Submitted by Debora Boulos Del Arco (debboarco7@gmail.com) on 2018-10-08T21:22:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Débora.pdf: 1651486 bytes, checksum: 9504043bffbc2789626bc3d5aa5174f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-10-09T14:59:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 delarco_db_me_sjrp.pdf: 1676295 bytes, checksum: c259a2ec7553ee975f7ea9674641db2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-09T14:59:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 delarco_db_me_sjrp.pdf: 1676295 bytes, checksum: c259a2ec7553ee975f7ea9674641db2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-15 / O Programa de Ensino Integral (PEI) se constitui em um modelo escolar lançado como política pública no Estado de São Paulo, em 2012, para tentar atender às demandas da etapa do Ensino Médio, relacionadas especialmente ao acesso, formação e permanência dos estudantes na escola e, para tanto, propõe mudanças na abordagem pedagógica, no tempo destinado ao ensino e, sobretudo, na carreira e atuação do professor na unidade escolar. Dessa forma, apresenta uma especificidade de formação docente, dada como premissa fundamental do Programa, com vistas a possibilitar a melhora no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem e, com isso, valorizar a educação dos jovens de 15 a 17 anos. Diante disso, esse estudo analisou o referido processo formativo, com o objetivo de identificar potencialidades e desafios no que se refere à conquista de uma proposta formativa de efeito real para a atuação do professor e sua prática educativa, no sentido de tentar atender às expectativas de aprendizagem para esse nível de ensino. Assim, foi realizado um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, envolvendo a discussão e análise de conhecimentos específicos, baseado em procedimentos bibliográficos e documentais, para verificar em que medida a proposta formativa docente específica do PEI favorece a formação dos professores para o trabalho nessa modalidade educacional, especialmente no Ensino Médio. Nessa perspectiva, o trabalho discutiu a trajetória desse nível de ensino ao longo dos anos, para entender suas características atuais e as suas necessidades, tendo como norte a concepção de educação integral, vista como uma das possibilidades para a retomada de sua função enquanto fase final da educação básica, paralelamente à questão da formação dos professores. Com isso, ao verificar em que medida o processo formativo dos professores do PEI apresenta características formativas contundentes, intentou-se contribuir para com a educação proposta por essa modalidade de ensino, nos três últimos anos da educação básica, e com o desenvolvimento do profissional docente. / The Integral Education Program (PEI) is a school model launched as a public policy in São Paulo State, in 2012, to try to meet the demands of the High School stage, especially related to access, training and permanence of students in school and, to this end, proposes changes in the pedagogical approach, in the time devoted to teaching and, above all, in the career and performance of the teacher in the school unit. So, it presents a specificity of teacher education, given as a fundamental premise of the Program, to improve the teaching and learning process and, with this, to value the education of young people aged 15 to 17 years old. Therefore, this study analyzed the aforementioned formative process, aiming to identify potentialities and challenges regarding to the achievement of a formative proposal of real effect for the teacher's performance and his educational practice, in the sense of trying to meet the expectations of learning for this level of education. Thus, a qualitative study was carried out, involving the discussion and analysis of specific knowledge, based on bibliographic and documental procedures, to verify in what extent the specific educational proposal of PEI favors the teachers training for the work in this educational modality, especially in high school. In this perspective, this essay discussed the trajectory of this level of education over the years, in order to understand its current characteristics and needs, taking as its basis the concept of integral education, seen as one of the possibilities for the resumption of its function as a final phase of basic education, in parallel with the issue of teacher training.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4615.pdf: 2688296 bytes, checksum: 18c8fbe6fb83004856a32c02827d70f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-22 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by a virus of the genus Lyssavirus that affects several species of mammals. Rabies remains a global public health threat that kills more than 55,000 people per year mainly in developing countries, this disease once established do not have a specific treatment. The RV envelope is composed of a glycoprotein, known as a unique antigen capable of conferring immune response against the rabies, and therefore, is the focus of research for development an efficient and safe recombinant vaccine based on this viral antigen. Cell line stably transfected S2 Drosophila melanogaster have been used in the production of many heterologous proteins and has been studied for the production of the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) in our laboratory. This approach involves the selection of high producing cell populations; procedure that requires considerable periods of time (months), increasing management and costs of production. In this sense, in recent decades, many systems focused on the expression of heterologous proteins by transient expression of genes, were analyzed because they allow obtaining significant quantities of recombinant protein in a short period of time (weeks). For the use of transient transfection technology can be found a variety of methods and available agents, such as electroporation, cationic lipids, cationic polymers and calcium phosphate precipitated. The choice and optimization of each of them depends mainly on the cell type and protein being expressed. