Digital games are part of the creative industries, which is based on value creation through ideas and creativity. This market has gained relevance due to technology development that attracted both new firms and users. The present dissertation aims to explore three themes: (1) video game market as a two-sided market; (2) the effects of characteristics and behavior of game titles on consoles sales; and (3) project management to develop digital games. Those themes were explored through three articles: the first is a literature review and a bibliometric study of the economic concepts on two-sided market, which focused at identifying main topics, research trends and avenues for futures research. The second text is an analysis on the simultaneous influence of games\' quality and exclusivity on console sales. The last one is a qualitative, multiple-case study to understand, explore and suggest improvements to game project management in the Brazilian market. Findings include: (1) the main authors and topics, trends and developments, from and avenues for future research; (2) combinations of quality and exclusivity can affect console sales either positively or negatively, (3) quality has a predominant effect on sales over games non-exclusivity; and (4) the use of agile methodologies and Design Thinking are diffused among game developers. / Sem resumo.

Submitted by Francisco Molnar Neto (francisco.molnar@gmail.com) on 2013-04-19T18:49:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MOBILE PAYMENT E O CASO DA PAGGO NO BRASIL - FRANCISCO MOLNAR NETO 2013 - VERSÃO FINAL. .pdf: 2036789 bytes, checksum: e6565f181d4be2dd3d3c3e277adb7fff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-19T18:59:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MOBILE PAYMENT E O CASO DA PAGGO NO BRASIL - FRANCISCO MOLNAR NETO 2013 - VERSÃO FINAL. .pdf: 2036789 bytes, checksum: e6565f181d4be2dd3d3c3e277adb7fff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-19T19:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MOBILE PAYMENT E O CASO DA PAGGO NO BRASIL - FRANCISCO MOLNAR NETO 2013 - VERSÃO FINAL. .pdf: 2036789 bytes, checksum: e6565f181d4be2dd3d3c3e277adb7fff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o caso da Paggo, a iniciativa de maior destaque em Mobile Payment no Brasil. A escolha pelo tema de Mobile Payment se deu devido ao seu caráter de inovação e disruptura num mercado consolidado como o de meios de pagamento. Através de uma análise qualitativa, o autor se propõe a identificar e elucidar alguns dos atributos básicos fundamentais necessários a uma iniciativa de Mobile Payment. Um modelo teórico foi então desenvolvido com o intuito de aplica-lo à iniciativa da Paggo de forma a verificar a presença destes atributos e seu alinhamento com o direcionamento das ações estratégicas da companhia. Por tratar de um caso específico, limitamos nossa análise ao modelo de Mobile Payment adotado pela Paggo (B2C). Para tal, foram analisados diferentes estudos de autores acadêmicos especializados no tema de inovações tecnológicas e governança. Teorias relativas a inovações em meios de pagamento (CHAKRAVORTI e KOBOR, 2003), economia da informação (SHAPIRO e VARIAN, 1999), adequação das ferramentas organizacionais para a tarefa (CHRISTENSEN e OVERDORF, 2000) e evolução da plataforma de Serviços (TIWANA, KONSYNSKI e BUSH, 2010) compõe a base dos atributos selecionados para o modelo proposto pelo autor. Do ponto de vista prático, foram entrevistados presencialmente o antigo e o atual presidente da Paggo com a finalidade de se coletar dados relativos a aspectos de inovação tecnológica, estrutura organizacional e governança ao longo da história da companhia. Estas entrevistas, transcritas ao final do estudo, por si só já se revelaram como uma grande contribuição a estudiosos do tema, que muitas vezes carecem de perspectivas tão amplas como as apresentadas nestas entrevistas. O tema é ainda mais relevante não apenas pelos impactos diretos e indiretos que sua implementação poderá trazer, não apenas sobre toda a cadeia de valor atual de meios de pagamentos mas, principalmente, para toda a sociedade brasileira visto que o governo brasileiro anunciou recentemente que o Ministério das Comunicações em conjunto com o Banco Central e a Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações (ANATEL) trabalham para apresentar uma proposta de marco regulatório para serviços de pagamento por meio de telefonia móvel ainda em 2012 . Este estudo é portanto de interesse de todos os agentes envolvidos no ecossistema de meios de pagamento: bancos, adquirentes, bandeiras de aceitação, fabricantes de dispositivos, governo e agencias reguladoras, além das operadoras de telefonia celular e outros agentes indiretos. Também é relevante para a sociedade em geral, representada pelos varejistas, comerciantes e prestadores de serviço que poderão se utilizar de novos meios de pagamento móveis e dos usuários finais (compradores) os quais poderão contar com novos serviços e uma dinâmica alternativa de pagamento para efetuar suas transações.

