Proteins are important biological products with unique functions, annually produced at the hundreds of millions of dollars value on a worldwide basis. The application of crystallization for these materials primarily was led by structural biologists and crystallographers who are keen on obtaining large and well-ordered crystals for protein structure determination via X-ray diffraction. Usually for this, crystallization is done on a small scale by vapor diffusion using a supersaturated solution of the material. In the past decades, production crystallization has slowly received increasing attention for the large-scale recovery of proteins. Among the numerous products, an industrial enzyme (alpha-amylase) that is extensively involved in food processing and laundry products was chosen for examination due to the lack of relevant data in the literature and the potential industrial interest in crystallizing this material. The chosen alpha-amylase is a product of Genencor International (the Danisco division) and is derived from a genetically modified Bacillus licheniformis. In parallel to the underlying principles that govern the bulk crystallization of small molecules, the broad topics of investigation for this macromolecular material included determination of solubility, studies of nucleation thresholds, and investigation of crystal growth kinetics and special phenomena accompanying the crystallization process. All these studies were preceded by a series of characterization tests conducted for the material. On the whole, this study aimed to extend the existing fundamental knowledge of bulk crystallization for biological macromolecules. Specifically, it intended to enrich the solubility and crystallization kinetic data for the alpha-amylase. The experimental data of this study were all obtained at conditions in line with industrial practice, which included the use of moderate temperatures, mild pH conditions and simple inorganic salts ((NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl) in order for the findings to be transferred to the industry directly. In a 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (with no added salts), alpha-amylase solubility increased with solvent temperature and had a minimum at pH between 6.4 and 7.1. A generalized equation (as a function of pH and temperature) was obtained to correlate the data. The three inorganic salts examined affected the alpha-amylase solubility in a different manner, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Evidently, the interaction effect of a salt varied with solution pH. This confirms the importance of studying solubility with the two or more condition parameters at the same time. With relevance to crystal growth, the metastable region of the material was relatively wide at (NH4)2SO4 and Na2SO4 concentrations corresponding to maximum solubility. For example, σSNT was 1.2  0.2 in solutions with 5 wt% ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 and 25oC. A wide metastability range is useful for the practical operation of batch crystallizers as nucleation can be minimized. This range, however, diminished as the salt concentration increased beyond the maximum solubility points, imposing a limit on the range of salt concentration favorable for growth processes. In systems with no added salts at pH 7.0, the solution metastability was slightly higher at 10oC than at 40oC. This would suggest a future further examination of the salt system at a lower temperature, say of 10oC. To develop a batch crystallizer, the growth kinetic data of the material have to be known. Throughout the growth studies, the alpha-amylase crystals obtained were lozenge-shaped thin plates. Apparently, habit was not influenced by the crystallization conditions chosen. Similar to other proteins crystallized in bulk, the growth rate of alpha-amylase demonstrated a second-order dependence upon supersaturation. Importantly, the alpha-amylase demonstrated crystal growth rate dispersion (GRD) under all the conditions tested. To simplify the analysis of growth kinetic results, the seed crystals used were common history (CH) seeds whose growth rates are proportional to their sizes. The spread of growth rates (CV) was 0.54 for the unsieved CH seeds used. Due to GRD, growth rate coefficient data varied with crystal size. For instance, in solutions containing 5 wt% ammonium sulfate at pH 7.0 and 25oC, the growth rate coefficient for seed crystals initially at 20 m was 2.47 m/hr. This order of magnitude was equivalent to that of many other proteins. Although being small, industrial crystallization was feasible with these kinetics, as demonstrated by the sample design calculations included. To improve the design, it is recommended to further examine the solubility, metastability and growth kinetics of the above system at other temperatures to obtain a wider growth rate range. As the important phenomenon of growth rate dispersion has seldom been examined for protein and enzyme materials in the crystallization literature, this study is a significant contribution to this area.