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transient expression of the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus (RVGP) in insect cells of Drosophila melanogaster S2 lineage, evaluating the vehicles transfection: calcium phosphate, cationic lipid (Cellfectin) and cationic polymer (ExGen500 and JetPEI). In order to determine the most efficient transfection agent, experiments were performed in 6 well plate and bottle of 100 mL of culture, which analyzed the influence of cell density, the concentration of DNA and transfection reagent volume on the expression of RVGP assessed by ELISA and fluorescence microscopy. Yields ranging from 50-90 ng/107cel were obtained in different experiments on multiwell plate, suggesting strong effect of ratio DNA: transfection agent used. Comparison of transfection agents showed no significant differences. In transfections made in suspension culture was analyzed the effect of the plasmid (whether or not the signal of BiP cell secretion) on the expression RVGP. When we used the plasmid containing the signal BiP (pMTiRVGP) were obtained 160 ng/107cel of RVGP production, and 200 ng/mL of volumetric production without significant differences between the different transfection agents. However, significant differences were found when we used the plasmid not containing the signal BiP (pMTRVGP), with the RVGP production was 60 ng/107cells in cells transfected with Cellfectin, ExGen500 and calcium phosphate, except in cells transfected with JetPEI was reached a production of 120 ng/107cells. In preliminary experiment bottle type "spinner" with a working volume of 60 mL were achieved expressions of 140 ng/107cel of RVGP in cells transfected with JetPEI and calcium phosphate. This suggests that optimization of culture conditions and transfection are possible to increase recombinant protein expression in cultured on a large scale. / A raiva é uma enfermidade causada por um vírus do gênero Lyssavirus que afeta várias espécies de mamíferos. Esta doença apresenta um alto custo social e econômico principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. Na superfície do vírus da raiva está localizada a glicoproteína do vírus, reconhecida como antígeno capaz de conferir resposta imunológica contra a raiva, sendo, o foco de pesquisas no desenvolvimento de uma vacina recombinante. Células da linhagem Drosophila melanogaster S2 estavelmente transfectadas têm sido usadas na produção de muitas proteínas heterólogas e tem sido estudada para a produção da glicoproteína do vírus da raiva (RVGP) em nosso laboratório. A abordagem para a obtenção de linhagens recombinantes estáveis envolve a seleção de populações celulares altamente produtoras; sendo um processo que requer consideráveis períodos de tempo (meses), uma elevada manipulação e altos custos de produção. Neste sentido, nas últimas décadas, muitos sistemas focados na expressão de proteínas heterólogas através da expressão transiente de genes foram analisados, porque eles permitem a obtenção de quantidades consideráveis de proteína recombinante em um curto período de tempo (semanas). Para o uso da tecnologia de transfecção transiente pode ser encontrada uma variedade de métodos e agentes disponíveis, tais como eletroporação, lipídeos catiônicos, polímeros catiônicos e fosfato de cálcio. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão transiente do gene da glicoproteína do vírus da raiva (RVGP) em células de inseto da linhagem Drosophila melanogaster S2, avaliando os veículos de transfecção fosfato de cálcio, lipídeo catiônico (Cellfectin) e polímero catiônico (ExGen500 e JetPEI). A fim de determinar o agente de transfecção mais eficiente, foram feitos experimentos em placa de 6 poços e frasco de cultivo de 100mL, onde foram analisados a influência da densidade celular; a concentração de DNA, o volume do reagente de transfecção sobre a expressão da RVGP analisada através do método de ELISA. Quantidades de RVGP que variaram entre 50-90 ng/107cel foram obtidas nos diferentes experimentos feitos em placa, sugerindo um efeito da relação DNA: agente de transfecção. A comparação entre os agentes de transfecção não mostrou diferenças significativas. Nas transfecções feitas em cultura em suspensão foi analisado o efeito de transfectar o plasmídeo para expressão de RVGP contendo ou não o sinal de secreção celular BiP. Quando foi usado o plasmídeo contendo o sinal BiP (pMTiRVGP) foram atingidas valores de RVGP de 160 ng/107cel e produções volumétricas de 200 ng/mL, porém sem diferenças significativas entre os diferentes agentes de transfecção. Entretanto, foram encontradas diferenças quando foi usado o plasmídeo não contendo o sinal BiP (pMTRVGP), onde a produção de RVGP foi de 60 ng/107cells nas células transfectadas com Cellfectin, ExGen500 e fosfato de cálcio, porém as células transfectadas com JetPEI obtiveram uma produção de 120 ng/107cels de RVGP. Em experimento em frasco de cultivo tipo spinner com volume de trabalho de 60 mL, foram atingidas expressões de RVGP de 140 ng/107cel para células transfectadas com JetPEI e fosfato de cálcio, sugerindo que otimizações nas condições de cultivo e transfecção ainda podem ser testadas visando aumentar a expressão da proteína recombinante em cultivos em larga escala.