Latin America has pioneered the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) as a strategy to improve the management of ecosystem services. Ecuador is not an exception, where many PES schemes have been implemented to protect the tropical mountain ecosystem “páramo” and the water resources these areas are generating for downstream societies. A successful PES scheme needs to achieve both targeted bio-physical objectives and at the same time benefit local conditions while not risking to sacrifice the local demand for ecosystem services. This balance is explored here in a case study focusing on the Río Grande watershed in the highlands in the northern parts of Ecuador by exemplifying community participation in the public PES scheme Socio Bosque (PSB) starting in 2009. The water resource distribution (precipitation, discharge, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) in the watershed was evaluated over the last decades. The local perception of the PSB and its impacts on local and regional water resources were also studied and characterized. The results showed that the annual discharge in the Río Grande watershed has decreased significantly from 1967-2014 and that the annual discharge was significantly lower between 1997-2015 compared to 1979-1997. Since precipitation did not decrease significantly during this period, the changes of the annual discharge are more likely depended on factors controlling the seasonal distribution of discharge and evapotranspiration in the watershed. For example, large scale land use changes coupled with a significantly warmer climate in the region could be a possible driver. Of course, this would not exclude other important factors such as changes in water demand and the supply of freshwater from the Río Grande watershed to downstream societies. The results of this case study showed that it is likely too early to see any impacts in the water balance components as a direct response to the implemented PSB scheme. Clearly, this motivates a need for continued evaluation of the local perception and the water resources to ensure that the need and demand for ecosystem services in a long-term perspective are maintained. / Latinoamérica ha sido pionera en el concepto de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos (PSE o PES en lassiglas en inglés) como estrategia para mejorar la gestión de servicios ecosistémicos. En Ecuador, se han implementado muchos PSE para proteger el ecosistema montañoso tropical de El Páramo así como los recursos acuíferos que dichas áreas generan para las sociedades que habitan cuenca abajo. Un esquema de PSE exitoso requiere alcanzar los objetivos biofísicos y respetar las necesidades locales de servicios ambientales. Este equilibrio se ha analizado tomando como objeto de estudio la cuenca hidrográfica del Río Grande en las tierras altas del norte de Ecuador y la participación comunitaria en el programa de PSE denominado Socio Bosque (PSB) iniciado en 2009. Se estudiaron la distribución del agua (precipitación, descarga del agua, evapotranspiración actual y evapotranspiración potencial) en la cuenca hidrográfica durante las últimas décadas. También se estudiaron los impactos locales y regionales del PSB en los recursos hídricos y los percepción local con respecto a la implementación de PSB. Los resultados muestran que la descarga anual de la cuenca hidrográfica ha decrecido significativamente durante el período comprendido entre 1967 y 2014, particularmente, señalan un decrecimiento considerablemente mayor entre 1997 y 2015 con respecto al período 1979-1997. La precipitación no se redujo durante el período estudiado y, en consecuencia, los cambios en la descarga anual dependen presumiblemente de factores que controlan la distribución estacional de la descarga y la evapotranspiración en la cuenca. Como ejemplo, los intensos cambios en el uso del suelo junto a un clima regional marcadamente más cálido pueden ser dos condicionantes del fenómeno. Esto no excluye otros factores como los cambios en la demanda y abastecimiento de agua potable en la cuenca del Río Grande en las comunidades que se encuentran distribuidas a lo largo del río. Los resultados muestran que es aún temprano para observar impactos en los componentes del balance hídrico como resultado directo de la implementación de un esquema de PSB. Esto motiva la necesidad de una evaluación continua de la percepción local y un monitoreo los recursos hídricos para garantizar que las necesidades y demandas de servicios ecosistémicos en la región se mantengan a largo plazo.