La spintronique propose de nouvelles solutions en microélectronique en termes d’architecture, pour résoudre les problèmes de miniaturisation et de consommation. Son produit phare, les mémoires magnétiques à accès aléatoire (MRAM), est composé de jonctions tunnel magnétiques (JTM). Une alternative intéressante d’architecture MRAM, développée par Crocus Technology propose d’assister thermiquement le retournement du moment magnétique stockant l’information. L’aimantation de la couche de stockage est couplée à une couche antiferromagnétique afin de la stabiliser (couche piégée). Un chauffage par effet Joule à l’aide d’un courant traversant la barrière tunnel permet de libérer la couche de stockage pour écrire l’information à l’aide d’un champ magnétique. Générer un champ magnétique est encore coûteux en puissance. Pour résoudre ce problème, l’idée explorée dans cette thèse est d’exploiter avantageusement le couple de transfert de spin généré par le courant de chauffage pour réduire le champ d’écriture en changeant la polarité du courant de chauffage suivant l’état que l’on cherche à écrire. Pour ce faire, des dispositifs 1 kbit ont été testés, dans lesquels on montre que l’influence du couple de transfert permet de réduire le champ d’écriture. Une nouvelle structure à couche de stockage synthétique ferrimagnétique (SyF) piégée a été développée pour tirer parti du couple de transfert de spin au mieux sans dégrader relations d’épitaxie garantes des propriétés de stabilité et de signal. Pour étudier l’influence du couple de transfert de spin en détail, des diagrammes de phases en champ et tension ont été réalisés sur divers structures, en séparant les différentes composantes de l’empilement complet. En plus du couple de transfert de spin attendu, un effet pair du courant a été observé, favorisant toujours l’état antiparallèle quel que soit la polarité du courant. Cet effet se retrouve tant sur les couches piégées que les couches libres, et peut s’expliquer par un couple de transfert de spin perpendiculaire comme suggéré par la forme des diagrammes obtenus avec des couches libres. Par ailleurs, les diagrammes d’écriture de couche de stockage SyF révèlent une forme complexe qui serait liée à l’excitation d’une seule des deux couches du SyF par le couple de transfert de spin. En variant le produit résistance-surface (RA) de la JTM, on a montré que le couple de transfert de spin semble bien conserver sa proportionnalité avec la densité de courant sur des structures à couche de stockage piégée. Un autre pan du travail concerne la phase de refroidissement à la fin de l’écriture assistée thermiquement. L’influence de la vitesse de refroidissement sur l’efficacité du couple de transfert de spin a été mise en évidence, et il est montré qu’une diminution progressive de la tension permet d’atteindre un régime de refroidissement quasi-statique dans lequel le taux d’erreur est réduit d’un ordre de grandeur sur certaines structures. Les différents résultats sont mis en lien avec la dépendance en température du couplage RKKY au sein du SyF. Celui-ci permet de d’estimer l’évolution de la température en tension et en temps réel. Enfin, l’existence d’un effet thermoélectrique dû à l’asymétrie de chauffage est étudiée. / Spintronics offers new solutions in microelectronics regarding architecture, to solve scaling and consumption issues. Its main product, magnetic random access memories (MRAM), is composed of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ). Switching of the magnetic moment storing the data is facilitated by a thermally assisted writing method developed by Crocus Technology. The storage layer’s magnetization is coupled to an antiferromagnetic layer to stabilize it (pinned layer). Joule heating thanks to a tunneling current allows freeing the storage layer to write information thanks to a magnetic field. Generating a magnetic field still consumes power. To solve this issue, the idea explored in the thesis is to harness advantageously the spin transfer torque arising from the heating current in order to lower the writing field by changing the heating current polarity depending on the state to write. To do this, 1 kbit test vehicles have been tested, for which it is shown that spin transfer torque influence allows reducing the writing field. A new structure has been developed, consisting of a pinned synthetic ferrimagnetic (SyF) storage layer, to get benefits from the spin transfer torque without degrading epitaxial relations necessary to have a good stability and a good signal. To study the influence of spin transfer torque in details, field-voltage phase diagrams have been measured for various structures, by separating the elementary parts of the full structure. Apart from the expected spin transfer torque, an even effect of the current has been observed, favoring the antiparallel state whatever the current polarity. This effect can be found both in pinned layers and free layers, and can be explained thanks to perpendicular spin transfer torque as suggested by the shape of the diagrams obtained on free layers. Besides, writing diagrams of SyF storage layer have a complexe shape that may be related to the