Le PEI et le PEEK sont des thermoplastiques aromatiques haute performance. Il est envisagé de les utiliser comme matrice de structures composites en environnement de moteur d’avion. En conditions de service, ils seront soumis à des cycles hygrothermiques complexes consistant à des vieillissements thermo-oxydant jusqu’à 180 °C en continu et des vieillissements humide à 70 °C dans 85 % HR. Leur durabilité ayant fait l’objet de peu de travaux de recherche, l'objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les effets isolés et combinés des vieillissements thermique et humide de ces deux matrices. Tout d’abord, des films minces de PEI et de PEEK ont été oxydés à différentes températures (entre 180 et 320 °C) et pressions partielles d’oxygène (entre 0,21 et 50 bars). Ils ont ensuite été caractérisés aux différentes échelles structurales pertinentes : moléculaire, macromoléculaire, morphologique et macroscopique. Cette caractérisation multi-techniques et multi-échelles a permis de déterminer leurs mécanismes de dégradation thermique. Ensuite, le vieillissement humide du PEI et du PEEK a été étudié entre 30 et 70 °C, entre 10 et 100 % HR, avant et après vieillissement thermique. A partir d’une compilation des données de la littérature pour une large variété de polymères contenant un seul type de groupe polaire dans l’unité monomère, des relations structure - propriété de transport de l'eau ont été établies. Elles confirment que l’hydrophilie et la diffusion d’eau résultent essentiellement d’interactions moléculaires entre les molécules d’eau et les groupes polaires de la matrice polymère. Enfin, un modèle cinétique de thermo-oxydation a été établi pour les matrices PEI et PEEK et a été interfacé avec les relations structure – propriété de transport d’eau. Il permet de simuler l’ensemble des données expérimentales accumulées dans ce travail de thèse. / PEI and PEEK are high performance aromatic thermoplastics. They are planned to be used as matrices of composite materials in aircraft engine environment. In service conditions, they will be subjected to complex hygrothermal cycles consisting in a series of thermo-oxidative agings up to 180 °C and humid agings at 70 °C in 85 % RH. As their durability has been little studied in the literature, the aim of this PhD thesis is to study the separated and combined effects of thermal and humid agings of these two matrices. At first, thin PEI and PEEK films have been oxidised at different temperatures (between 180 and 320 °C) and oxygen partial pressures (between 0.21 and 50 bars). There have been then characterized at different structural scales: molecular, macromolecular, morphological and macroscopic. This multi-technique and multi-scale characterization has enabled the determination of their thermal degradation mechanisms. Then, the humid aging of PEI and PEEK has been studied between 30 and 70 °C and between 10 and 100 % RH, before and after thermal aging. From a literature compilation of data for a large variety of polymers containing a single type of polar group in their monomer unit, structure – water transport property relationships have been established. They confirm that hydrophilicity and water diffusion result essentially from the molecular interactions between water molecules and polar groups in polymer matrices. Finally, a thermos-oxidation kinetic model has been established for PEI and PEEK matrices and has been juxtaposed with the structure – water transport property relationships. It enables to simulate all the experimental data obtained in this PhD work.

Orientador: Michelli Leali Costa / Resumo: Dentre os setores de aplicações comerciais de materiais compósitos avançados, destaca-se o setor aeroespacial com larga aplicação desses materiais. Entre as técnicas de união aplicadas aos compósitos termoplásticos está a soldagem com grandes vantagens em relação aos outros processos de uniões tais como, redução de custo, agilidade de processamento, redução de elementos acumuladores de tensão, preparações mais simplórias das superfícies a serem soldadas. Mesmo com essas vantagens e, embora o processo já seja utilizado nos setores industriais, a soldagem de compósitos tem como desafio a melhoria de sua resistência, a aplicação do processo para reparos ou processamentos em campo, além da necessidade de avaliação dos efeitos das condições climáticas em juntas soldadas, as quais podem estar submetidas quando em operação em uma aeronave, por exemplo. Mediante a isso, esse trabalho visa produzir e estudar juntas soldadas por resistência elétrica e por tocha acetilênica em compósito PEI/fibra de vidro. Os compósitos obtidos foram submetidos ao condicionamento higrotérmico seguido de ensaios mecânicos de LSS (Lap Shear Strength) e ENF (End-Notched Flexure). O mecanismo de fratura das juntas soldadas foi avaliado por microscopia. A partir das análises e dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que os valores de resistência ao cisalhamento em modo II dos compósitos soldados por resistência elétrica (3270,9 J/m²) são similares aos descritos na literatura para os compósitos PEI/fibra de vid... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the commercial application sectors of advanced composite materials, the aerospace sector with wide application of these materials stands out. Among the joining techniques applied to thermoplastic composites is welding with great advantages over other joining processes such as cost reduction, processing agility, reduction of stress accumulators, little or no preparation required of the surface to be processed. Even with these advantages, and although the process is already used in the industrial sectors, composite welding has the challenge of improving its resistance, the application of the process for field repairs or processing, and the need to evaluate the effects of weather conditions. welded joints, which may be subjected when operating in an aircraft, for example. Therefore, this work aims to produce and study joints welded by electric resistance and acetylene torch in PEI / fiberglass composite. The composites obtained were subjected to hygrothermal conditioning followed by mechanical tests of LSS (Lap Shear Strength) and ENF (End-Notched Flexure). The fracture mechanism of the welded joints was evaluated by microscopy. From the analyzes and results obtained, it was observed that the shear strength values in mode II of the composites welded by electric resistance (3270.9 J / m²) are similar to those described in the literature for PEI / fiberglass composites. However, for the composites welded by the oxyacetylene process, a reduction of approximately 20% in the va... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Das multiple Myelom ist eine seltene maligne Knochenerkrankung bei insbesondere älteren Menschen. Dabei vermehren sich im Knochenmark in hohem Maße unkontrolliert entartete Plasmazellen. Diese Myelomzellen unterdrücken einerseits die Bildung von normalen Plasmazellen, andererseits wird das Gleichgewicht zwischen Knochenaufbau und –abbau empfindlich gestört, woraus eine erhöhte Knochenresorption resultiert. Neben den bisher angewandten Chemo- und Strahlentherapien gewinnen innovative Medikamente, wie Proteasominhibitoren und Bisphosphonate, in der Therapie an Bedeutung. Diese Medikamente reduzieren das Myelomzellwachstum und wirken hemmend auf den Knochenabbau. Durch das Auffüllen von durch Resorptionsprozesse geschädigten Knochendefekten mit wirkstoffbeladenen Calciumphosphatzementen (CPC) wird nicht nur der Knochen stabilisiert, sondern im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen oralen oder intravenösen Medikamentenverabreichung eine gezielte Freisetzung des Wirkstoffes direkt am Wirkort in wesentlich reduzierten Dosen ermöglicht. Durch die Kombination des Knochenzementes mit anderen effizienten Drug-Delivery-Systemen (DDS), wie z. B. Polymeren, kann eine optimale Anpassung der Wirkstofffreisetzung ermöglicht werden. Insbesondere haben sich bereits dendritische Polymere aufgrund ihrer globularen Struktur und Vielzahl an peripheren Funktionalitäten als besonders geeignete Wirkstoffträgersysteme herausgestellt. Bei der Anwendung im physiologischen System spielt insbesondere die Biokompatibilität dieser polymeren DDS eine entscheidende Rolle. Durch Modifizierung der peripheren Gruppen mit biokompatiblen Einheiten, wie Oligosacchariden oder Aminosäuren, kann die physiologische Verträglichkeit signifikant erhöht werden. Für die Behandlung des multiplen Myeloms am Knochen sollte in dieser Arbeit ein geeignetes dendritisches DDS auf Basis von hochverzweigtem Polyethylenimin (PEI) synthetisiert und charakterisiert werden. Das DDS sollte dabei verschiedene Anforderungen, wie eine hohe Wasserlöslichkeit und Biokompatibilität, erfüllen. Weiterhin sollten die mechanischen Eigenschaften des CPC nicht negativ beeinflusst werden und der Wirkstoff sollte effektiv vom DDS aufgenommen und kontrolliert aus dem generierten Komposit (Wirkstoff/DDS/CPC) freigesetzt werden. In der sogenannten N-Carboxyanhydrid (NCA)-Polymerisation wurden am PEI(5) (5 ≙ Mw 5 kDa) benzylgeschützte Polyglutaminsäure bzw. Polyasparaginsäureketten aufgepfropft. Durch hydrolytische Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen an den PBLG-Ketten von PEI(5)-PBLG-346 und PEI(5)-PBLA-346 erfolgte die Generierung der wasserlöslichen DDS PEI(5)-PGlu-346 und PEI(5)-PAsp-346. Die Charakterisierung der synthetisierten Kern-Schale-Architekturen PEI(5)-PBLG-346, PEI(5)-PBLA-346, PEI(5)-PGlu-346 und PEI(5)-PAsp-346 zeigte, dass nur wenige lange Polyaminosäureketten an wenigen primären und sekundären Aminogruppen des PEI(5) aufgebaut wurden. Aufgrund der noch freien primären und sekundären Aminogruppen am PEI(5) und den peripheren Aminogruppen