Writing the history of children's literature in the postcolonial era remains important, because it serves as the counter-assertion to the history of the child and the history of children's literature dominated by the West. The once-silenced voice of the postcolonial child must resurface in in literary criticism, because it asserts the strangeness and otherness that the West and of which it has remained largely ignorant. The present study offers a postcolonial reading of children's literature in the Philippines in the context of succeeding waves of Spanish and American colonization. In making close-readings of selected works, I analyze the dynamic between metropolitan Manila and provincial Bicol, in the effort to reconfigure operative binaries of city and country still shaping the economic, historical and cultural realities in everyday Filipino/a life. Philippine children's literature remains "Manila -centric"not only because the capital city retains the monopoly of cultural production nationally, but because it perpetuates the legacy of colonialism in language and educational policy required by elites in the center. By contrast, Bicol represents the power, voice, and authority of the once -marginalized periphery, whereby an alternative to Manila in children's literary disc ourse has emerged, born out of (as I argue here) a specifically and culturally situated local discourse: that of the bukid or mountain.Bukid is the Bicol term for the rice field, mountain, and volcano. The iconic mountain-volcano of our region, the Mayon Volcano, represents the power of bukid now appearing on the horizon of the metropolitan imaginary. The mountain is speaking back. Historically, bukid has served as a shelter for the marginalized. It also has provided refuge for revolutionaries rebelling against the colonizers based in the center. As an as -yet under-theorized voice linking local landscape to history, the voice of bukid is crucial to the study of Filipino/a children's literature, because its very solidity and monumentality are integral to Filipino/a consciousness everywhere. (Every region has its own mountain.) The voice of the bukid not only challenges the binarism between the city and the country, but makes a critique of the current centralized system of production impoverishing the regional capacity for children's literature in the Philippines. My personal experience as a Filipina -Chinese woman writing on behalf of our children remains connected to these marginalized spaces seemingly so distant from the metropolitan imagination. According to Gloria Anzaldua, "The work of the mestiza consciousness is to break down the subject-object duality that keeps her a prisoner and to show in the flesh and through the images of her work how duality is transcended" (80)

This creative project’s ambition is to craft an original novel called The Dreams of Metanoia: The Advent Foreigner. The Dreams of Metanoia is initially influenced by The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, a true narrative by Rebecca Skloot. Henrietta and her family were subjected to Jim Crow scientific racism. Henrietta, a black woman with cervical cancer, had her cells removed and cultivated by John Hopkins doctors without any consent. The doctors discovered that Henrietta’s cells continued to divide relentlessly outside her body. They then sold them to other researchers without their knowledge. However, the gap in literature occurs within a mysterious hallucination that happened within the nonfiction narrative. Henrietta’s cousin, Hector Henry, had a hallucination that may be connected to the obscure Philippine-American War and Filipino Folklore. The Philippine-American War was a somber conflict of racism and white American imperialism from 1899-1902. It is a war shrouded from most American textbooks; it was a war that tested American soldier’s ethical morality and allegiance to a 20th century Jim Crow United States. It is a war where enemies found a common strife within their woes. Because of how unknown these narratives are in today’s racial and politically divided world, it is essential to review and learn from these tragedies that united races as humans rather than individual racial identities. This research aims to repurpose these narratives to craft an original story relevant to modern America’s racial strife. Thus, The Dreams of Metanoia: The Advent Foreigner is an original piece that seeks to find the intersectionality in the meaning of being human.

No description available.

Many scholars have written about the counterinsurgency phase of the Philippine- American War (1899-1902). Military historians often downplayed the impact of human rights abuses, while emphasizing the success of the U.S. Army’s counterinsurgency instead. In contrast, social historians frequently focused on human rights abuses at the expense of understanding the U.S. Army’s counterinsurgency efforts. Unlike the majority of earlier works, this thesis unifies military, social, and legal history to primarily answer these questions: what significant factors led U.S. soldiers to commit human rights abuses during the war, and at what cost did the U.S. pacify the Filipino rebellion? The war was successfully waged at the tactical, operational, and strategic level, but wavered at the grand strategic level.1 This study argues that racism, ambiguous rules and regulations, and a breakdown of discipline contributed to U.S. soldiers committing human rights abuses against Filipinos during the counterinsurgency. Primary sources from the perspectives of American policy makers, military leaders, and common soldiers—in addition to documents on U.S. Army regulations and its past traditions—reveal a comprehensive story of what happened during this conflict. The U.S. Army’s abuse were not a historical anomaly, but a growing trend extending from nineteenth century conflicts against other races. The counterinsurgency revealed that beneath the stated principles of 1 For the purposes of this thesis, grand strategy is “the direction and use made of any and all of the assets of a security community, including its military instruments, for the purposes of policy as decided by politics.” This differs from the strategic level of war, which is the direction and exclusive use of military forces for the purposes of policy as decided by politics. Finally, the operational level is the level of war where the tasks, decided by strategy, are coordinated and individual units are commanded. These units, in turn, engaging in tactics to achieve operational objectives. Colin S. Gray, The Future of Strategy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015), 29, 47. iii America’s benevolent mission, violent racial underpinnings existed in U.S. desires for global and domestic hegemony. The U.S. Army’s counterinsurgency resulted in a flawed victory, won at the cost of combatants, innocent civilians, and American idealism. / History