excitation of one only layer of the two of the SyF by spin transfer torque. By varying the resistance-area product (RA) of the MTJ, we showed that spin transfer torque seems to keep its proportionality to current density for structures with pinned storage layer. Another side of the work is related to the cooling phase at the end of the thermally assisted writing. Influence of the cooling rate on the efficiency of spin transfer torque was evidenced, and it is showed that a gradual decrease of the voltage let reach a quasistatic cooling regime in which the writing error rate is reduced by one order of magnitude on some structures. The different results are linked to the temperature dependence of RKKY coupling inside the SyF. This allows estimating real time change of temperature. Finally, thermoelectric effect due to heating asymmetry is studied.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à deux types de systèmes de différents degrés de liberté en interaction, et soumis à des fluctuations quantiques.Dans le premier projet abordé dans le manuscrit, on établit un diagramme de phase d'électrons en interactions dans un cristal bidimensionnel à géométrie kagome. Ce diagramme de phase est dressé en fonction de deux paramètres étant les interactions coulombiennes entre électrons sur un même atome pour le premier, et sur des atomes plus proches voisins pour le second. Les énergies caractéristiques de ces deux interactions sont quantifiées par rapport à une énergie de référence étant celle des fluctuations quantiques. On met alors en évidence quatre phases dont deux sont nouvelles, alors que les deux autres font le lien avec la littérature déjà existante, et sont en accord avec cette dernière. Ces deux nouvelles phases émergent lorsque l'énergie de répulsion coulombienne entre électrons sur un même atome domine devant l’énergie caractéristique des fluctuations quantiques. En présence d’une forte répulsion coulombienne entre électrons sur des atomes plus proches voisins, les charges électroniques ne peuvent se délocaliser pour former des ondes de Bloch et sont soumis à ce que l’on appelle une contrainte locale de charge. Apparaissent alors sous la compétition de ces deux interactions coulombiennes, des modes unidimensionnels collectifs le long des chaines d’atomes antiferromagnétiquement ordonnées. Ces modes ont la particularité d’être stabilisés à la fois par les fluctuations des degrés de liberté de spin, et de charge des électrons. La seconde de ces nouvelles phases émerge lorsque la répulsion coulombienne entre électrons sur des atomes voisins devient faible devant les fluctuations quantiques. La contrainte locale est alors relâchée et les électrons forment des ondes de Bloch le long de ce qui s’apparente à des bulles quantiques unidimensionnelles et polarisées en spin. Ces bulles sont alors piégées dans un cristal d’électrons inversement polarisés, avec lesquels elles sont en interaction antiferromagnétique.Le second projet porte sur l’étude d’un aimant moléculaire de Terbium Double-Decker. Cette molécule peut être modélisée par trois degrés de liberté interagissant en cascade les uns avec les autres. Le premier d’entre eux est un degré de liberté de spin nucléaire porté par le noyau de l’ion terbium de la molécule. Ce spin nucléaire est en interaction d’échange avec un degré de liberté de spin électronique porté par les électrons de l’ion terbium. Enfin, en première approximation, ce spin électronique génère un champ dipolaire auquel sont soumis les deux ligands de l’aimant moléculaire. Ces deux ligands sont couplés à deux électrodes de source et de drain, assurant le transport d’électrons uniques à travers ces deniers. Le tout forme donc un transistor à électron unique dans lequel les ligands servent de boîte quantique. Par mesure de magnéto-conductance, il est donc possible par une lecture en cascade, de remonter à l’état du spin électronique et du spin nucléaire. La première étape du projet a donc consisté à établir un modèle décrivant l’aimant moléculaire couplé à ces deux électrodes, afin de prédire les mesures de conductance réalisées au travers du transistor lors des thèses de Stefen Thiele et Clément Godfrin. Les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux obtenus sont en accord quantitatifs.D’autres part, à l’aide de champs électriques radio-fréquences, il est possible de manipuler expérimentalement et de façon cohérente le spin nucléaire. Cette manipulation cohérente du spin nucléaire se fait par l’intermédiaire du nuage électronique de l’ion, et permet ainsi d’être en mesure de réaliser un algorithme quantique sur le spin nucléaire de l’ion terbium. La réalisation d’un programme de simulation a permis de guider la réalisation expérimentale de l’algorithme de Grover, lequel a été implémenté avec succès au cours de la thèse de Clément Godfrin. / This thesis focuses on two different spin and charge systems, interacting under the effect of quantum fluctuations.The first project highlights the phase diagram of interacting electrons on a kagome lattice. This diagram is driven by two Coulomb repulsions. The first is a on site repulsion, and the second a nearest neighbor one. These two repulsions