was given detailed consideration. Their general organisation was closely examined, together with the architecture and function of their components. This resulted in a most complex collection of buildings, with various degrees of specialisation, which makes it impossible to define any standard plan or architecture. Not a single trace remains of these buildings nowadays : scanning an extensive, though unbalanced, documentation, cross-referencing the available sources and drawing comparisons with other establishments outside the Parisian framework has then been a crucial task . Medieval hospitals have been dealt with according to a multidisciplinary approach, and they are no longer seen from a purely monographical or historical point of view. Our survey is intended to be a comprehensive approach, including the buildings, the men, and the city in which they fit.

Les premières couronnes de banlieue parisienne et new-yorkaises, anciens espaces industriels, sont le territoire privilégié de l’expansion spatiale de la centralité parisienne recomposée par la globalisation de l’économie. Les conséquences spatiales de ces évolutions bouleversent les ordonnances et les hiérarchies existantes au sein des agglomérations urbaines. Les premières couronnes ont traversé une période de désindustrialisation et des phénomènes de crise économique, sociale et urbaine. Mais depuis les années 1980, elles sont confrontées à une recomposition économique du centre de l’agglomération, qui les confronte aux conséquences de la globalisation. Une typologie permet de distinguer différents types de choix. Certains espaces s’orientent résolument vers le tertiaire supérieur et l’installation d’une population de cadres aisés. A l’inverse, d’autres connaissent des évolutions économiques et sociales divergentes (intégration économique, pauvreté des habitants). Enfin, d’autres espaces s’orientent vers des fonctions résidentielles. Les politiques urbaines ont eu un rôle majeur dans l’évolution de ces premières couronnes, par le biais de régulations nouvelles entre les stratégies publique et privée. Cette thèse montre que les transformations récentes de ces territoires ne dépend pas seulement du contexte local, mais aussi d’héritages liés aux politiques urbaines, bien que les deux contextes étudiés soient très différents. De fait, les politiques urbaines tendent à produire des effets et des paysages urbains similaires, le paradigme de la croissance économique restant dominant. / In the core of Paris’ and New York metropolitan areas, former industrial spaces have undergone a massive restructuring of their productive and social profile. Global cities have dramatically changed for the past 30 years : their centres have regained economic power, and been gentrified. In particular, “peri-central spaces” or “first suburbs” faced a period of decline and deindustrialization, losing jobs and population, facing pauperization and unemployment. However, from the 1980s on, they are being restructured in connection with their specific spatial position neighbouring the center and are confronted with the impacts of globalization. Most spaces are oriented towards production, attracting office development and business services. Some poles of excellence have particularly gained from this restructuring while their population gentrified, and are competing fiercely for investment. Others are destructured urban areas where the economic and social evolutions are diverging (economic redevelopment versus increased poverty of the residents). Finally, other spaces remain more residential, with diverging social evolutions. Urban policies had a key impact on the evolution of first suburbs, the conjunction of private and public strategies creating the conditions for their redevelopment. This thesis shows that the recent transformation of these territories does not only depend on the local context, but also on long-term heritages and therefore on the choices implemented by local public strategies, be it in two very different contexts. As a matter of facts, urban policies tend to produce similar effects and urban landscapes, mostly because of the dominance of the growth paradigm.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao PPRN Mariane_ Gavazzoni 2016.pdf: 1443094 bytes, checksum: 5fe99142fa5f6e62c58e029f07ceeebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Astyanax is a polyphyletic taxon with richness of species and wide geographic distribution. Astyanax comprises species that are morphologically very similar with poorly detailed taxonomic delimitations, which makes it difficult to identify and to establish phylogenetic relationships. In order to provide data to contribute to cytogenetic, taxonomy and systematics of Astyanax, cytogenetics analyzes were carried out on ten Astyanax species from three river basins. Astyanax altiparanae and A. aff. fasciatus were collected on the Upper Paraná River basin; A. abramis and A. asuncionensis were collected on the Middle-low Paraná River basin; and A. cf. aramburui, A. eigenmanniorum, A. aff. fasciatus, A. jacuhiensis, A. aff. laticeps, A. cf. paris and Astyanax sp. were collected on the Upper-Middle Uruguai River basin. The results show interespecific variation in diploid number, 2n=46 chromosomes for A. cf. aramburui and A. aff. fasciatus, 2n=48 chromosomes for A. eigenmanniorum, and 2n=50 chromosomes for the remaining species. NORs (Ag-staining and 18S rDNA-FISH) showed species bearing single sites and species bearing multiple sites (up to 10 cistrons in Astyanax sp.), confirming the high variability reported for the genus. The species from A. bimaculatus complex (A. abramis, A. altiparanae, A. jacuhiensis e A. asuncionensis) showed single NORs, a plesiomorphic condition for the complex. FISH with 5S rDNA probes revealed a more conserved condition, with centromeric sites in at least one metacentric chromosome pair and one subtelocentric/acrocentric chromosome pair, however with interspecific variation, which proves it to be an important marker in the characterization and differentiation of these species. Heterochromatin distribution pattern was distinct for all species, except for A. cf. aramburui and A. aff. fasciatus (Ijuí River). This demonstrates that cytogenetic similarities may indicate closer relationship between each other than among to the other analyzed species; on the other hand, 5S rDNA genes showed to be important in differentiation of these cryptic species. The results reported the first cytogenetic data for A. cf. paris and reinforce their cytogenetic similarity with other congenus species, and we also report the occurrence of a Astyanax species that has not been taxonomically described yet. Thus, the results of this study provide data that assist taxonomy and systematic of Astyanax clade and Astyanax paris clade , reinforcing the need for extensive revisions, especially in A. bimaculatus and A. fasciatus complex, including markers such as 5S rRNA and heterochromatin distribution pattern, forthe better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships in Astyanax. / Astyanax é um taxon polifilético com grande riqueza de espécies e ampla distribuição geográfica. Compreende espécies com formas bastante semelhantes e delimitações taxonômicas pouco detalhadas que dificultam a identificação e o estabelecimento das relações filogenéticas. Com o objetivo de fornecer dados que contribuam com a citogenética, taxonomia e sistemática de Astyanax, foram realizadas análises citogenéticas em dez espécies de Astyanax de três bacias hidrográficas. Foram coletados exemplares de Astyanax altiparanae e A. aff. fasciatus na bacia do Alto rio Paraná; A. abramis e A. asuncionensis na bacia do Médio-Baixo rio Paraná; e A. cf. aramburui, A. eigenmanniorum, A. aff. fasciatus, A. jacuhiensis, A. aff. laticeps, A. cf. paris e Astyanax sp. na bacia do Alto-Médio rio Uruguai. Os resultados mostraram variação interespecífica no número diplóide, de 2n=46 cromossomos em A. cf. aramburui e A. aff. fasciatus, 2n=48 cromossomos em A. eigenmanniorum, e 2n=50 cromossomos nas demais espécies. As AgRONs, confirmadas pela 18S rDNA-FISH, evidenciaram espécies portando sítios simples e espécies portando sítios múltiplos (até 10 cístrons em Astyanax sp.), confirmando a alta variabilidade encontrada no gênero. Nas espécies do complexo A. bimaculatus (A. abramis, A. altiparanae, A. jacuhiensis e A. asuncionensis), foram evidenciadas RONs simples, característica plesiomórfica para o complexo. FISH com sonda de 5S rDNA evidenciou uma condição mais conservada, com cístrons centroméricos em pelo menos um par de cromossomos metacêntricos e em um par de cromossomos subtelocêntricos/acrocêntricos, porém com variação interespecífica, demostrando ser um importante marcador na caracterização e diferenciação destas espécies. O padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina mostrou-se distinto para as espécies, com exceção de A. cf. aramburui e A. aff. fasciatus (rio Ijuí), onde foi verificado semelhanças citogenéticas que podem indicar maior proximidade entre estas espécies quando comparadas com as demais analisadas, sendo que a distribuição dos genes 5S rDNA se mostrou importante na diferenciação destas espécies crípticas. Os resultados relatam os primeiros dados citogenéticos para A. cf. paris e reforçam sua semelhança citogenética com outras espécies congêneres, além de relatar a ocorrência de uma espécie de Astyanax ainda não descrita taxonomicamente. Em suma, os resultados do presente estudo fornecem dados que auxiliam na taxonomia e sistemática do clado Astyanax e clado Astyanax paris , reforçando a necessidade de revisões amplas, principalmente nos complexos A. bimaculatus e A. fasciatus que incluam marcadores como 5S rDNA e padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina, para melhor compreensão das relações filogenéticas em Astyanax.