När vi går och handlar är det självklart att betala för sina varor i butiken. Det finns många metoder för att genomföra denna betalning. Allt fler i Sverige har börjat överge användandet av kontanter. I takt med att kontanterna minskas visar statistiken att antalet kortanvändare ökar. Detta leder till att leverantörerna av korttjänsterna kan få en monopolliknande ställning där de kan sätta avgifter efter eget tycke utan konsekvenser. Ett alternativ som fortfarande håller på att etablera sig på marknaden är mobila betalningar. Endast 1 % av alla transaktioner består av mobila betalningar. Trots denna låga siffra har den framgångsrika mobila betaltjänsten Swish över 5 miljoner användare i Sverige. Mobila betalningar har förutsättningar för att fungera som en vanlig betalmetod i butiker men bristande tillit hos konsumenter hindrar de från att använda det som sin primära betalmetod. Detta leder till problematik när mobila betalningar ska etablera sig i marknaden. På grund av problematiken med mobila betalningar fokuserar denna studie på att identifiera och prioritera de faktorer som påverkar konsumenternas tillit till mobila betalningar. För att uppnå studiens syfte utfördes en kvantitativ enkätstudie med ett urval av respondenter. 130 respondenter svarade på enkäten där deras svar analyserades i ett analysprogram för att identifiera upplysande relationer i deras svar. Diskussionen som förs med grund i teori och den insamlade empirin där det framgår att respondenterna i större utsträckning bedömer säkerhet utifrån sin subjektiva uppfattning och baserar den på upplevelsen av gränssnittet. En överväldigande majoritet angav att fördelarna som mobila betallösningar erbjuder utöver de traditionella betallösningarna är viktiga för användandet av mobila betalningar. Respondenterna syftar även på att fördelarna är en viktig bidragande faktor till den tillit de känner. Slutligen diskuteras även hur den personliga integriteten påverkar valet av mobila betalningar. Resultatet av studien visar på att konsumenterna värdesätter säkerhet mest. Dock upplever konsumenterna att säkerheten är bristande men konsumenterna bortser från det. Fördelarna som mobila betalningar erbjuder är även en mycket viktig faktor för konsumenterna vid val av mobila betalningar. För att öka tilliten för mobila betallösningar bör säkerhet och fördelar vara fokus för betaltjänsteleverantören. Dock bör personlig integritet ses som en viktig faktor. Resultatet visar att en liten mängd respondenter prioriterar denna faktor vid val av mobila betalningar. Leverantörerna av betaltjänsterna bör därför även fokusera på personlig integritet för att attrahera de konsumenter som prioritera personlig integritet. / When we buy things in a store it is given that you also pay for the products you buy. There are a handful of payment services available on the market. More and more people choose to abandon cash as a payment method in Sweden. The usage of cash is in a negative trend and the number of card users increase, according to statistics. This in turns means that credit-/debit card providers will have a monopoly-like position over the payment market and can therefore set transactions fees that suit their needs. Only 1 % of all transactions consist of mobile payments. Despite these low numbers the successful mobile payment service Swish has over 5 million users in Sweden. Although mobile payments match all the criteria to be regarded as a payment service in stores, the lack of trust among consumers makes them not confident enough to use it as their primary payment method. This in turn creates problems for mobile payments to establish themselves on the market. With these problems in mind this study focuses on identifying and prioritizing factors that affect consumers trust for mobile payments. To answer this study’s research question a quantitative self-completion questionnaire was conducted with a selection of respondents. 130 respondents answered the self-completion questionnaire and the responses were used in a statistical analysis program to identify and create useful statistical data. A discussion that is grounded in theory and empirical data shows that the respondents mostly assesses safety based on their subjective perception, the subjective perception is often based on the perception of the application interface. Another interesting finding is that a majority of the respondent stated that benefits of mobile payment over traditional payment solutions are equally important. Respondents also point out that the benefits with mobile payments are an important contributing factor towards the trust they experience. Finally, a discussion about personal integrity and how it affects the choice of mobile payments is held. The result of the study shows that consumers value security the most. However, consumers perceive safety as inadequate, but they choose to ignore it. The benefits that mobile payments offer are also a very important factor for consumers in choosing mobile payments. To increase trust in mobile payment solutions, security and benefits should be the focus of the payment service provider. Even if the results only show a small number of respondents prioritizing personal integrity it should still be considered an important factor. Mobile payment providers should therefore also focus on personal integrity in order to attract customers who prioritize integrity.