are in competition with quantum fluctuations of electronic charges. Four phases are depicted, two are unknown and the two other are in agreement with the literature. The two new phases are stabilized in the strong on site repulsion regime. When nearest neighbor repulsions are strong enough to induce a charge local constraint, the system enters in a so called Heisenberg-Loop Phase. These loops are antiferromagnetically arranged and can be described by a Heisenberg-like model in which both charge and spin play surprisingly a role in the exchange interaction. The second new phase is stabilized in the regime where nearest neighbor interactions are too weak to maintain the local constraint. Then, half of the electrons are delocalized in unidimensional Bloch states similar to quantum polarized electronic bubbles. These bubbles are trapped in an inversely polarized electronic cristal formed by the other electrons. This peculiar phase is favored by both quantum charge fluctuations in the bubbles, and antiferromagnetic exchanges between their electrons and the cristal ones.The second project deals with a Terbium Double-Decker molecular magnet. This molecule is modeled by three interacting degrees of freedom. The first is a nuclear spin of the Terbium ion, and the second is the electronic spin of this same ion. The two spins interact via a magnetic exchange.In a first approximation, the effect of the electronic spin is to induce a dipolar field. Finally, the last degree of freedom is carried by two ligands under the influence of the dipolar field. The ligands play the role of a read-out quantum dot, and by conductance measurements through this last one, we can probe the electronic spin and then, the nuclear spin. The first step of this project highlights the modeling of the global system. Then numerical computations are depicted and are in a quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements realized during the thesis of Stefan Thiele and Clément Godfrin.On the other hand, by applying electrical Radio Frequency Fields, we can drive quantum fluctuations on the nuclear spin. This quantum manipulation of the spin is realized by the dynamic deformation of the electron cloud under the effect of the Radio Frequency Field. As a result, we are able to implement a Grover Quantum Algorithm on the nuclear field. This thesis focuses on the realization of a simulation program that was a tool used by Clément Godfrin to successfully implement the Grover Algorithm.

No description available.

Les co-cristaux représentent une classe de composés offrant de grandes opportunités pour l'industrie pharmaceutique. La plupart des études présentées dans la littérature porte sur le diagramme thermodynamique et sur l'ingénierie cristalline. Ce travail y ajoute l'aspect cinétique qui est essentiel à prendre en compte pour la mise en place d'un procédé de cristallisation à l'échelle industrielle. Différentes techniques d'analyse en ligne ont été mises en oeuvre pour suivre le procédé de co-cristallisation. Le système modèle carbamazépine / nicotinamide a été sélectionné. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation d'une sonde de visualisation in-situ a permis la construction d'un diagramme de phase pour le système modèle étudié. Par la suite, les chemins cinétiques du procédé de co-cristallisation ont été mesurés en solution grâce au suivi des concentrations en soluté par spectroscopie InfraRouge à Transformée de Fourier. Enfin, la transition entre les phases solides (carbamazépine et cocristaux) a été suivie in-situ par spectroscopie IR et en couplant la sonde de visualisation avec la sonde Lasentec FBRM. Les essais ont permis de vérifier qu'une dérive de procédé conduisant à une autre phase cristalline que les co-cristaux peut être corrigée pour obtenir au final uniquement des co-cristaux / Co-crystals represent a class of compounds, which offers huge opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Most studies presented in the literature deals with the thermodynamic diagram and crystal engineering. This work adds the kinetic aspect that must imperatively be taken into account in the establishment of a crystallization process at an industrial case. Different in-line process analytical techniques were carried out to monitor the co-crystallization process. The model system carbamazepine / nicotinamide was selected. The use of an in-situ visualization probe allowed us to build the phase diagram of the model system studied. Afterwards, the kinetic pathways of the co-crystallization process were highlighted thanks to the following of the solute concentrations by Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy. Finally, the phase transition between carbamazepine and co-crystals was monitored by IR spectroscopy, and by using simultaneously the visualization probe with the Lasentec FBRM probe. In order to finally obtain the only co-crystal phase, we subsequently verified that it was possible to correct a situation of process deviation, for which another crystalline phase remained in suspension