O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar o sistema de ordenação do mundo e o lugar social do magister nas correspondências trocadas entre o Mestre Pedro Abelardo (1079-1142) e sua esposa Heloísa (1090-1164), abadessa do Paracleto. O corpus documental utilizado nesta pesquisa consiste na Historia calamitatum, as sete epístolas trocadas entre Abelardo e Heloísa e os problemata, uma carta escrita por Heloísa e respondida por Abelardo sobre diversas questões teológicas. Entendem-se como sistemas de ordenação do mundo os modelos ideológicos de ordenação social. A análise deste conjunto documental permite compreender como se produziram os discursos que visavam autorizar a forma que a sociedade toma ou deveria tomar para melhor funcionar. Estes modelos ideológicos são projetos políticos e, por definirem graus de hierarquia, também justificam qual grupo social deveria manter preponderância na sociedade. Pesquisar a ordenação divina ou os modelos de ordenação divina significa estudar, nas exposições de clérigos e letrados, os projetos políticos daqueles que constroem ou seguem estes discursos, suas mudanças através do tempo em razão das necessidades impostas pelo período e pela sociedade analisada. Significa, também, o esforço de entender qual o papel de cada categoria hierárquica dentro destes sistemas e as funções, modelos de comportamento e tentativas de enquadramento das pessoas que a eles são sujeitados. / The objective of this work is to identify the system of ordering of the world and the social magister in letters exchanged between the Master Peter Abelard (1079-1142) and his wife Heloise (1090-1164), abbess of the Paracleto. The documentary corpus used in this study consists of the Historia calamitatum the seven epistles exchanged between Abelard and Heloise and problemata, a letter written by Heloise and Abelard answered by on various theological issues. Understood as ordering systems of the world the ideological models of social ordering. The analysis of this set of documents provides insight into how it produced the discourses trying to authorize the form that society takes or should take to best work. These models are ideological and political projects, for defining degrees of hierarchy, which also justifies social group should keep the preponderance in society. Search the divine ordination or models of divine ordination means studying, exhibitions of clerics and scholars, the political projects that build or follow these speeches, their changes over time because of the requirements imposed by society and the period analyzed. It also means the effort to understand the role of each hierarchical category within these systems and functions, role models and attempted framing of people who are subjected to them.