This Master Thesis aims to discuss the language mix-up in the Philippines. Originally, the people speak different dialects because of the lack of interaction due to geographical isolation. The Spaniards brought Spanish to them, which became the official language of the government until the Americans came and made English the medium of instruction in the school. The trouble lies in the fact that English-speaking-and-loving Filipinos want English only, Spanish-speaking-and-loving Filipinos want Spanish only, Tagalog-speaking-and-loving Filipinos want Tagalog only while non-Tagalog-speaking Filipinos are either indifferent or prefer their respective dialects. This is the uncomfortable mess created by the principles of democracy and should be solved through democracy also by Filipino citizens who can sacrifice regional interest and personal preference for the sake of national unity and honor. The three languages can co-exist harmoniously together in the Philippines if the people can be tolerant, just as the various dialects too can live as long as they are needed and used.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 M44 / Master of Arts

本論文共一冊，計約七萬字，分成五個章節。 首先分析政治反對之概念，分別就其意義、研究、本性、功能、條件、型式及困境加 以探討。其次，簡要的陳述菲律賓政治運作的歷史經驗，分成高壓剝削下的抗議運動 、一黨獨霸下的脆弱反對、兩黨爭逐下的寡頭民主三小節。然後根據前述的概念與歷 史經驗，進一步探討自一九七八至一九八六年，菲律賓政治反對之運作發展，區分為 七小節如下： １．一九七八年臨時國民議會議員選舉。 ２．一九八０年地方選舉後皂反對運動。 ３．一九八一年的修憲複決與總統選舉。 ４．一九八二年反對黨的組織及其目標。 ５．一九八三年艾奎諾現象政治符號化。 ６．一九八四年正式國民議會議員選舉。 ７．一九八六年提早選舉與馬可仕垮台。

Although Filipinos are becoming one of the largest Asian groups in the U.S there is limited research regarding mental health challenges Filipino women experience specifically regarding body satisfaction and self-image. The goal of this explorative qualitative study was to explore the relationship between objectified images of women in the media and the reported levels of body dissatisfaction in a sample of 8 American-born Filipino women and 8 Philippine-born Filipino women. Objectification theory was used to guide this research and levels of sociocultural influences, body satisfaction, and body consciousness were explored through a qualitative research design using statements from the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3, the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, and the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale. Participants were interviewed individually and the data were coded in order to determine patterns and themes. Results revealed that the Philippine-born participants relied more on images in the media than the American-born participants of the study in relation to what is attractive and fashionable. However as a whole, the data found that the majority of the participating women felt comfortable with their bodies and physical appearance. The results of this study could help create greater awareness of the issues that Filipino American women deal with in relation to their bodies and self-image through the development of initiatives to treat Filipino American women who may be suffering from mental health issues due to objectification as culturally Filipinos typically do not seek psychological intervention. If programs could be designed specifically for Filipinos targeting issues with body satisfaction, fewer Filipinos may be affected by poor body-image.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Psychology

Chaque année, plusieurs milliers de femmes philippines participent au Programme des aides familiaux résidants (PAFR), en vertu duquel le gouvernement canadien émet des permis de travail temporaires qui permettent à des personnes qualifiées de travailler comme aides familiales dans des résidences privées où elles doivent obligatoirement résider. De nombreux narratifs sont construits à propos de ces femmes, notamment par les politiques sociales, les recherches menées à leur sujet et les organismes qui cherchent à les rejoindre. Cette recherche de nature qualitative a pour objectif principal de comprendre comment les femmes philippines aides familiales se positionnent socialement autour des narratifs sociaux construits à leur sujet. En nous appuyant sur les écrits de Loseke (2007), nous reprenons l'idée selon laquelle ces narratifs influencent la place qu'occupent ces femmes dans la société. Toutefois, les femmes sont loin d'être passives dans ce processus. Les récits de leur expérience migratoire, abordés à partir du concept de narrative of location (Anthias, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008), nous permettent de saisir comment elles se positionnent autour de ces narratifs dans leurs interactions quotidiennes avec différentes personnes dans différents contextes (employeur-e, agent-e d'immigration, intervenant-e, etc.) En ce sens, les récits d'expérience de six femmes philippines aides familiales ont été recueillis. Soumis à une analyse narrative, les récits des femmes ont d'abord permis d'explorer les dimensions relatives à leur parcours migratoire et à la place qu'elles considèrent occuper socialement. Une mise en dialogue de ces éléments avec les concepts théoriques proposés et les différents écrits a permis d'identifier les principaux narratifs sociaux mobilisés dans les récits des femmes et l'utilisation qu'elles en font. Les éléments des récits qui permettent de révéler les narratives of location qui y sont entremêlés ont aussi pu être explorés. Nous avons ainsi découvert qu'en plus de situer les femmes comme actrices dans leur projet migratoire, leur positionnement est révélateur des luttes individuelles et collectives qu'elles mènent dans leurs interactions quotidiennes pour la reconnaissance d'une place à part entière. Ces luttes constituent leur réponse aux sentiments d'exclusion et de discrimination qui résultent des interactions et des échanges auxquels elles participent. Les conclusions de la recherche amènent aussi à réfléchir à l'attention portée dans l'intervention sociale aux narratifs que les personnes visées par l'intervention construisent à propos de leur propre situation ou de leurs problèmes, de même qu'aux narratifs que véhiculent les intervenant-es. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : femmes immigrantes, positionnement social, récits d'expérience, narratifs sociaux.