Mobiltelefonen är idag inte endast ett redskap för vardaglig kommunikation mellan människor. I takt med att mobiltelefonen blir smartare och mer uppkopplad till olika system, växer även användningsområdet. Ett användningsområde som under senare tid blivit mer och mer accepterat och använt är att utföra sina ekonomiska sysslor via mobiltelefonen. Det kan exempelvis handla om att skicka pengar eller handla på Internet. Mycket av det som sker i den digitala världen är ett samspel mellan en sändare och mottagare. Två parter som tillsammans bildar en koppling till varandra. För att detta ska fungera krävs en viktig beståndsdel, tillit. Tillit är något som för oss människor är avgörande i både den fysiska likväl som den digitala världen. På den digitala marknaden är känslan av tillit viktig för både aktörer bakom tjänster och deras användare. Hur är det då möjligt att införliva tillit till en tjänst? Tidigare forskning vi studerat om tillit till mobila betalningssystem visar att det finns olika sätt att skapa tillit i den digitala världen. En av de mer väsentliga delarna för att skapa tillit i den digitala världen är det estetiska uttrycket som en tjänst ger sin användare. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur design är ett verktyg för att påverka tillit till en tjänst som innehåller kostnader för sina användare. Estetik är dock ett relativt och subjektivt begrepp. Denna studie ämnar således undersöka om det är några specifika beståndsdelar som är av större vikt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det som kommit fram vid utvald tidigare forskning om tillit är tillräckligt att utgå ifrån vid designande för att åstadkomma känslan tillit. Är denna sammanslagning tillräcklig för att skapa tillit, eller behövs ytterligare aspekter tas i beaktning? För att undersöka detta ställdes frågan: Hur påverkas upplevd tillit av design när kostnader implementeras i en tjänst? För att besvara studiens frågeställning studerades till en början utvald tidigare forskning för att börja ringa in områden som är av vikt för att åstadkomma känslan tillit. Tillsammans med detta genomfördes sedan en framtidsverkstad med målsättningen att undersöka tillit och design i den digitala världen. Syftet med framtidsverkstaden var att tillsammans med det som gått att se vid den tidigare utvalda forskningen ligga till grund för en designprocess. Designprocessen bestod av en brainstorm tillsammans med skissning som sedan över gick i wireframes, mockuper och slutligen transformerades detta till en interaktiv prototyp. I den interaktiva prototypen hade slutligen kostnader implementerats i ett redan befintligt gränssnitt. Prototypen som utvecklats kom slutligen att utvärderas genom att användartestas. Resultatet av studien visade att hur design påverkar upplevd tillit är beroende av flera faktorer. I ett initialt skede visade det sig att design ur en estetisk synvinkel är det som är avgörande. Design ur ett estetiskt perspektiv påverkar även användbarheten, vilket slutsatser från denna studie visar har en koppling till användares förväntade upplevelse. Besvaras användares förväntade upplevelse leder detta till att de känner sig ha kontroll över systemet, vilket i sin tur är främjande för tilliten. Studiens slutsats är att design som är estetiskt tilltalande, igenkännbar och införlivar en känsla av kontroll är de primära faktorer som setts påverka användarens känsla av tillit. / The mobile phone today is not just a tool for everyday communication between people. As mobile phones become smarter and more connected to various systems, the area for usage of these applications is growing. One type of application that has recently become more and more accepted is to use applications to perform their financial tasks via a mobile phone. It can be for example to send money or shop on the Internet. Much of what is happening in the digital world is an interaction between a transmitter and receiver. Two parties which together form a connection to one another. For this to work, there is an important component, trust. Trust is something that for us humans is crucial in both the physical as well as the digital world. The digital market is the feeling of trust important for both actors behind the services and their users. How is it possible to incorporate trust in a service? Previous research we studied about trust in mobile payment systems shows that there are different ways to create trust in the digital world. One of the more important elements to create trust in the digital world is the aesthetic expression as a service gives its users. This study aims to examine how design is a tool for influencing trust in a service that includes costs for its users. Aesthetics, however, is a relative and subjective concept. This study intends therefore examine whether there are any specific elements that are of major importance. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the findings from previous research on trust is enough to start designing and to achieve the feeling of trust. Is this fusion of previous research to create trust sufficient or needed additional aspects taken into consideration? To investigate this question was asked: How does design effect trust, when costs is implemented in a service? To answer the research question earlier research was studied to begin to identify areas that are important to achieve the feeling of trust. Along with this was then carried out a future workshop with the objective to investigate trust and design in the digital world. The purpose of the future workshop was that along with former selected research form the basis of a design process. The design process consisted of a brainstorm with sketching that where turned into wireframes, mockups and finally transformed it into an interactive prototype. In the interactive prototype costs had finally been implemented in an existing interface. The prototype developed eventually came to be evaluated by user-tested. The results of the study showed how design affects the perceived trust are dependent on several factors. In an initial stage, it was found that the design from an aesthetic point of view, what is decisive. Design from an aesthetic perspective also affects the usability, which the conclusions of this study show a link to the user's expected experience. Answered user's expected experience, this means that they feel in control of the system, which in turn is the promotion of trust. The study's conclusion is that the design is aesthetically pleasing, recognizable and incorporates a sense of control are the primary factors seen to affect the user's sense of trust.

Currently, there is a great rampage among conservationists looking for useful approaches that can be used to bring efficiency towards conservation of global natural ecosystems. But which approach can be really effective to halt destruction of a particular natural ecosystem where the local people depend on the same ecosystem resources for their livelihoods? Do the local communities accept to refrain themselves from using natural ecosystem resources (loss of free access), which they believe is under their local territory since they are born, without having alternatives that will replace and improve economic gain of their livelihoods? Are the consumers who benefited from the ecosystem services always willing to compensate local communities around natural ecosystem as a means of replacing what they lose? This study looks at the reliability of Payment for Water Environmental Services (PWES) approach at Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve (KPFR) as a device aimed at promoting the sustainable management of KPFR watershed resources without undermining livelihoods of the Kiwengwa-Pongwe local communities. Hoteliers along the Kiwengwa-Pongwe Tourist Area (KPTA) are the potential customers benefiting from water resources found in the KPFR, which is claimed to be deteriorated by the intensity of the livelihood activities of Kiwengwa-Pongwe (KP) local communities. Based on Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), KPTA hoteliers were asked about the amount they would be willing to pay as maximum (WTP) for improvement of water services through sustainable management of watershed areas in KPFR. On the other hand, KP communities were asked what level of compensation they would be willing to accept as minimum amount (WTA) for a loss of free access to KPFR. Both hoteliers (75 %) and KP communities (91 %) agreed on the establishment of the PWES system. However, there were differences between amount accepted by KP communities (10 US$ per 200 litres) and the amount claimed to be paid by hoteliers (1US$ per 200 litres), thus giving a gap of 9US$. Based on the overall study findings and experiences from other parts of the world where similar systems have been implemented, this issue is negotiable. It is upon existing KPFR management team and proposed board from Zanzibar water authority to launch a constructive dialogue between stakeholders to reach the amount that can be used as compensation causing no harm to both parts and without compromising the sustainable management of KPFR.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de fournir une analyse compréhensive des composantes de jure et de facto de la sécurité foncière des communautés locales en regard du cadre législatif, ainsi qu’une évaluation approfondie de l’interaction entre REDD+ et les accords fonciers actuels. La Thaïlande, pays dans lequel semblent coexister les droits fonciers de facto et les propriétés d’état de jure, fut sélectionnée comme cas d’étude.Deux résultats principaux ressortent de cette étude. Tout d'abord, le cadre juridique ne reconnaissant pas le droit à la propriété ancestrale a conduit à différentes situations foncières de facto pour les communautés. Certaines communautés jouissent d’une occupation de leurs propriétés foncières de facto comparativement plus sécurisée que d'autres. Deuxièmement, il apparaît que le mécanisme REDD+ n’a pas représenté une incitation suffisante pour le gouvernement Thaïlandais à résoudre rapidement