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement technologique d’outils miniaturiséspour l’exploration de diagrammes de phase de fluides complexes (dispersions colloïdales,solutions de polymères ou tensioactifs, etc). Les outils élaborés permettent dedéterminer des diagrammes de phase par une approche continue à l’aide de la microfluidique.Ils sont basés sur deux types de procédés membranaires différents : la pervaporation(mécanisme d’évaporation de solvant) et la dialyse (mécanisme d’échangesosmotiques). En s’appuyant sur le processus de pervaporation, il a été montré théoriquementet expérimentalement qu’il existe une géométrie pour laquelle le séchageconfiné est homogène. Il est donc possible de construire des diagrammes de phase demélanges à plusieurs composants de l’échelle moléculaire aux colloïdes. Une étudeconsacrée à la compréhension de la complexité du séchage des nanoparticules de silicecommerciales dans un canal microfluidique de type microévaporateur a été miseen place. La cinétique de concentration des particules est décrite jusqu’à la formationd’un état dense ainsi que les divers phénomènes liés au séchage comme l’existenced’une transition de phase dans un système colloïdal, l’apparition de fractures ou la délaminationdu matériau dense. Un nouvel outil microfluidique intégrant une membranede type dialyse offre la possibilité de contrôler les échanges osmotiques à l’échelle dunanolitre. Le protocole de fabrication ainsi que le dimensionnement de la géométriesont présentés. Grâce à cet outil, il est possible de mesurer des pressions osmotiquesde dispersions colloïdales. / This work deals with the technological development of miniaturized tools for theexploration of the phase diagram of complex fluids (colloidal dispersions, solutions ofpolymers or surfactants, etc). The microfluidic tools we elaborated make it possibleto determine phase diagrams of a series of formulations of complex fluids by consumingonly minute amounts of samples. These devices exploit two types of membraneprocesses to concentrate the chemical species : pervaporation (solvent evaporationthrough a dense membrane) and dialysis (osmotic exchanges through a membrane).Concerning the case of pervaporation, we demonstrated theoretically and experimentallythat a specific microfluidic design exists for which concentration fields of chemicalspecies remain spatially homogeneous along the kinetic path followed withinthe phase diagram. Then, it enables to obtain phase diagrams of multi-componentsmixtures from molecular compounds up to colloids, at the nanolitre scale. We reporta study concerning the understanding of the drying process of commercial silica nanoparticlesusing a dedicated microfluidic experiment involving pervaporation. Wepresent the kinetics of the concentration of the particles within the channel up to theformation of a dense colloidal packed bed which invades the channel at a controlledrate. We developed an original microfluidic tool integrating a dialysis membranewhich makes it possible to control osmotic exchanges at the nanoliter scale. We reportthe protocol of microfabrication of this chip and its specific geometry.We presentpreliminary results showing that this tool can be used to measure osmotic pressures ofcolloidal suspensions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5236.pdf: 6093443 bytes, checksum: 6aecbe1f41f1afa45394b6da0631c23b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Solid solutions with perovskite structure, especially lead-based oxides, have been developed and investigated as single crystal and/or polycrystal ceramics since the midtwentieth century, but aspects of phase diagram of some of these systems remain controversial. Existing literature proposes, for instance, a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) for the PbTiO3-CaTiO3 ferroelectric system, in the region of concentration Pb/Ca~1.This study has investigated the crystal structure of ferroelectric ceramic systems Pb1- xCaxTiO3 (or PCT) (x = 0.24, 0.35, 0.475, 0.50, 0.55 and 1.00) using structural refinement of powder X-ray diffraction profiles, as a function of temperature. The Rietveld method was used and the convergence parameters of the structural refinement within a single phase were compared, considering different space groups among those described in literature for every composition. The assessment of macroscopic properties such as electrical permittivity, pyroelectric, ferroelectric and thermal expansion was also performed as a function of temperature and/or frequency for the construction of structure-property relationships, in order to determine the best symmetry for each composition and the phase diagram of polycrystalline PCT. At room temperature, the structural refinement analyses for ceramics with x = 0.24 and 0.35 showed tetragonal symmetry (P4mm), such as the PbTiO3, and for x ≥ 0.475 the convergence parameters indicated only one phase with orthorhombic centrosymmetric space group (Pbnm), typical of CaTiO3, as the best. For temperatures between 150 and 570 K, the crystallographic phase transition (tetragonal - cubic) was observed in only one composition, with x = 0.35. The space group Pbnm remained as the most suitable for compositions with x ≥ 0.475 across the temperature range studied, though variations