an den Polyaminosäureketten wurden durch die Anbindung von Maltose- bzw. Laktoseeinheiten Kern-Schale-Architekturen mit einer binären Doppelschalenstrukturen erzeugt. Im Gegensatz zu reiner Polyglutaminsäure zeigten die mit Glutaminsäure modifizierten Polymerstrukturen PEI(5)-PGlu-346 und PEI(5)-PGlu-346-Mal interessante strukturelle Eigenschaften in wässriger Umgebung. Aufgrund des pH-abhängigen Ladungszustandes resultiert bei reinen Polyglutaminsäureketten normalerweise der typische Helix-Coil-Übergang. Dabei findet eine Konformationsumwandlung der α-helikalen Struktur zur ungeordneten Sekundärstruktur statt. Im Falle der PEI(5)-PGlu-346- und PEI(5) PGlu-346-Mal-Copolymere wurde jedoch keine α-helikale Konformation bei niedrigem pH-Wert nachgewiesen. Die PGlu-Ketten der wasserlöslichen Kern-Schale-Architekturen bildeten sowohl im sauren, als auch im basischen pH-Wertbereich eine ungeordnete Sekundärstruktur aus. Zusätzlich konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Kern-Schale-Architekturen in Abhängigkeit vom pH-Wert als isolierte Makromoleküle bzw. Aggregate mit unterschiedlich lang gestreckten Peptidketten vorliegen. Die Ursache dafür sind nicht-kovalente, intra- und intermolekular wirkende Kräfte. Zur Beurteilung der Kern-Schale-Architekturen als geeignete DDS wurde die Komplexierung des Proteasominhibitors Bortezomib (BZM) in die reinen Copolymere PEI(5)-PGlu-346, PEI(5)-PGlu-346-Mal und PEI(25)-Mal B (25 ≙ Mw 25 kDa, ohne Polyglutaminsäureketten) sowie deren Polyelektrolytkomplexe untersucht. Dabei wurden Copolymer/BZM- bzw. PEK/BZM-Komplexe in verschiedenen Verhältnissen hergestellt und die Komplexierungskapazität durch zeitabhängige Ultrafiltration UV/Vis-spektroskopisch ermittelt. Im Vergleich zu den glutaminsäuremodifizierten Copolymeren wurde durch PEI(25)-Mal B etwa doppelt so viel Wirkstoff in verschiedenen wässrigen Systemen aufgenommen. Der Grund dafür ist der größere PEI-Kern und die dementsprechend höhere Anzahl an peripheren Aminogruppen mit gebundenen Maltoseeinheiten. Die PEK zeigten im Vergleich zu den Copolymeren keine Verbesserung der Komplexierungskapazität. Um eine effektive Wirkstofffreisetzung für eine dosierte Langzeittherapie aus dem Kompositmaterial zu erhalten, ist eine stark verzögerte Freisetzung des Copolymers bzw. PEK selbst aus dem CPC notwendig. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration wurde für PEI(25)-Mal B eine geringere Freisetzung aus dem Copolymer/CPC- und PEK/CPC ermittelt. Aufgrund der nanoskaligen Dimension der polymeren Strukturen wird die Diffusion durch das offene CPC-Porensystem erschwert. Für die PEI(5)-PGlu-346, PEI(5)-PGlu-346-Mal und die zugehörigen PEK wurde hingegen keine messbare Freisetzung aus dem CPC nachgewiesen. Die Glutaminsäureeinheiten können Calciumionen komplexieren und beeinflussen dadurch die Keimbildung und das Wachstum der CaP-Phase. Die Copolymerstrukturen werden somit in den CPC integriert und können nur durch Abbau des schwerlöslichen Zementes freigesetzt werden. Bei den Untersuchungen der BZM-Freisetzung aus den BZM/Copolymer/CPC- und BZM/PEK/CPC-Kompositen kristallisierte sich BZM/PEI(5)-PGlu-346-Mal/CPC als effektivstes DDS heraus. Im Vergleich zum reinen BZM in CPC wurde nach 24 h nur etwa die Hälfte des Wirkstoffes aus dem Komposit freigesetzt. Weiterhin steigerte sich die Freisetzungsrate über den gesamten Zeitraum von 14 Tagen auf nur etwa 60 %. Aus dem BZM/CPC-Komposit wurden nach 14 Tagen mehr als 75 % BZM freigesetzt. In Kooperation mit der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Michael Gelinsky vom Zentrum für Translationale Knochen-, Gelenk- und Weichgewebeforschung (TU Dresden) wurde keine signifikante Änderung der Druckfestigkeit des CPC durch die Integration der glutaminsäuremodifizierten Copolymere festgestellt. Weiterhin wurde in in vitro-Untersuchungen mit osteogen stimulierten humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSC) kein entscheidender Einfluss der in dieser Arbeit hergestellten PEI(5)-PGlu-346- und PEI(5)-PGlu-346-Mal-Copolymere auf die Proliferation der Zellen beobachtet. Zudem war bei beiden Copolymeren eine osteogene Differenzierung der hMSC zu knochenbildenden Osteoblasten nachweisbar, wobei PEI(5)-PGlu-346-Mal die Entwicklung der Stammzellen zu knochenbildenden Zellen sogar zu fördern scheint. Durch die Kombination von hochverzweigtem PEI mit Polyglutaminsäure und Maltose wurde in dieser Arbeit ein innovatives DDS für die kontrollierte und effektiv verzögerte Freisetzung von BZM aus CPC erzeugt, welches die einleitend erwähnten Anforderungen erfüllt. Das Copolymersystem weist eine hohe Biokompatibilität auf, ohne die mechanischen Eigenschaften des CPC zu verändern. Diese Arbeit hat daher einen entscheidenden Beitrag im Bereich der Wirkstofffreisetzung aus festen Materialien geliefert und bildet die Grundlage für zukünftige polymere DDS in CPC.