A pesquisa pretende trazer a luz os antecedentes e desdobramentos da atuacao de Joseph-Antoine Bouvard em Sao Paulo, no inicio do seculo XX. O objeto da pesquisa e o duplo papel desempenhado por Bouvard em Sao Paulo, onde desenvolveu, no ambito publico, o chamado Plano Bouvard para Sao Paulo e, no ambito privado, esteeve a frente da criacao da City of San Paulo Improvements and Freehold Land Co. Ltd.. Sao objetivos da pesquisa contribuir para a compreensao do episodio de sua contratacao pela Diretoria de Obras Municipais, esclarecendo as condicoes e repercussoes de sua visita ao Brasil, a partir da experiencia projetual em um meio diverso e distante de seu pais de origem, a Franca. Pretende-se, ainda, esclarecer as razoes das diferencas observadas entre suas propostas bonaerense e paulistana, bem como as elucidar as condicoes que presidiram a criacao da City of San Paulo Improvements. Para a consecucao dos objetivos procedeu- se a confrontacao de varias series documentais, depositadas em diferentes acervos, alem do exame acurado do material grafico relativo ao plano e aos primeiros projetos da companhia imobiliaria, visando a verificacao de seu posicionamento teorico, as bases em que se efetuou a sua contratacao, incluindo os fatos que a antecederam e seu modus operandi, isto e, a maneira como desenvolvia seus projetos. A pesquisa propoe-se a esclarecer e dimensionar o papel de Bouvard na organizacao da City of San Paulo Improvements, que se deu em paralelo ao desenvolvimento do Plano para Sao Paulo. Ainda foi possivel avaliar o quanto os modelos culturais importados pesaram nos projetos desenvolvidos em Sao Paulo, em ambas as esferas, notadamente advindos da Franca, a partir das reformas empreendidas pelo Barao Haussmann e Inglaterra, pelo ideario cidade- jardim. A principal hipotese de trabalho parte da premissa que Bouvard ja detinha um conhecimento previo do contexto brasileiro e para ca se dirige, apos aposentar-se do servico publico frances, afim de prospectar negocios. O recorte cronologico da investigacao corresponde a vida profissional de Bouvard, desenvolvida entre 1964 e 1920. Do ponto de vista espacial, a pesquisa estende-se, na Europa, pela Franca, Belgica, Turquia e, na America do Sul, Argentina, Uruguai e Brasil. No entanto, concentra-se principalmente em Buenos Aires e Sao Paulo. / The research aims to bring to light the history and repercussions of Joseph-Antoine Bouvard brief stay in Sao Paulo, in the early twentieth century. It focuses in the dual role played by Bouvard in Sao Paulo, where he developed, in the public sphere, the so called Bouvard Plan for Sao Paulo whilw, in private, he led the creation of the City of San Paulo Improvements and Freehold Land Co. Ltd. The research intends to contribute to the understanding of the episode of his hiring by the Directorate of Municipal Works, explaining the conditions and consequences of his visit to Brazil, an experience in a diverse environment and so far from his country of origin, France. It is intended also to clarify the reasons for the differences observed between the Buenos Aires and Sao Paulo proposals, as well as clarifying the conditions, which led to the creation of the City of San Paulo Improvements. To achieve the goals we proceeded to the confrontation of several documentary series, stored in different collections, in addition to a thorough examination of graphic material relating to the plan and first projects of the real estate company, in order to check its theoretical position, the basis on which it made its hiring, including the events leading up to it and its modus operandi, that is, how developed their projects. The research aims to clarify the role and scale of Bouvard in the organization of the City of San Paulo Improvements, which took place in parallel to the development of the Plan for Sao Paulo. It was also possible to assess the extent to which imported cultural models weighed in projects developed in Sao Paulo, in both spheres, arising notably from France, from the reforms undertaken by Baron Haussmann and England, the ideas garden city. The main working hypothesis assumes that Bouvard already had prior knowledge of the Brazilian context and forth goes after retiring from the French public service, in order to prospect business. The chronological outline of the research corresponds to the professional life of Bouvard, developed between 1964 and 1920. From the spatial point of view, the research extends from Europe - France, Belgium, Turkey, to South America mainly Argentina and Brazil.

Th. Etat--Musicologie--Nancy 2, 1999/2000. / Sources et bibliogr. p. 431-447. Discogr. p. 428-430. Index.

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