of lattice parameters and/or unit cell volume were observed. Previous studies have proposed phase transitions for this system that are consistent with the variations observed, but those studies were performed by optical birefringence characterization in single crystals or by simulations based on the results of infrared spectroscopy. This is the first time that structural changes are observed as a function of temperature for the concentrations investigated. Such variations were therefore associated to phase transitions whose symmetries are represented by the XRD profiles of perovskite with super lattice reflections, closer to the Pbnm space group. These phases could not be distinguished, however, from Pbnm, probably because of the intrinsic limitations of structural characterization techniques used in this work. Furthermore, the results of the ferroelectric and pyroelectric characterization were not conclusive, mainly due to their dependence on the samples history, but the combination of electrical permittivity and thermal expansion characterizations with the structural refinements proved to be an important tool for elucidating the morphotropic phase boundary of this system. Based on these results, this work proposes a complement to the phase diagram of the Pb1-xCaxTiO3 polycrystaline systems in which phase transitions were characterized by different techniques. / Neste trabalho investigou-se a estrutura cristalina de cerâmicas do sistema ferroelétrico Pb1-xCaxTiO3 ou PCT (x = 0,24, 0,35, 0,475, 0,50, 0,55 e 1,00), a partir do refinamento estrutural dos perfis de difração de raios X de pó, em função da temperatura. Utilizou-se o método de Rietveld, e foi comparada a qualidade dos parâmetros de convergência do refinamento estrutural, considerando-se uma única fase cristalina, mas com diferentes grupos espaciais entre aqueles apontados na literatura para cada composição. A caracterização de propriedades macroscópicas em função da temperatura e/ou frequência, tais como dielétricas, piroelétricas, ferroelétricas e de expansão térmica, também foi realizada para a construção de relações estrutura-propriedades, com o objetivo de se definir a melhor simetria cristalina de cada composição e o diagrama de fases do PCT policristalino. Entre as análises de refinamento estrutural realizadas a temperatura ambiente, para as concentrações avaliadas, cerâmicas com x=0,24 e 0,35 apresentaram simetria tetragonal (P4mm), como a do PbTiO3, e, para as com x ≥ 0,475, os parâmetros de convergência apenas indicaram uma fase com simetria ortorrômbica centrossimétrica (Pbnm), típica do CaTiO3, como a mais adequada. A partir dos perfis de difração de raios X de cada composição, entre 150 e 570 K, segundo os resultados estruturais, somente foi observada uma transição de fase cristalográfica (de tetragonal para cúbica) na composição com x = 0,35. Para as composições com x ≥ 0,475, o grupo espacial Pbnm se manteve como mais adequado em toda a faixa de temperatura estudada, porém, foram observadas sensíveis variações dos parâmetros de rede e/ou do volume da cela unitária. Tais variações ocorreram em temperaturas que coincidem com aquelas da literatura em que se indicam transições de fase para este sistema, porém a partir da caracterização de birrefringência ótica em monocristais ou por simulações baseadas em resultados de espectroscopia por infravermelho. Desta forma, esta é a primeira vez que se registraram mudanças estruturais em função da temperatura para essas concentrações do titanato de cálcio e chumbo. Assim, entendeu-se que tais variações correspondem a transições de fases, cujas simetrias estão representadas por perfis de DRX de perovskitas com reflexões de super-rede, muito próximas àquelas do grupo espacial Pbnm. Contudo, essas fases não puderam ser distinguidas da Pbnm provavelmente por limitações técnicas da caracterização estrutural empregada neste trabalho. Os resultados para as propriedades ferroelétricas e piroelétricas não permitiram análises conclusivas, principalmente devido à sua dependência com o histórico das amostras, tendo sido descartados para o propósito deste trabalho. No entanto, a combinação dos resultados das medidas de permissividade elétrica e da expansão térmica com aqueles do refinamento estrutural mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante para a elucidação do contorno morfotrópico de fases desse sistema. Assim, com base nestes resultados, propôs-se um complemento ao diagrama de fases do sistema Pb1-xCaxTiO3 em que as transições de fases foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandoFGF.pdf: 1543921 bytes, checksum: 28fee7b00926ff19375c7b0098bc6b3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / With the increase of asphalt milling services was also a significant increase in recycling services pavements. The techniques used today are basically physical processes in which the milled material is incorporated into new asphalt mixtures or executed on site, with the addition of virgin asphalt and rejuvenating agent. In this paper seeks to analyze the efficiency of extraction of CAP (Petroleum Asphalt Cement) mixtures from asphalt milling, using commercial solvents and