The purpose of this study is to examine I. M. Pei and his partner Harry Cobb's downtown Dallas architecture within the context of their overall stylistic development. This paper explores the structure of five buildings within the framework of the city, and addresses their possible influence on the city's future architectural direction. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter I introduces and states the problem as it discusses the fabric of Dallas architecture. Chapter II outlines a brief biography of I. M. Pei, looking to those who have influenced him, while discussing the key public buildings of his stylistic development. Chapter III is devoted to Pei's first structure in the city, the Dallas Municipal Administration Center. Chapter IV explores the concepts of his planned Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center. Chapter V outlines a brief biography and focuses on the work of Harry N. Cobb: One Dallas Centre, ARCO Tower, and the Allied Bank Tower. Chapter VI summarizes the contributions of Pei and Cobb by placing them within the context of twentieth century architecture, and pointing out their specific achievements with their additions to the fabric of Dallas architecture.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

馮惠卿. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 附參考文獻. / 附中英文摘要. / Feng Huiqing. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi) -- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Fu can kao wen xian. / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一部： --- 歷史\文化\空間社會學 / Chapter 第一章： --- 徘徊於中國與香港之間 / 序言：自傳、歷史與社會 / Chapter A. --- 論文之架構 / Chapter 第一部： --- 歷史\文化\空間社會學一一硏究課題、方法與架構 / Chapter 第二部： --- 一個理想社區的轉化一一四個發展階段 / Chapter 第三部： --- 總結一一歷史、意識與空間 / Chapter B. --- 研究課題：有理想的學校一一愛國學校 / Chapter I. --- 培僑是一所愛國學校 / Chapter II. --- 愛國學校的特色：社會理想行動者、獨特社群文化 / Chapter III. --- 培僑作爲愛國學校的典型 / Chapter C. --- 硏究之重要性： / Chapter I. --- 香港歷史的硏究：戰後香港教育史、左派系統之硏究 / Chapter II. --- 民族教育的內涵與實踐 / Chapter III --- .社會理論的應用：社區硏究、歷史\文化\空間社會學 / Chapter D. --- 硏究之局限 / Chapter E . --- 結語 / Chapter 第二章： --- 歷史\文化\空間社會學 / 序言：歷史\文化\空間社會學 / Chapter A. --- 歷史\文化\空間社會學：解析的轉向 / Chapter I . --- 社會生活是一種文本：韋伯與吉爾茲 / Chapter II. --- 旁觀的介入者：參與觀察 / Chapter III. --- 知識的考掘：歷史的痕跡一一文獻閱讀 / Chapter (i) --- 戰後香港社會歷史發展之文獻 / Chapter (ii) --- 戰後香港教育史之文獻 / Chapter (iii) --- 愛國學校之硏究文獻 / Chapter B. --- 經驗的重構：心態史硏究 / Chapter I. --- 年鑒學派、日常生活歷史研究 / Chapter II . --- 歷史之重構：深入訪問 / Chapter C . --- 空間之介入： / Chapter D. --- 結語 / Chapter 第三章： --- 「理想社區」之探索 / 序言：理論的折衷主義 / Chapter A. --- 社區硏究：失落的社區價値 / Chapter B . --- 「社區運動」：追求理想、前仆後繼的社會運動 / Chapter I . --- 烏托邦社區與社區運動 / Chapter II . --- 中國的「理想社區」：人民公社運動 / Chapter C . --- 「理想社區」的界定：「分離」與「聚合」的過程 / Chapter I. --- 分離過程：社會距離 / Chapter II. --- 聚合過程：價値理想 / Chapter (i) --- 價値理想的內涵:：神聖性質、象徵系統 / Chapter (ii) --- 價値理想的護持與更新：儀式 / Chapter D . --- 「理想社區」的生活實踐 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的空間： / Chapter (i) --- 空間距離 / Chapter (ii) --- 空間設計：集體空間 / Chapter (iii) --- 空間性質：差異性空間與同質化空間 / Chapter II. --- 社區日常生活實踐 / Chapter E . --- 結語 / Chapter 第四章： --- 一個香港的「理想社區」 / 序言：培僑是一個「理想社區」 / Chapter A. --- 分離過程：社會距離-徘徊於中、港之間 / Chapter B. --- 聚合過程：價値理想 / Chapter I. --- 價値理想的內涵 / Chapter (i) --- 民族主義 / Chapter (ii) --- 共產主義 / Chapter (iii) --- 民主意識 / Chapter II. --- 價値理想的護持與更新：儀節 / Chapter C. --- 「理想社區」的生活實踐 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的空間 / Chapter (i) --- 空間距離 / Chapter (ii) --- 空間設計：集體空間 / Chapter (iii) --- 空間性質：差異性空間與同質化空間 / Chapter II. --- 社區日常生活實踐：社區是個大家庭、大熔爐 / Chapter D. --- 結語 / Chapter 第二部： --- 一個理想社區的轉化 / Chapter 第五章： --- 「理想社區」的生成：1946-1956 / 序言： / Chapter A： --- 時代背景 / Chapter I. --- 中國:國共內戰與新民主主義建設 / Chapter II. --- 香港：戰爭政治、社會秩序之重建 / Chapter B. --- 「理想社區」的誕生 / Chapter C. --- 「理想社區」的形成與發展 / Chapter I. --- 社會建構距離 / Chapter (i) --- 對新中國的嚮往 / Chapter (ii) --- 對殖民地政府的拒斥 / Chapter II. --- 「價値理想」 / Chapter (i) --- 