ces litiges fonciers. En outre, les risques inhérents à l'insécurité foncière décourage les investissements REDD+, pouvant aller jusqu’au retrait des financements. Ainsi, cette thèse complète la littérature existante sur le mécanisme REDD+ et le foncier sur trois aspects majeurs: (1) cadre légal et foncier, (2) foncier et déforestation et (3) concurrence entre la titularisation du foncier et la mise en place de REDD+.Les implications politiques tirées de l'étude comprennent des mesures à long terme pour une réforme du régime foncier et à court/moyen terme pour une réévaluation des priorités du gouvernement afin d’assurer la cohérence des politiques vers la mise en œuvre de pilote REDD+ sous forme de paiement pour les services environnementaux (PES) et l'amélioration des structures institutionnelles. / This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of de jure and de facto tenure security of local communities in relation to domestic legal framework and a thorough assessment of how REDD+ and current tenure arrangement interacts. Thailand, a country where there is an apparent coexistence of de jure state property and de facto tenure rights, was selected as a case study.There are two primary findings emerging from the study. Firstly, the legal framework with non-recognized customary tenure led to different de facto tenure impacts in different communities. Some communities were found to have their de facto tenure comparatively more secure than others. Secondly, REDD+ could not provide sufficient incentive for the government to expedite tenure clarification. Moreover, the embedded risks of tenure insecurity discouraged REDD+ investment and led to withdrawal of the fund. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on REDD+ and tenure in three main aspects: (1) legal framework and tenure, (2) tenure and deforestation and (3) tenure clarification and REDD+ competing agendas.Policy implications drawn from the study comprise of long-term measures namely comprehensive tenure reform and short to medium-term measures, including re-assessment of government priorities for policy consistency and pilot implementation in form of payment for environmental services (PES) and improvement of REDD+ institutional structure.

Comment les coûts et les tarifs hospitaliers sont-ils devenus des objets politiques centraux depuis le début des années 1980, quels espaces controversés produisent-ils aujourd'hui et comment ces controverses agissent-elles sur ces instruments gestionnaires d'action publique ? C'est à ces questions que la thèse se propose de répondre en étudiant la genèse, les usages et les déplacements de plusieurs instruments d'action publique en matière hospitalière : système d'information, calcul de coûts par séjours, instruments d'ajustement budgétaire et système de tarification. En articulant sociologie politique des instruments de gouvernement et sociologie des techniques et de l'innovation, ces dispositifs sont étudiés dans les multiples sites où ils se déploient : ministère de la Santé, agence technique, centres de recherche en gestion, instances d'expertise, fédérations hospitalières, associations de malade et hôpital public. La thèse montre comment ces instruments ont profondément transformé l'hôpital en un être de gestion et de finances. La tarification à l'activité, appelée T2A, tient une place centrale dans ces transformations et est ici analysée comme un instrument de qualcul visant à quantifier et à qualifier les patients, les séjours, les maladies, voire l'hôpital public lui-même. La thèse montre comment ce processus de qualculation génère des controverses métrologiques où des acteurs se saisissent des dispositifs pour refaire les qualculs, ces controverses supposant une forme relativement nouvelle de travail critique. / How costs and tariffs have become pivotal policy instruments to govern public hospitals in France since the early 1980's? What kind of controversies do they produce and what feedback effect do these controversies have on these instruments? These are the questions I propose to answer in this PhD dissertation by analysing the genealogy, the uses and the transformations of several policy devices: information system, cost accounting, budgetary regulation instrument and pricing payment system. Combining a sociology of policy instruments and science and technology studies, these devices are analysed in the multiple sites where they spread: ministry of Health, public agency, research centres in management studies, hospital federations, patients organizations and public hospitals. The dissertation exposes how these devices have turned public hospitals into accounting and financial entities. I specially focus on the pricing payment system (called T2A) which is analysed as a qualculation instrument as it qualifies and quantifies patients, stays in hospitals, diseases, and public hospital itself. The dissertation shows how this qualculation process produces metrological controversies in which actors put into question the way things are qualculated.