microemulsions. The solvents were evaluated for their ability to solubilize asphalt using an extractor reflux-type apparatus. Pseudoternary diagrams were developed for the preparation of microemulsion O/W surfactant using a low-cost coconut oil saponified (OCS). Microemulsions were used to extract the CAP of asphalt through physicochemical process cold. Analysis was performed concentration of CAP in solution by spectroscopy. The data provided in the analysis of concentration by the absorbance of the solution as the basis for calculating the percentage of extraction and the mass flow of the CAP in the solution. The results showed that microemulsions prepared with low concentration of kerosene and butanol/OCS binary has high extraction power of CAP and its efficiency was higher than pure kerosene, reaching 95% rate of extraction / Com o aumento dos servi?os de fresagem asf?ltica houve tamb?m um incremento significativo nos servi?os de reciclagem de pavimentos asf?lticos. As t?cnicas hoje empregadas s?o basicamente processos f?sicos nas quais o material fresado ? incorporado a novas misturas asf?lticas ou executado in loco , com a incorpora??o de asfalto virgem e agente rejuvenecedor. Nesse trabalho prop?e-se analisar a efici?ncia na extra??o do CAP (Cimento Asf?ltico de Petr?leo) de misturas proveniente de fresagem asf?ltica, utilizando solventes comerciais e microemuls?es. Os solventes foram avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de solubilizar asfalto utilizando um extrator por refluxo do tipo Soxhlet. Foram desenvolvidos diagramas pseudotern?rios para elabora??o de microemuls?o O/A utilizando tensoativo de baixo custo como o ?leo de coco saponificado (OCS). As microemuls?es foram utilizadas para extrair o CAP da mistura betuminosa atrav?s de processo f?sico-qu?mico a frio. Foi realizada an?lise de concentra??o de CAP na solu??o atrav?s de espectroscopia. Os dados fornecidos na an?lise da concentra??o atrav?s da absorb?ncia da solu??o serviram de base para o c?lculo do percentual de extra??o e do fluxo m?ssico do CAP na solu??o. Os resultados mostraram que microemuls?es elaboradas com baixa concentra??o de querosene e do bin?rio butanol/OCS tem grande poder de extra??o de CAP, sua efici?ncia foi maior do que o querosene puro, alcan?ando taxa de 95% de extra??o

Amostras policristalinas de La(5/8-y)Pr(y)Ca(3/8)MnO(3); 0 y 0.625; foram produzidas pelo método da mistura estequiométrica de óxidos e tratadas termicamente ao ar a 1400 oC. As amostras foram caracterizadas através de medidas de difração de raios-X, resistividade elétrica rho(T), susceptibilidade magnética chi(T) e magnetorresistividade rho(T, H = 50 kOe). Os resultados das análises dos diagramas de raios-X indicaram que os materiais são de fase única e que houve uma substituição efetiva de La por Pr no sítio A ao longo da série. Medidas de rho(T) e chi(T) revelaram que a temperatura de transição de fase metal-isolante TMI e temperatura de Curie TC decrescem com o aumento da concentração y e que a resistividade residual rho0 (rho(T = 10 K)) é consideravelmente alta em amostras com y 0.35. Ainda, com o decréscimo de T, as amostras com y 0.35 transitam para uma fase de ordenamento de carga em TOC ~ 194 K e, em seguida, para uma fase metálica em TMI. Essas medidas também sugerem a coexistência de fases ferromagnética-metálica FMM e de ordenamento de carga isolante OCI nesses materiais. Nas propriedades físicas macroscópicas, a fase FMM mostrou ser a dominante para os compostos com pequenas concentrações de Pr (y 0.25) e a fase OCI dominante para os compostos com altas concentrações de Pr (y 0.40). As medidas de rho(T, H = 50 kOe) mostram que a magnitude da resistividade elétrica decresce drasticamente nas vizinhanças de TMI sob a aplicação de um campo magnético externo. A magnitude de MR (MR = (rho(H = 0)-rho(H = 50 kOe))/rho(H = 50 kOe)) entre os extremos da série (y = 0 e 0.625) varia até sete ordens de grandeza, sendo que o máximo valor de MR para amostras com y = 0 é de ~ 0.75 e naquelas com y = 0.625 é ~ 3.4x106 . O diagrama de fases deste composto evidencia uma região crítica (0.30 y 0.40) onde os valores de TMI, TC, MR e 0 variam abruptamente como função de y, sendo que em outras regiões tal variação é mais suave. A variação significativa desses quatro valores indica uma competição mais forte entre as fases coexistentes ocorre na região crítica. Algumas características marcantes podem ser observadas nas amostras da região crítica tais como: a presença de um segundo pico, abaixo de TMI, em ~ 90 K e ~ 72 K na curva de rho(T) de amostras com y = 0.30 e 0.35, histerese térmica mais pronunciada em rho(T) e chi(T), MR torna-se colossal, relaxação significativa da resistividade elétrica com o tempo, entre outras. Assim, as propriedades de transporte e magnéticas nessa região crítica são dominadas pela forte competição entre as fases coexistentes. / Polycrystalline samples of La(5/8-y)Pr(y)Ca(3/8)MnO(3); 0 y 0.625; were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method and sintered in air at 1400 oC. These compounds were studied by measurements of X-ray powder diffraction, magnetic susceptibility chi(T), and electrical resistivity