內涵：民族與共產主義 / Chapter (ii) --- 儀節：國旗與升旗禮 / Chapter D. --- 「理想社區」的生活實踐 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的空間 / Chapter (i) --- 空間距離：地理位置 / Chapter (ii) --- 空間設計：集體空間 / Chapter (iii) --- 空間性質：差異性空間 / 一一空間製造 / 一一空間管理 / Chapter II. --- 社區日常生活實踐：社區是個大家庭 / Chapter E . --- 結語 / Chapter 第六章： --- 「理想社區」的頂峰：1957-1978 / 序言：火紅的革命歲月 / Chapter A. --- 時代背景： / Chapter I. --- 中國：社會主義與共產主義革命 / Chapter (i) --- 大躍進運動 / Chapter (ii) --- 文化大革命 / Chapter II. --- 香港：經濟與政治的發展 / Chapter (i) --- 社會發展 / Chapter (ii) --- 政治高壓 / Chapter B. --- 「理想社區」的頂峰：閾限時期 / Chapter I. --- 社會距離的激化：自成一國的左派系統 / Chapter (i) --- 58年杜伯奎校長被遞解出境的事件 / Chapter (ii) --- 67年的「反英抗暴」事件 / Chapter II. --- 「價値理想」的內涵與護持 / Chapter (i) --- 共產主義的理想：反霸反帝反殖 / Chapter (ii) --- 毛澤東之個人崇拜 / Chapter C . --- 「理想社區」的特色 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的空間 / Chapter (i) --- 空間設計：集體空間 / Chapter (ii) --- 空間性質：差異性空間 / 一一空間製造：五個單位的建立 / 一一空間管理：値周班活動 / Chapter II. --- 社區日常生活實踐：閾限社區 / Chapter D. --- 結語 / Chapter 第七章： --- 「理想社區」的轉化：1979-1990 / 序言：掙扎求存的時期 / Chapter A. --- 時代背景： / Chapter I. --- 中國：經濟開放改革與政治改革訴求 / Chapter II. --- 香港：教育改革與主權回歸 / Chapter B. --- 「理想社區」的失落： / Chapter I. --- 社會建構距離：刻意融入香港主流社會 / Chapter (i) --- 融入主流教育制度 / Chapter (ii) --- 教師來源的轉變 / Chapter (iii) --- 爭取「轉津」行動 / Chapter (iv) --- 申請「直資」行動 / Chapter II. --- 「價値理想」的失落 / Chapter (i) --- 毛主義的否定：「三信危機」 / Chapter (ii) --- 對中國共產黨的懷疑：「六四事件」 / Chapter (iii) --- 儀節之形式化 / Chapter C. --- 「理想社區」的生活實踐 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的空間 / Chapter (i) --- 空間距離：地理位置 / Chapter (ii) --- 空間設計：集體空間 / Chapter (iii) --- 空間性質：差異性空間向同質化的空間的過渡 / ´ؤ´ؤ空間制造 / ´ؤ´ؤ監視空間 / ´ؤ´ؤ理性化空間管理 / Chapter II. --- 社區生活實踐：融入主流社會的努力 / Chapter D. --- 結語 / Chapter 第八章： --- 「理想社區」的重建：1991-1997 / 序言：新的歷史任務 / Chapter A. --- 時代背景： / Chapter I. --- 中國：後89年的政治、社會環境 / Chapter II. --- 香港：後過渡時期的政治紛亂 / Chapter B. --- 「理想社區」的重建： / Chapter I . --- 社會建構距離： / Chapter (i) --- 加入「直資計劃」 / Chapter (ii) --- 政治中心的靠近 / Chapter (iii) --- 革命傳統的重建 / Chapter II. --- 價値理想的內涵： / Chapter (i) --- 不再統一的價値理想：民族主義、民主意識 / Chapter (ii) --- 校慶節、國慶節與畢業典禮 / Chapter C . --- 「理想社區」生活實踐 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的空間：同質化空間 / Chapter (ii) --- 空間管理 / Chapter (ii) --- 監視空間 / Chapter II. --- 社區生活實踐：理性化與科層化 / Chapter D . --- 結語 / Chapter 第三部： --- 總結 / Chapter 第九章： --- 歷史、意識與空間 / Chapter A. --- 歷史：行動者的軌跡´ؤ´ؤ四個不同階段的發展回顧 / Chapter I. --- 「理想社區」的生成：46-56年 / Chapter II. --- 「理想社區」的頂峰：57-78年 / Chapter III. --- 「理想社區」的轉化：79-90年 / Chapter IV. --- 「理想社區」的重建：91-97年 / Chapter B. --- 意識：民族主義、民主意識與反思 / Chapter C. --- 空間：獨立自主 / Chapter I. --- 中心與邊陲：中國與香港、社會與培僑 / Chapter II. --- 集體與個人：日常生活的實踐 / Chapter D. --- 結語：歷史的節奏

Saving energy in buildings is of great importance because about 30 to 40 % of the energy in the world is used in buildings. An electrochromic window (ECW), which makes it possible to regulate the inflow of visible light and solar energy into buildings, is a promising technology providing a reduction in energy consumption in buildings along with indoor comfort. A polymer electrolyte is positioned at the center of multi-layer structure of an ECW and plays a significant role in the working of the ECW. In this study, polyethyleneimine: lithium (bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (PEI:LiTFSI)-based polymer electrolytes were characterized by using dielectric/impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity recording, optical spectroscopy, and electrochromic measurements. In the first part of the study, PEI:LiTFSI electrolytes were characterized at various salt concentrations and temperatures. Temperature dependence of viscosity and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes followed Arrhenius behavior. The viscosity was modeled by the Bingham plastic equation. Molar conductivity, glass transition temperature, viscosity, Walden product, and iso-viscosity conductivity analysis showed