The purpose of this thesis was to discuss and describe what implications the payment service directive, PSD2, could have on the payment service market and also what it could mean for the competitive landscape. Furthermore, the study aims to give an understanding regarding the bank's strategic actions to address this issue. To examine this, a qualitative method through a case study with semi structured interviews was applied. Top Swedish banks in this study was represented by employees from the banks in question, with extensive knowledge regarding regulations, innovation and payment services. Two fintech companies was also examined, with realtions to two of the four banks to gain another perspective of the examined phenomena. The results show that PSD2 will change the payment service market i ways that more actors can compete under similar conditions. PSD2 will also act as a driving force, pushing innovation and digitalisation which could lead to a situation where parts of the bank's core business could be under threat. This will lead to further affect on the competitive landscape which could be characterised by a mix between cooperation and competitiveness regarding services outside of the bank's core business. The bank's plans to address this by developing their own solutions and also by cooperating with third parties, in means of protecting and development of their own core business regarding bank accounts. / Syftet med denna uppsats var att diskutera och beskriva vilka implikationer som betaltjänstdirektivet PSD2 kan innebära för betaltjänstmarknaden samt vad det kommer att innebära för konkurrenssituationen. Vidare syftar studien till att ge en förståelse kring bankernas strategiska åtgärder för att adressera detta. För att ta reda på detta tillämpades en kvalitativ metod genom en fallstudie. Fyra stora banker i Sverige representerades i denna studie av anställda på respektive bank med mångårigt arbete inom reglering, innovation och betaltjänster, vilkas svar formade den utgjorde empirin genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. För att ge ytterligare ett perspektiv intervjuades också några av bankernas samarbetspartners vilka är relativt nystartade fintech-företag. Resultaten från studien visade på att PSD2 kommer förändra betaltjänstmarknaden på så vis att fler aktörer kommer kunna konkurrera med liknande villkor. PSD2 kommer även att driva på innovation och digitalisering vilket i sin tur kan leda till att bankernas kärnverksamhet hotas. Detta leder till att ytterligare påverkan på konkurrenssituationen som kan komma att präglas av en blandning mellan samarbeten och konkurrens kring mervärdestjänster. Bankerna planerar att adressera detta genom att både utveckla egna lösningar och samarbeta med tredjepartsaktörer, för att skydda och utveckla sin kärnverksamhet gällande konton. / <p>Internationellt företagande</p>

The letter of credit contract and the collection contract The diploma thesis deals with the topic of the Direct Debit Contract and the Letter of Credit. A Letter of Credit is a special payment instrument issued as a rule by a bank that the principal has undertaken to pay to the person in whose interest the Letter of Credit is open and designated as the authorized amount up to the amount agreed. The Direct Debit is the commitment of the collector of receivables to obtain from the third party a receipt of a sum of money or other Direct Debit. Current legislation, contained in the Civil Code, took over the legal regulation of the Letter of Credit and the Direct Debit from the Commercial Code without any major changes. Both institutes show a number of identical and different elements. From a practical point of view, it is not possible to look for serious application problems in the Letter of Credit or Direct Debit. Keywords: Letter of Credit, Direct Debit, Banking, Bank, Payment Instruments, The Collection Contract