rho(T, H). X-ray powder diffraction measurements indicated single phase materials and an effective substitution of La by Pr. Results from rho(T) and chi(T) revealed that increasing y in this series results in a rapid reduction of both the insulator to metal transition temperature TMI and the Curie temperature TC. Such a rapid decrease in TMI with increasing y is also accompanied by the occurrence of a new transition temperature, termed TCO, which is related to the transition to the charge ordered CO state. Such a temperature, which is essentially independent of y, occurs at TCO ~ 194 K and is mainly observed in samples with y 0.35. The other feature is the presence of a large residual resistivity electrical rho(0 = (10 K)) for large y (y 0.35) at low-T even though rho(T) suggests a metallic behavior below TMI. The temperature for the maximum magnetoresistance effect occurs near TMI, that shifts to higher T with increasing field. The MR is defined here as (rho(H = 0)-rho(H = 50 kOe))/rho(H = 50 kOe) and is enhanced by seven orders of magnitude from ~ 0.75 up to ~ 3.4x106 in samples with y = 0 and y = 0.625, respectively. Some features like the thermal hysteresis observed in both rho(T) and chi(T) curves indicate the coexistence of different phases in a range of y concentration, i. e., the ferromagnetic-metallic FMM and the charge ordered-insulating COI domains. The FMM is stable for y 0.25, but the COI state becomes dominant for y 0.40. There is a critical region in the phase diagram, ranging from y = 0.30 to 0.40, where the magnitude of the TMI, TC, MR, and 0 were found to display abrupt changes with increasing y. Some anomalous features like a second peak in rho(T) below TMI, a two-step increasing in chi(T), a colossal MR effect and others are observed for compositions belonging to this critical region. Our combined data suggest that the general physical properties of these compounds in such a critical region are dominated by the strong competition between coexisting ferromagnetic-metallic and charge ordered-insulating phases.

The magnetic properties of materials are primarily dictated by its ion ordering which occurs by means of electrostatic exchange interaction. Many other factors are also involved such as the lattice geometry, non-magnetic ions, anisotropy, external fields, and so forth. In this work, we investigate the ferromagnetic spin 1=2 Heisenberg model within the mean field approximation as well as in the effective field framework in two distinct structures, namely, the kagome and simple cubic lattices. For the kagome structure, we applied the mean field approximation including Dzyaloshinkii-Moriya (DM) anisotropy and an external field. Then, we worked out its phase diagram on the temperature-interaction manifold and analyzed some fundamental thermodynamics properties such as magnetization and magnetic susceptibility for varying (exchange interaction parameter), anisotropy (DM), and temperature. For the simple cubic lattice, we rely on the effective-field approximation by means of the differential operator technique. In this case, we assumed the external field to follow a trimodal distribution and also added a term that accounts for the bond distribution. We then explored the resulting behavior of the phase diagrams. Our findings provide an accurate description of the magnetic behavior of real systems featuring anisotropy and similar topologies. / O magnetismo exibido pelos materiais tem como um dos requisitos físicos o ordenamento dos seus íons magnéticos que ocorre por meio de uma interação denominada de interação de troca de origem eletrostática. Muitos outros fatores influenciam fortemente no surgimento do magnetismo como a geometria da rede, presença de íons não magnéticos no cristal, presença de anisotropia, fatores externos ao material, como campos aplicados ao mesmo. Neste trabalho, obtivemos propriedades magnéticas do modelo de Heisenberg ferromagnético de spin 1=2 nas aproximações de campo médio, e de campo efetivo via operador diferencial em duas redes distintas: kagomé e cúbica simples. Para a rede tipo kagomé, a aproximação utilizada foi a de campo médio e adicionamos os termos de anisotropia de Dzyaloshinkii-Moriya (DM) e de campo externo. Nessa parte foi analisado o diagrama de fases no plano Temperatura versus interação (DM) e o comportamento das grandezas termodinâmicas como magnetização e susceptibilidade magnética sob a flutuação dos parâmetros (definido como parâmetro de troca), do termo de anisotropia (DM) e da temperatura. Para a rede cúbica simples, a abordagem foi realizada na aproximação de campo efetivo por meio da técnica do operador diferencial. Nesse contexto, adicionamos ao formalismo um termo de distribuição das ligações e uma distribuição trimodal para o campo externo e estudamos os efeitos dessas distribuições nos diagramas de fases temperatura versus campo externo e temperatura versus ligação. Com isso, obtivemos resultados que podemos considerá-los como uma boa estimativa do comportamento magnético de sistemas reais, ao quais possuem os tipos de redes considerados e que estão sob a influência dos parâmetros anisotrópicos e das distribuições consideradas.