effects of segmental flexibility, ion pairs, and mobility on the conductivity. A connection between ionic conductivity and ion-pair relaxation was seen by means of (i) the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa relation, (ii) activation energies of the bulk relaxation, and ionic conduction and (iii) comparing two equivalent circuit models, containing different types of Havriliak-Negami elements, for the bulk response. In the second part, nanocomposite PEI:LiTFSI electrolytes with SiO2, In2O3, and In2O3:Sn (ITO) were examined. Adding SiO2 to the PEI:LiTFSI enhanced the ionic conductivity by an order of magnitude without any degradation of the optical properties. The effect of segmental flexibility and free ion concentration on the conduction in the presence of SiO2 is discussed. The PEI:LiTFSI:ITO electrolytes had high haze-free luminous transmittance and strong near-infrared absorption without diminished ionic conductivity. Ionic conductivity and optical clarity did not deteriorate for the PEI:LiTFSI:In2O3 and the PEI:LiTFSI:SiO2:ITO electrolytes. Finally, propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) were added to PEI:LiTFSI in order to perform electrochromic measurements. ITO and SiO2 were added to the PEI:LiTFSI:PC:EC and to a proprietary electrolyte. The nanocomposite electrolytes were tested for ECWs with the configuration of the ECWs being plastic/ITO/WO3/polymer electrolyte/NiO (or IrO2)/ITO/plastic. It was seen that adding nanoparticles to polymer electrolytes can improve the coloring/bleaching dynamics of the ECWs. From this study, we show that nanocomposite polymer electrolytes can add new functionalities as well as enhancement in ECW applications.

This thesis is focused on the development of a gene delivery system, especially for the purpose of DNA vaccination. DNA expression vectors have the potential to be useful therapeutics for a wide variety of applications. A carrier system was designed to realize the delivery of genes to cells and the promotion of controlled adequate expression in the target cells. The low gene delivery efficiency observed with systems composed of polyplexes is mainly due to low stability of polycation e.g polyethylenimine-DNA complexes and inability of most of the complexes to the reach nucleus after entering the cells. The encapsulation of polyethylenimine-DNA complexes inside the alginate microspheres was expected to provide protection from nuclease-based attack, thereby, increasing the stability of the complex and also to achieve controlled release of the complex at the target tissue. In this study, controlled release of complexes from alginate microspheres was studied with DNA staining. In Tris-HCl buffer, the release of PEI-DNA complexes were completed in 48 h, however in cell culture medium (DMEM) 18 % of complexes were released in 48 h because of presence of Ca+2 ions in DMEM. Also, in order to provide mucosal gene delivery for mucosal immunization polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced into the composition of microspheres and the two systems were compared in terms of release kinetics of the complexes. In the presence of PEG, release of PEI-DNA complexes from alginate microspheres in the cell culture medium (DMEM) were enhanced and 50 % of PEI-DNA were released from the microspheres in 48 h. To understand the effect of the PEG on the surface of microspheres zeta potential analysis and microscopic examination were carried out. By increasing percentage of PEG (0, 15, 30, 50) in microspheres, less negative zeta potential value were measured. Mucoadhesion of alginate and PEG-alginate microspheres were evaluated by using modified microbalance method, and in the presence of PEG enhancement of mucoadhesion was observed. In this way a gene delivery system with a possible route through mucosa of tissues was prepared.